Essay on Alzheimer’s Disease

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the renowned dementia’s cause worldwide and is an upsurging global health concern that is problematic at the individual level and the society. Soria Lopez, Gonzalez & Leger (2019) argue that Alzheimer’s is characterized by a decline in cognitive functions which is associated with neuropathy and age of the individual. Being the prominent form of neurodegenerative dementia, AD is linked to the disease burden amongst the minority populations in the United States. Since the disease is a considerable burden, several reviews have been undertaken to understand the disease’s epidemiology, genetics, and pathogenesis to inform new therapeutic strategies to support the transition from treatment to prevention. Thus, it is essential to monitor the symptoms of dementia, especially in the older population since they are the most high-risk population.

The initial stages of Alzheimer’s are often characterized by the inability to conceal and store new memories. In these typical fundamental signs, the individuals’ daily lives are often disrupted since difficulty recalling recent events becomes familiar, and they often misplace their items. Subsequently, behavioral and cognitive changes occur as the disease progresses to the later stages. AD patients experience synaptic loss and synaptic reduction, and even neurodegeneration due to changes in amyloid plaques. Patients are also subjected to metabolic, vascular, and inflammatory changes alongside the common comorbid pathologies such as anxiety and depression. Generally, through the seven known stages of Alzheimer’s, the signs and symptoms progress from normal outward behavior to a very severe decline.

Alzheimer’s disease is an incurable condition since it is a progressive and irreversible cause corresponding to dementia worldwide. Although its pathophysiology is not fully understood, the condition is surrounded by neurotoxic events triggered by cytoskeletal abnormalities and beta-amyloid cascade. The determination that beta-amyloid peptide is chiefly responsible for the condition has given rise to treatment goals to inhibit amyloid-beta production. Among the interventions to address the amyloid, plagues are anti-amyloid immunotherapy and activation of enzymes that degrade amyloid plaques. Active immunotherapy enhances amyloid clearance which significantly reduces the amyloid load in AD.Similarly, proteases such as neprilysin, plasmin, and endothelin degrade aggregates and amyloid plaques (Pinheiro & Faustino, 2019).In this concern, the results are that protein levels of the enzymes that contribute to the formation of amyloid-beta in AD decrease. When these therapeutic strategies are observed, the patients’ cases of neurotoxicity and neurodegeneration slow down.

AD is a neurodegenerative disease implying the difficulty to find a cure due to diagnosis difficulty and the drug struggle to get into the brain. According to Yiannopoulou, Anastasiou, Zachariou & Pelidou (2019), there are at least 200 failed Alzheimer’s trials which is a reflection that researchers are decades away from finding a cure for this dreaded disease. The common causes surrounding the cure finding difficulty include the lack of knowledge on the cause of the disease, and the lead times for new therapies are often longer than predicted. It is believed that Alzheimer’s caused by abnormal proteins amyloid and Tau build-up; thus, if this were true, there would have been positive clinical trials on removing these proteins. Secondly, the extended period taken by the FDA to approve the drug is quite inconvenient since it alters the drug development cycle. Despite not finding the cure in due time, medical practitioners are doing better in designing and suggesting remedies and therapies to treat the symptoms. The reasons surrounding the cause of the disease and drug development prove that finding a cure would continue to be a tedious process.

The struggle to find a cure is ongoing, this means that thorough research is still done, and there is a need for financial support to investigate and learn more about the disease. Currently,AD symptoms are alleviated using drug and non-drug treatments which are meant to significantly reduce the disease progression.In this concern, the caregivers are presented with the available options to help the individuals improve their quality of life. I would highly support that the funding for research to find a cure, investigate and learn about the disease should continue despite the numerous fails since if that is not done, AD will be pronounced an epidemic in a few years. Besides, funding would enable the researchers to work faster than in the past years while advancing the existing knowledge to explore ways to reduce AD risks, uncover biomarkers for treatment, and develop favorable treatments. Research funding on Alzheimer’s will be an added advantage if placed at the same rate as HIV/AIDS and cancer.

As per the many studies conducted, the changes in the brain occur before Alzheimer’s symptoms start to show. While there are no defined measures and therapies to prevent or delay the conditions, researchers have deployed therapeutic strategies to prevent or delay the disease in some people. The interventions are encouraging but inconclusive but are efficient in stimulating the mind while averting the risks of neurological disease. According to Petsko (n.d), the cases of neurological disorders will be an epidemic in the next 50 years. Precisely, epidemiological evidence outlines that lifestyle interventions and mechanisms help in delaying and preventing AD.Ko& Chye (2020), the most applicable and possibly the best lifestyle interventions are education and social engagement since they have significant effects. Alzheimer’s is incurable, but initiating and applying these interventions becomes a game-changer.

AD prominently causes dementia counted as one of the causes of death worldwide. The disease destroys an individual’s quality of life due to the known cognitive impairments and the inability to perform daily activities as usual. The inability to encode new memories and misplacing items describe the initial signs of AD. Research is still ongoing since no cure has been found, but therapeutic remedies are applied to the patient to slow the progression. People at risk of contracting the disease are advised to participate in mind-simulating activities and physical exercises. Notably, the individuals would experience a quality life provided they adhere to the suggested therapeutic remedies.

Ko, Y., & Chye, S. M. (2020). Lifestyle intervention to prevent Alzheimer’s disease.  Reviews in the Neurosciences ,  31 (8), 817-824. Doi: 10.1515/revneuro-2020-0072

Petsko, G. (n.d.). The coming neurological epidemic – Gregory Petsko. Retrieved from https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-coming-neurological-epidemic-gregory-petsko#watch

Pinheiro, L., & Faustino, C. (2019). Therapeutic strategies targeting amyloid-β in Alzheimer’s disease.  Current Alzheimer Research ,  16 (5), 418-452. Doi: 10.2174/1567205016666190321163438

Soria Lopez, J. A., Gonzalez, H. M., & Leger, G. C. (2019). Chapter 13 – Alzheimer’s disease.  Handbook of Clinical Neurology ,  167 (3), 231-255. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-804766-8.00013-3

Yiannopoulou, K. G., Anastasiou, A. I., Zachariou, V., & Pelidou, S. (2019). Reasons for failed trials of disease-modifying treatments for Alzheimer’s disease and their contribution in recent research. doi:10.20944/preprints201909.0270.v1

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Alzheimer’s Disease Essay | Essay on Alzheimer’s Disease for Students and Children in English

February 6, 2024 by Prasanna

Alzheimer’s Disease Essay:  Alzheimer’s disease is a degenerative disorder which slowly leads to memory loss in a person. It damages the brain tissues and is a form of dementia. It ultimately damages the human brain.

It occurs in the later years of life and is seen in middle-aged and older people at the late 65s. There is no such cure to this disease, but medication often helps to improve the condition.

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Long and Short Essays on Alzheimer’s Disease for Students and Kids in English

We are providing students with essay samples on a long essay of 500 words and a short essay of 150 words on the topic Alzheimer’s Disease for reference.

Long Essay on Alzheimer’s Disease 500 Words in English

Long Essay on Alzheimer’s Disease is usually given to classes 7, 8, 9, and 10.

A German neurologist named Alois Alzheimer discovered Alzheimer’s disease in 1906 after studying the case of a middle-aged woman named Auguste D. After her death he found senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles as he did an autopsy. Alzheimer’s disease or AD is a form of dementia which leads to the loss of a person’s ability to think and reason. It destroys the memory as neurons are injured and die throughout the brain resulting in a break down in the connections between networks of neurons. Major brain regions begin to shrink. By the final stages of Alzheimer’s significant loss of brain volume is seen, which is called brain atrophy.

The most crucial symptom of Alzheimer’s is memory loss, and the person faces difficulties in remembering. It also leads to occasional memory lapses. An Alzheimer’s patient often gets lost in familiar places and also does not find the right word to identify objects and often tends to forget close relatives and family members.

Alzheimer’s reduce the ability of thinking and reasoning considerably, and the person fails to make decisions or proper judgements. As the disease progresses, the patient often forgets to perform familiar tasks or even the basic tasks like bathing or dressing. An Alzheimer’s patient undergoes many behavioural and personality changes like depression, delusion and mood swings are prevalent. Distrust, social withdrawal, changes in sleeping patterns and aggressiveness also occur.

Alzheimer’s is caused by a combination of genetics, lifestyle and environmental factors over time though the exact reason causing Alzheimer’s is yet to be found. The problems with brain proteins disrupt the proper functioning of the brain cells and eventually die out, resulting in a loss of significant portions of the brain.

The human brain is characterised by amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles caused by significant brain degeneration due to Alzheimer’s. A leftover fragment of a larger protein called beta-amyloid, and its clustering have a toxic effect on neurons, and it disrupts the cell-to-cell communication. Neurofibrillary tangles are abnormal accumulations of a protein called tau that collects inside neurons. Apart from these, chronic inflammations, vascular problems and cell death re major characteristics of Alzheimer’s.

The early symptoms include mild forgetfulness, anxiety, confusion about time and place, communication difficulties and loss of spontaneity and initiative. Toward the progress of this disease, short term memory loss and confusion increase with a shorter span of attention and severe forgetfulness and even recognising family members. In the last stage, the inability to understand, incontinency and failure to recognise self or family are common.

Researches show that 60-90% of Alzheimer’s cases exhibit various cerebrovascular pathology. Strokes are prevalent in patients with Alzheimer’s syndrome and worsen the cognitive decline substantially with various internal and external disorders. The risk factors include increasing age, genetics and down syndrome specifically. Obesity, high blood pressure and cholesterol, history of a previous head injury, blood vessel disease, etc. are also considered.

A thorough diagnosis of an Alzheimer’s patient is made by assessing the assessing a person’s medical and psychiatric history and brain scans. CT, MRI and PET scans are done to determine the level of mental deterioration. Apart from these, blood and urine tests are also done along with proper neurological and physical examinations.

Short Essay on Alzheimer’s Disease 150 Words in English

Short Essay on Alzheimer’s Disease is usually given to classes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6.

Alois Alzheimer first found the symptoms of Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) after studying the case of a 51 years old woman. He found out destructions in brain cells and rapid degeneration of the brain. AD tends to damage the human brain entirely with significant memory loss and an inability to recognise self and close family members. AD is also associated with aggressiveness, restlessness, mental trauma, insomnia and severe depression.

Beta-amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain are significant causes for brain damage and subsequent loss of memory. A build-up of glial cells, vascular issues like atherosclerosis and considerable damage in the brain cells are equally responsible for AD. Although a person undergoes all types of brain scans, there is no cure for AD or any proven way for prevention. Treatments improve the behavioural patterns and manage symptoms to maximise a person’s ability to carry out daily activities and tasks so that they maintain their independence for as long as possible.

10 Lines on Alzheimer’s Disease in English

  • Alzheimer’s disease gradually leads to loss of memory.
  • A person diagnosed with AD experiences an inability of thinking, recognising and making judgements.
  • AD damages the brain cells and tissues resulting in loss of an essential portion of the brain.
  • Brain damage is associated with the build-up of abnormal proteins that form “plaques” and “tangles” around the brain cells.
  • Family members face difficulties as the person’s condition deteriorates and are unable to recognise loved ones.
  • Medications help to control sleeplessness, agitation, aggression and depression.
  • There is no prevention of AD, but reports suggest a healthy lifestyle might reduce the risk.
  • Regular physical activities have a protective effect on brain health and reduce the progression of AD.
  • In AD, the loss of neurons spreads predictably, and brain size shrinks significantly.
  • Risk factors include genetics, down syndrome, post head trauma, heart and vascular diseases, etc.

FAQ’s on Alzheimer’s Disease Essay

Question 1. What are the causes of AD?

Answer:  The exact causes of AD are not known, but problems with brain proteins that fail to function normally, disrupt the work of neurons and results in a series of toxic events.

Question 2. How to prevent AD?

Answer:  There is no prevention to AD, but proper lifestyle might reduce the risk.

Question 3. What are medicines used in cases of AD?

Answer:  Mostly, anti-depressants and sleeping pills are used to improve the sleep pattern because this disease cannot be cured.

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Essay on Alzheimer’s Disease

Students are often asked to write an essay on Alzheimer’s Disease in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

Let’s take a look…

100 Words Essay on Alzheimer’s Disease

What is alzheimer’s disease.

Alzheimer’s Disease is a brain sickness. It affects older people most often. It causes people to forget things, like names or where they are. Over time, it can make it hard for them to think, remember, and use their body correctly.

Causes of Alzheimer’s Disease

We don’t know exactly why Alzheimer’s happens. But we think it’s caused by two things in the brain. One is called plaques. The other is tangles. They damage brain cells and stop them from working right.

Signs of Alzheimer’s Disease

The first sign of Alzheimer’s is usually forgetting things. Then, people might have trouble thinking or doing daily tasks. They might get lost easily or have trouble talking.

Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s Disease

Doctors use tests to find out if someone has Alzheimer’s. They might ask questions or do a brain scan. These tests can show if the brain has plaques or tangles.

Treatment for Alzheimer’s Disease

250 words essay on alzheimer’s disease.

Alzheimer’s Disease is a brain illness that affects older people. It is named after Dr. Alois Alzheimer, who first described it. This disease makes it hard for people to remember things, think clearly, or take care of themselves. It gets worse over time because it is a type of dementia, which means a loss of mental abilities.

Scientists are not sure what causes Alzheimer’s Disease. They think it might be due to age, family history, and changes in the brain. The brain of a person with Alzheimer’s has fewer cells and fewer connections among the cells than a healthy brain.

Symptoms of Alzheimer’s Disease

The first sign of Alzheimer’s Disease is usually forgetfulness. People might forget important dates or events, or ask for the same information over and over. As the disease gets worse, people might get confused about time and place, have trouble making decisions, or lose track of their daily tasks.

Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease

There is no cure for Alzheimer’s Disease, but there are medicines that can help with the symptoms. These medicines can help people remember better, think more clearly, and have more energy. It’s also important for people with Alzheimer’s to stay active, eat healthy foods, and keep their minds sharp.

Alzheimer’s Disease is a serious problem that affects many people and their families. It’s important to understand what it is, what causes it, how it affects people, and what can be done to help.

500 Words Essay on Alzheimer’s Disease

What causes alzheimer’s.

Scientists are not completely sure what causes Alzheimer’s disease. They believe it’s caused by a mix of genetic, lifestyle, and environmental factors that affect the brain over time. In the brain, Alzheimer’s disease involves damage to and death of brain cells. This cell damage is linked to two main features of Alzheimer’s disease: plaques and tangles. Plaques are clumps of a protein called beta-amyloid, and tangles are twisted fibers of another protein called tau.

Who Gets Alzheimer’s Disease?

Alzheimer’s disease mainly affects older people. Most people with this disease are 65 or older. But it can also affect people in their 40s or 50s. This is called early-onset Alzheimer’s. It is less common but can be just as serious. Alzheimer’s is not a normal part of getting older, even though the biggest risk factor is age. Other risk factors include a family history of the disease and certain genes.

How is Alzheimer’s Disease Diagnosed?

How is alzheimer’s disease treated.

There is no cure for Alzheimer’s disease right now. But there are medicines that can help with some of the symptoms, like memory problems or changes in behavior. These medicines can make the symptoms less severe for a time. Other kinds of treatment can also help people with Alzheimer’s live better. For example, physical exercise and social activities can improve their mood and keep their body healthy. Also, a healthy diet and regular sleep can help the brain work better.

Living with Alzheimer’s Disease

Living with Alzheimer’s disease can be hard for the person who has it and for their family. But there are many resources to help. Support groups can give emotional help and practical tips for dealing with the disease. And research is ongoing, with scientists around the world working hard to find a cure.

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Alzheimers Disease - Free Essay Examples And Topic Ideas

When writing an essay on Alzheimer’s disease, it is crucial to understand the complexities of this condition. It is necessary to effectively convey its impact on individuals’ memory and overall health. Alzheimer’s is a form of dementia that primarily affects older Americans.

Crafting a comprehensive essay introduction and conclusion for Alzheimer’s disease requires careful consideration of the key aspects of the topic. To begin, familiarize yourself with Alzheimer’s disease essay examples. This way, you can understand how to accurately present your research and content. These examples will help you choose relevant essay topics and formulate thesis statements reflecting your paper’s main arguments. In addition, ensure your paper has a well-structured outline that organizes your ideas logically. Devote separate paragraphs to each aspect of Alzheimer’s disease. It can be symptoms, diagnosis, and available treatments.

In your introduction, provide a brief overview of Alzheimer’s disease, its prevalence, and the brain changes that occur. Involve the reader by highlighting the significance of age, which plays a significant role in the development and progression of the disease. In the body of your essay, explore the causes, risk factors, and progression of the illness. Discuss the impact on neurons in the brain and the resulting cognitive decline. Also, don’t forget to mention how it accelerates memory loss. Highlight the need for improved orientation and care for patients. Support your arguments with evidence from Alzheimer’s disease research paper works and reputable sources. Remember to cite any sources used in your essay and consider including a list of free essays on Alzheimer’s disease or additional resources for readers seeking further information.

medicine

A Research Paper on Alzheimer’s Disease

Abstract In this paper, Alzheimer's disease will be delved into, investigated and dissected. This will include all that is known about the disease as much of it is unknown still, despite increasing efforts from the medical community to uncover its origin. The disease's causes, symptoms and stages will be discussed and illuminated. The effects on other body systems, its signs and symptoms and any other complications will be highlighted as well. Additionally, advancements in treating this disease are carefully examined. […]

Alzheimer’s Disease Still Alice

Alzheimer's Disease is a devastating illness which affects 30 million people worldwide. This disease develops gradually over time and worsens with every year; it destroys past memories and cognitive functions. AD impairs its victim and gradually makes them less of a person and more of a hollowed shell with no life experiences or knowledge of how to perform daily tasks (of which they can remember). Alzheimer's Disease is one of the most difficult mental illnesses a person can face; it […]

Alzheimer’s is a Disease and the Nervous System

Alzheimer's is a disease that is associated with the Nervous System. It was discovered by Alois Alzheimer in 1906. It results in loss of memory and cognitive abilities. These cognitive declines disrupt daily life due to their severity. The following with describe the Nervous System and the several aspects of the disease itself. The Nervous System is composed of numerous complex characteristics and it enables humans to process information and a reaction based on this information. It also allows humans […]

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Risk Factors from Alzheimer’s Disease

About 40 million people are affected by dementia, with the majority of these individuals being over the age of 60. This number is expected to double in the next 20 years, reaching around 80 million by 2050. Approximately 60-70% of all dementia cases are caused by Alzheimer's disease, affecting between 2.17 and 4.78 million people. Out of those, 46% have a moderate or severe form of the disease. It is estimated that by 2050, between 7.98 and 12.95 million people […]

Alzheimer’s Disease: Preserving Memories through Lifestyle Adjustments

Memories are made to be with us and make us happy every time we talk about it, but Alzheimer’s disease makes people forget their memories. Alzheimer’s disease is a type of dementia disease, causing an issue with memory, thinking, and behavior. There are many things cause Alzheimer ’s, but the main causing is age and some genes and gets worse and worse when people became older. Currently, there is no specific treatment and medicine for Alzheimer ’s, and the modern […]

Alzheimer’s Disease Memory and Cognition

Alzheimer's Disease (AD) affects memory and cognition. It is most common in the elderly, but symptoms may begin to show during mid-adulthood. There are three different stages of AD; mild, moderate, and severe. As we age our memory starts to diminish, we are no longer able to recognize certain places and people, we forget to do everydays tasks such as eat, shower, change, we start to present verbal problems, and odd behaviors such as disorientation and wandering. According to the […]

Alzheimer’s Disease and the Symptoms

Alzheimer's disease is a common dementia that slowly causes problem with your memory and behavior. Since the symptoms are not noticeable in the beginning the disease is hard to detect. alzheimers is said to affect people who are in their middle age or old age. Alzheimers disease was discovered by german physician dr. Alois alzheimer in 1906 when he discovered changes in patients brain tissues and changes in their behavior and the patient having a difficult time recalling memories. In […]

Research of Alzheimer’s Disease

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Alzheimer’s Disease – Disease of the Brain

Alzheimer’s disease is a type of dementia where the nerves are damaged resulting in memory loss and behavioral changes. It affects people from the age of 40 or usually 65 and it worsens with the years. Patients with Alzheimer’s disease lose thinking skills and the ability to carry out even the easiest tasks. Experts say that it is more common in women than men. The main factors involved are amyloid plaques (abnormal clumps) and neurofibrillary (tangled bundles of fibers). Dr. […]

I was Here: Alzheimer’s Disease

Alzheimer's is an irreversible brain disorder that destroys memory and thinking skills over time. The sickness is the most common cause of dementia and death among older people, making it one of the few diseases that are deadly for older adults in the United States. The sickness is responsible for at least 500,000 annual deaths in the Country, but it affects many more people than that. In fact, it affects us all. So many people are affected by Alzheimer's every […]

Memories about my Past and High School

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Alzheimer’s Disease is a Growing Problem

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The Physiology and Genetics Behind Alzheimer Disease

Alzheimer disease is a progressive and ultimately fatal brain disorder, in which communication between cells are halted and eventually lost. It is the most common form of dementia, and is generally (though not exclusively) diagnosed in patients over the age of 65. As communication amongst neurons is lost, symptoms such as inability to recall memories, make appropriate judgment, and proper motor function are lost and worsen over time. Affecting an estimated 2.4 million to 4.5 million Americans, with the number […]

What is Alzheimer’s Disease?

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Causes of the Alzheimer’s Progress

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MRI Based Techniques in Diagnosing Alzheimer’s Disease

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Two Main Types of Alzheimer’s Disease

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Abstract This literature review investigates traumatic brain injury and Alzheimer's disease using various experimental methods. Participants were drawn from a range of demographic areas and were either observed or experimented upon. Blunt force trauma to the cranium has shown an association with late-onset Alzheimer's disease in both animal models and human observations. The results in all studies are consistent with the previously accepted notion that traumatic brain injury is highly correlated with the development of Alzheimer's disease. Methodologies included experiments […]

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How to Write an Essay About Alzheimers Disease

Understanding alzheimer's disease.

Before you start writing an essay about Alzheimer's disease, it's essential to understand what this disease is and its impact on individuals and society. Alzheimer's disease is a progressive neurological disorder that causes brain cells to degenerate and die, leading to a continuous decline in thinking, behavioral, and social skills. Begin your essay by explaining the nature of Alzheimer's, including its symptoms, stages, and the way it affects cognitive functions like memory and decision-making. Discuss the prevalence of the disease, particularly among older populations, and its status as one of the leading causes of dementia. An understanding of the biological and genetic factors contributing to Alzheimer's disease can also provide a solid foundation for your essay.

Developing a Thesis Statement

A strong essay on Alzheimer's disease should be anchored by a clear, concise thesis statement. This statement should present a specific viewpoint or argument about Alzheimer's disease. For example, you might examine the challenges of caregiving for Alzheimer's patients, analyze the current state of Alzheimer's research and treatment options, or discuss the social and economic impacts of the disease. Your thesis will guide the direction of your essay and provide a structured approach to your topic.

Gathering Supporting Evidence

To support your thesis, gather evidence from credible sources such as medical journals, healthcare reports, and case studies. This might include data on the effectiveness of different treatment methods, research findings on the progression of Alzheimer's disease, or testimonies from healthcare professionals and family members of Alzheimer's patients. Use this evidence to support your thesis and build a persuasive argument. Remember to address different perspectives and potential counterarguments in your essay.

Analyzing the Impact of Alzheimer's Disease

Dedicate a section of your essay to analyzing the impact of Alzheimer's disease. Discuss how the disease affects not only the patients but also their families, caregivers, and the broader healthcare system. Explore the emotional, financial, and societal challenges posed by Alzheimer's disease, including the strain on healthcare resources and the need for increased support and awareness.

Concluding the Essay

Conclude your essay by summarizing the main points of your discussion and restating your thesis in light of the evidence provided. Your conclusion should tie together your analysis and emphasize the significance of understanding and addressing Alzheimer's disease. You might also suggest areas for future research or policy development to better support Alzheimer's patients and their caregivers.

Reviewing and Refining Your Essay

After completing your essay, review and refine it for clarity and coherence. Ensure that your arguments are well-structured and supported by evidence. Check for grammatical accuracy and ensure that your essay flows logically from one point to the next. Consider seeking feedback from peers, educators, or medical professionals to further improve your essay. A well-crafted essay on Alzheimer's disease will not only demonstrate your understanding of the topic but also your ability to engage critically with medical and social issues.

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A cultural approach to dementia prevention

  • An Introduction to Alzheimer’s Disease: What is it?

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By: Adrianna Fusco

Introduction: Alzheimer’s disease, something we hear about online, in commercials, on news stations, and in many other parts of life. However, we are never told much about Alzheimer’s disease other than the devastating impacts it has. What is Alzheimer’s disease? What are the symptoms or signs to look out for? How does it progress? What causes it? How can it be prevented?

What is it? Alzheimer’s disease is a form of dementia, which is just an umbrella term used to describe loss of memory, language, problem solving, and other thinking abilities. More specifically, Alzheimer’s diseaseis a progressive, neurodegenerative disease that is categorized by a loss of memory, along with basic life skills like eating, bathing, talking, etc.

Symptoms: Common symptoms include: memory loss, paranoia, depression, anger, aggression, anxiety, apathy, loneliness, and psychosis. These symptoms vary from person to person.

Progress: As mentioned above, Alzheimer’s disease is a progressive disease. This means that it develops and gets worse over time. In the first stages of Alzheimer’s disease, there is usually very mild memory loss or problems with thinking abilities. The person may have a hard time remembering where they placed something or have a hard time recalling the right word to say. However, they still are independent, meaning they can still take care of themselves and do things like driving.

During the middle stages of Alzheimer’s disease, the cognitive processes get worse. Now the person may not be able to remember their personal history, like their address or phone number. They also may have a hard time recalling memories or remembering something from their past. The person is no longer able to take care of themselves because in this stage, they tend to forget where they are and often have a hard time using the bathroom or getting dressed appropriately for the day. An example of this is the person wearing shorts in the winter. Along with the cognitive changes, the person may begin to feel sad, lonely, anxious, and paranoid. The symptoms vary from person to person.

When the person hits stage 2, they will need a caregiver to assist them with their tasks and the caregiving will increase as the disease progresses. However, it’s important to help them without trying to do everything for them. They are still adults and they want to be treated as such, so it’s important to still let them have at least some control over their life. Whether that’s letting them do simply chores, like folding clothes, or doing activities, like arts and crafts. This will help provide a sense of normalcy.

The final stage of Alzheimer’s disease is when people begin to lose sense and control of the environment around them. By this point, the cognitive abilities of the individual have tremendously decreased. They can no longer speak in long formulated sentences, instead they speak in short fragments or words. They have trouble completing everyday tasks like walking, sitting, eating, and drinking. This means that they require around the clock assistance to make sure that they are remembering to eat and to help them eat. In general, the assistance is meant to make sure the person is safe and is living to their best ability. At this point, the individuals are very susceptible to infections. When the symptoms and daily conditions get really bad, usually, families turn to hospice care, so that the patient is comfortable at the end of their life. Hospice care also provides emotional support to loved ones, which is vital. Losing a loved one can cause serious emotional and mental strain, so that support is important.

The cause of Alzheimer’s disease is still being researched, but researchers have identified what they believe to be the main culprits of the disease: plaques and tangles. 

Plaques are deposits of amyloid beta that forms between nerve cells that blocks the signals and stops the right materials from being sent to the nerve for survival. In a healthy brain, amyloid beta is used to help support neural repair and growth. However, in Alzheimer’s disease, there is an overproduction of this amyloid beta protein that disturbs these cells and eventually causes the death of the cells. The death of the old cells causes the loss of old memories and information. The blocking of nerve cells can stop the production of new connections, which means short term memories are not being accurately encoded in the brain to become long term memories. 

Tangles are made up of twisted tau that builds up between cells. In a healthy brain, tau is used to help support neural strength and is important in keeping stability in the cells. However, a build up leads to the cells not being able to receive signals and the supplies it needs to function (i.e. energy). These lead to death of the cells, leading to loss of information and life skills.

There is also a biomarker known as APOE-4, that is thought to predispose people to Alzheimer’s disease. This gene along with some environmental stressors could affect whether someone gets the disease and the progression of it. However, a lot of research is still being conducted on this topic and we are constantly rerouting what we know, as new information is found.

Alzheimer’s disease is a terrible disease that claims the lives of a lot of people every year. It’s important to know the signs and to check up with your doctor when anything seems unusual. Alzheimer’s disease and dementia are not a normal part of aging, so see your doctor if you notice any issues with your memory. The earlier the disease is detected, the better it can be treated.

Stay tuned for more blog posts about Alzheimer’s disease, including a look into the mental health of caregivers, prevention, treatment, and more! We also will be writing posts about interviews with doctors, as well as posts about brain health!

Thank you for reading!

References: 

“Alzheimer’s Caregivers: 8 Tips for People Caring for a Loved One With Alzheimer’s Disease or Dementia: Caregivers.” 30Seconds Health , 

30seconds.com/health/tip/14389/Alzheimers-Caregivers-8-Tips-for-People-Caring-for-a-Loved-One-With -Alzheimers-Disease-or-Dementia. 

Mayeux, Richard, et al. “Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease: NEJM.” Edited by Alastair J.J. Wood, New England Journal of Medicine , 16 Mar. 2000, www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJM199911253412207. 

NHS Choices, NHS, 10 May 2018, 

www.nhs.uk/conditions/alzheimers-disease/causes/#:~:text=Alzheimer’s%20disease%20is%20thought%2 0to,form%20tangles%20within%20brain%20cells. 

Porsteinsson, Anton P., et al. “Neuropsychiatric Symptoms in Dementia: A Cause or Consequence?” American Journal of Psychiatry , American Psychiatric Association Publishing, 30 Apr. 2015, ajp.psychiatryonline.org/doi/10.1176/appi.ajp.2015.15030277#:~:text=The%20term%20neuropsychiatric %20symptoms%20describes%20heterogeneous%20behavioral%20or,agitation%2C%20anxiety%2C%20 apathy%2C%20depression%2C%20psychosis%2C%20and%20sleep%20disturbance. 

“Stages of Alzheimer’s.” Alzheimer’s Disease and Dementia , www.alz.org/alzheimers-dementia/stages. 

“What Is Alzheimer’s?” Alzheimer’s Disease and Dementia , 

www.alz.org/alzheimers-dementia/what-is-alzheimers.

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Essay on Alzheimer’s Disease in 500 words

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alzheimer's disease essay 500 words

Alzheimer’s Disease : A memory loss, and the person faces difficulties in remembering.

A German neurologist named Alois Alzheimer discovered Alzheimer’s disease in 1906 after studying the case of a middle-aged woman named Auguste D. After her death he found senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles as he did an autopsy. Alzheimer’s disease or AD is a form of dementia which leads to the loss of a person’s ability to think and reason. It destroys the memory as neurons are injured and die throughout the brain resulting in a break down in the connections between networks of neurons. Major brain regions begin to shrink. By the final stages of Alzheimer’s significant loss of brain volume is seen, which is called brain atrophy.

The most crucial symptom of Alzheimer’s is memory loss, and the person faces difficulties in remembering. It also leads to occasional memory lapses. An Alzheimer’s patient often gets lost in familiar places and also does not find the right word to identify objects and often tends to forget close relatives and family members.

Alzheimer’s reduce the ability of thinking and reasoning considerably, and the person fails to make decisions or proper judgements. As the disease progresses, the patient often forgets to perform familiar tasks or even the basic tasks like bathing or dressing. An Alzheimer’s patient undergoes many behavioural and personality changes like depression, delusion and mood swings are prevalent. Distrust, social withdrawal, changes in sleeping patterns and aggressiveness also occur.

Alzheimer’s is caused by a combination of genetics, lifestyle and environmental factors over time though the exact reason causing Alzheimer’s is yet to be found. The problems with brain proteins disrupt the proper functioning of the brain cells and eventually die out, resulting in a loss of significant portions of the brain.

The human brain is characterised by amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles caused by significant brain degeneration due to Alzheimer’s. A leftover fragment of a larger protein called beta-amyloid, and its clustering have a toxic effect on neurons, and it disrupts the cell-to-cell communication. Neurofibrillary tangles are abnormal accumulations of a protein called tau that collects inside neurons. Apart from these, chronic inflammations, vascular problems and cell death re major characteristics of Alzheimer’s.

The early symptoms include mild forgetfulness, anxiety, confusion about time and place, communication difficulties and loss of spontaneity and initiative. Toward the progress of this disease, short term memory loss and confusion increase with a shorter span of attention and severe forgetfulness and even recognising family members. In the last stage, the inability to understand, incontinency and failure to recognise self or family are common.

Researches show that 60-90% of Alzheimer’s cases exhibit various cerebrovascular pathology. Strokes are prevalent in patients with Alzheimer’s syndrome and worsen the cognitive decline substantially with various internal and external disorders. The risk factors include increasing age, genetics and down syndrome specifically. Obesity, high blood pressure and cholesterol, history of a previous head injury, blood vessel disease, etc. are also considered.

A thorough diagnosis of an Alzheimer’s patient is made by assessing the assessing a person’s medical and psychiatric history and brain scans. CT, MRI and PET scans are done to determine the level of mental deterioration. Apart from these, blood and urine tests are also done along with proper neurological and physical examinations.

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Pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s Disease Essay

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Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is an irreversible illness of the brain that kills and weakens brain neurons involved in thinking, memory, and other abilities. It is a progressive illness which symptoms and functionality get worse over time. It has no cure, but symptoms can be managed to combat the progression making it easy for the patient (Khan et al., 2018). The study will discuss the pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s disease, such as risk factors, cellular involvement, genetic influences, and the interventions of the available therapy’s pharmacological Interventions.

Table 1: Concept map

Concept map

Janet Riley can use the Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEI) as pharmacological intervention. There are Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors available: glutamine, Rivastigmine, and donepezil (Akıncıoğlu & Gülçin, 2020). These agents are based on research that shows people with Alzheimer’s disease have a deficit in cholinesterase production that leads to dysfunctions of the cortical cholinergic. The cholinesterase inhibitors inhibit the action and optimize the Ach levels available for postsynaptic simulants. The cholinesterase inhibitors improve the symptoms of Alzheimer’s but are not involved with any alterations of its natural clinical course. Due to this, the intervention is considered a symptomatic treatment for the Alzheimer disease.

Table 2: Pharmacological Interventions

DrugMechanism of actionRisk and benefitsRisks*Mono vs. combination therapy.
AriceptIt is licensed for the treatment of mild to moderate-severe AD. Aricept aims to prevent the last cycle of disease to ensure that the acetylcholine does not break down. (Wang et al., 2018) There is a repeated cycle in the brain as when the acetylcholine is produced, it transmits the message, and then acetylcholinesterase is broken-down, which the Aricept aims to prevent. The brain gets enough acetylcholine that facilitate the availability of messages between the brain cells. Combination therapy is better as it improves cognitive functions, behavioural symptoms, and psychological symptoms (Wang et al., 2018). There have been remarkable results when Aricept is combined with memantine.
ExelonExelon, also known as Rivastigmine, is part of drugs from cholinesterase inhibitors. It acts by blocking the functions of acetylcholinesterase in a reverse manner (Wang et al., 2018). Through inhibiting this enzyme, it prevents the breaking down of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, which aids in increasing brain activities. Also, the drug inhibits both AChE and butyl cholinesterase, enhancing the chronological functions and breaking down acetylcholine, thus increasing the duration of actions of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (Wang et al., 2018). A few research studies have shown that Exelon interacting with other cholinesterase inhibitors improves the patient. The Exelon treatment works as a monotherapy (Wang et al., 2018). The combination therapy did not show much difference from the monotherapy studies as both treatments showed similar results of reduction of non-aggressive agitated behaviours and improved cognitive functions
Razadyne
(galantamine)
It is a cholinesterase inhibitor. It acts by blocking the acetylcholinesterase preventing the destruction of the acetylcholine (Akıncıoğlu & Gülçin, 2020). By doing so, the acetylcholine levels increase, increasing the concentration of brain levels. Razadyne also works by inhibiting both muscle and brain acetylcholinesterase, increasing the cholinergic tone. Razadyne is mostly used as a combination therapy with memantine. The therapy shows a significant improvement of cognitive function compared to monotherapy. This is because when the two drugs are paired, there is the involvement of the cholinergic and glutamatergic systems that strongly implicates the cognitive impairments (Akıncıoğlu & Gülçin, 2020).
MemantineMemantine is a drug from the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor used to treat moderate to severe dementia (Matsunaga et al., 2018). It works differently from the other drugs as its mechanism of action works by blocking the effects of glutamate, a neurotransmitter in the brain that influences neuron excitability and excessive stimulation in AD. Memantine is considered a first-line drug since it is an effective treatment with minimal side effects Memantine is considered a combination therapy In the treatment of Alzheimer’s (Matsunaga et al., 2018). The cholinesterase inhibitors such as the Redmayne and Aricept can be added as it has shown further beneficial effects on the behavior symptoms, cognitive functionality, and global functions.

A good communication plan is required to ensure that the information delivery to Janet Riley’s family is well perceived. It is important for the family to be involved as it ensures optimal functioning and patients’ quality of life. Firstly, the family needs to be explained the disease and its effects. They need to understand how Alzheimer’s functions: the risk factors, the symptoms, available treatments, mechanism actions of these drugs, and the benefits and risks of the treatment. Secondly, as a health practitioner, I will share resources concerning the issue. The resources include educational material from organizations of the Alzheimer’s associations and support groups. Lastly, I will educate them on assisting the patient in their regular activities. The communication plan will result in them enquiring about the future directions on the medication treatment. To respond to this, I will explain how therapeutical treatments that aim to alter the neuropathological changes in Alzheimer’s disease are showing significant results.

Akıncıoğlu, H., & Gülçin, İ. (2020). Potent acetylcholinesterase inhibitors: potential drugs for Alzheimer’s disease. Mini reviews in medicinal chemistry , 20 (8), 703-715.

Khan, H., Amin, S., Kamal, M. A., & Patel, S. (2018). Flavonoids as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors: Current therapeutic standing and future prospects. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy , 101 , 860-870.

Matsunaga, S., Kishi, T., Nomura, I., Sakuma, K., Okuya, M., Ikuta, T., & Iwata, N. (2018). The efficacy and safety of memantine for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Expert opinion on drug safety , 17 (10), 1053-1061.

Wang, Y., Li, Y., Yang, W., Gao, S., Lin, J., Wang, T.,… & Hu, H. (2018). Ginsenoside Rb1 inhibit apoptosis in rat model of Alzheimer’s disease induced by Aβ1-40. American journal of translational research , 10 (3), 796.

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  7. PDF to the disease that was shattering my grandparents' world. It wasn't

    senior year of hGrowing up, I was aware of what Alzheimer's disease was and its effect on peo. le. But it wasn't until my freshman year of high school that its meaning truly came into effect. Before that, I. ad been blissfully ignorant of sickness, disease, and death, and the impact they have on families. All three o.

  8. Alzheimer's Disease: a Student Perspective

    Alzheimer's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that affects millions of individuals worldwide, causing cognitive decline and significant impairment in daily functioning. Despite its prevalence and devastating impact, there is still much to be understood about the disease and its implications for individuals and society.

  9. Essay Examples on Alzheimer's Disease

    4 pages / 1662 words. Introduction Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurological disorder that involves plaque accumulation and neurofibrillary tau tangles which contribute to degradation of the nerve cells. AD is characterized by decreasing cognitive function, memory impairment, and neuronal loss.

  10. Understanding Alzheimer's Disease: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

    Alzheimer's disease is a progressive disorder that can be divided into four stages: mild cognitive impairment, early-stage Alzheimer's, middle-stage Alzheimer's, and late-stage Alzheimer's. In the early stages, the symptoms of Alzheimer's may be mild and may include memory loss or difficulty with language.

  11. Alzheimers Disease Essay

    The disease damages brain cells, which in turn, impairs the memory and leads to loss of memory and the ability to perform tasks. The slow elimination of cells weakens the brain's ability to remember things, perform normal. Free Essay: Alzheimer 1 It is inevitable that eventually each of us will grow old and begin to face more and more health ...

  12. An Introduction to Alzheimer's Disease: What is it?

    Alzheimer's disease is a form of dementia, which is just an umbrella term used to describe loss of memory, language, problem solving, and other thinking abilities. More specifically, Alzheimer's diseaseis a progressive, neurodegenerative disease that is categorized by a loss of memory, along with basic life skills like eating, bathing ...

  13. Concepts of Alzheimer's disease

    Introduction. Alzheimer's disease, popularly known as AD, is an irremediable, progressive ailment of the brain that destroys brain cells responsible for executing brain roles such as memory and thinking. Alzheimer disease destroys some brain faculties making the person unable to perform even the simplest tasks.

  14. Alzheimer's Disease Essay

    Alzheimer's Disease Essay; Alzheimer's Disease Essay. Sort By: Page 1 of 50 - About 500 essays. Good Essays. Alzheimer's Disease. 3170 Words; 13 Pages; Alzheimer's Disease ... Alzheimer's Disease " People look at me and think there is nothing wrong; I am not in a wheelchair, I have full use of all my limbs, I can see, hear, speak and listen ...

  15. Essay On Alzheimer's Disease

    Although Alzheimer's is currently an incurable disease, more funding should be put towards research and treatment options for people with Alzheimer's because more people are developing Alzheimer's, there is no known cause, it would save billions of dollars later on, researchers are making progressing finding a cure and seeing a loved one ...

  16. Alzheimers Disease Essay

    Page 1 of 50 - About 500 essays. Better Essays. Alzheimers Disease. 1334 Words; 6 Pages; Alzheimers Disease. ... Alzheimer's Disease Madison Lollar Psychology 1030-C62 Volstate Community College Word Count: 1,589 Alzheimer's Disease: When it comes to Alzheimer's, I know firsthand how it affects individuals and their families. ...

  17. The Nature of Alzheimer's Disease: [Essay Example], 715 words

    Alzheimer's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disease in which major changes occur in neurological pathways, such as chronic neuronal loss and neuroinflammation (Liu, 2013). Due to the nature of Alzheimer's disease scientists have limited knowledge of its pathology and etiology, as a result, there is currently no cure or effective ...

  18. The Study of Alzheimer's Disease

    Discussion. In modern society, there is an increase in the elderly population, which determines the high prevalence of various health problems. Bondi et al. (2017) underline that "the current decade has seen the rise of imaging and other biomarkers to characterize preclinical disease before the development of significant cognitive decline" (p. 818).

  19. Essay on Alzheimer's Disease in 500 words

    Alzheimer's Disease : A memory loss, and the person faces difficulties in remembering. A German neurologist named Alois Alzheimer discovered Alzheimer's disease in 1906 after studying the case of a middle-aged woman named Auguste D. After her death he found senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles as he did an autopsy.

  20. Alzheimer's Disease Essay

    The most common form of dementia is, Alzheimer's disease (AD). Alzheimer's can be defined as a disease that includes memory loss and inabilities that affect daily life. A common misconception is that aging comes with Alzheimer's. Although majority people affected with this disease are 65 and above, there is also a 5% of people who are in ...

  21. Alzheimer's Research Paper

    500 Words; 2 Pages; ... Alzheimer's disease, to put it bluntly is the most common form of dementia which is the general term for memory loss, but Alzheimer's affects a lot more than just memory. ... Dementia is strictly. 226 Words; 1 Pages; Decent Essays. Read More. Better Essays. Alzheimer's Disease Essay. 1468 Words; 6 Pages; 5 Works Cited ...

  22. Pathophysiology of Alzheimer's Disease Essay

    Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an irreversible illness of the brain that kills and weakens brain neurons involved in thinking, memory, and other abilities. It is a progressive illness which symptoms and functionality get worse over time. It has no cure, but symptoms can be managed to combat the progression making it easy for the patient (Khan et ...

  23. Background on Alzheimer's Disease: [Essay Example], 467 words

    Categories: Alzheimer's Disease. Words: 467 | Page: 1 | 3 min read. Published: Mar 1, 2019. The direct known causes of AD are the amassing of Aβ plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain, which are both associated with synaptic dysfunction and neurodegeneration in AD. The over activation of calpain plays a role in accumulating these Aβ ...