experimental set up for sublimation

Experimental Stimulation of Sublimating Water Ice on the Earth and the Moon with Measuring D/H Ratios

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First Online: 20 March 2024
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Vyacheslav Sevastyanov 39 ,
Artem Krivenko 39 ,
Sergey Voropaev 39 &
Mikhail Marov 39

Part of the book series: Advances in Science, Technology & Innovation ((ASTI))

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international conference on Mediterranean Geosciences Union

In this paper, we present a draft new experimental setup for studying the sublimation of water ice at low temperatures under different conditions. The sublimation temperature could be varied from − 196 to 0 °C. Also, the unit is connected to an Isotope Ratio Mass spectrometer (IRMS). An isotopic mass spectrometer allows measuring the isotopic composition of vapors of an evaporating substance and the rate of sublimation under specified physic-chemical conditions. The gas input into the mass spectrometer on-line mode distinguishes the developed setup from the existing analogues. The developed setup is equipped with a transparent quartz window through which the surface of the test substance can be heated using a halogen lamp. The setup can also be used to study the sublimation of gas hydrates and CO 2 , to study the sorption of gases on the surface of various samples.

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Brown, R. H., Lauretta, D. S., Schmidt, B., & Moores, J. (2012). Experimental and theoretical simulations of ice sublimation with implications for the chemical, isotopic, and physical evolution of icy objects. Planetary and Space Science, 60 (1), 166–180.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by Russian Science Foundation, project 21-17-00120.

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Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry, 119991, Moscow, Russia

Vyacheslav Sevastyanov, Artem Krivenko, Sergey Voropaev & Mikhail Marov

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Correspondence to Vyacheslav Sevastyanov .

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Eurasia Institute of Earth Sciences, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Türkiye

Attila Çiner

Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy

Stefano Naitza

Institute of Geological Sciences, Faculty of Geography and Geology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland

Ahmed E. Radwan

Geology Department, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Benha, Egypt

Zakaria Hamimi

Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e Geoambientali, Università degli Studi di Bari “Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy

Federico Lucci

University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa

Jasper Knight

Complesso Universitario Monte Sant’Angelo, Università di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy

Ciro Cucciniello

Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India

Santanu Banerjee

Department of Geology, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco

Hasnaa Chennaoui

Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Napoli, Italy

Domenico M. Doronzo

GeoBioTec, Geosciences Department, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal

Carla Candeias

University of Granada, Granada, Spain

Jesús Rodrigo-Comino

Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand

Roohollah Kalatehjari

Universiti of Brunei Darussalam, Gadong, Brunei Darussalam

Afroz Ahmad Shah

School of Science and Technology, Geology Division, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy

Matteo Gentilucci

National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece

Dionysia Panagoulia

Polytechnic of Porto, School of Engineering (ISEP), Porto, Portugal

Helder I. Chaminé

University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome, Italy

Maurizio Barbieri

Kütahya Dumlupınar University, Kütahya, Türkiye

Zeynal Abiddin Ergüler

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Sevastyanov, V., Krivenko, A., Voropaev, S., Marov, M. (2024). Experimental Stimulation of Sublimating Water Ice on the Earth and the Moon with Measuring D/H Ratios. In: Çiner, A., et al. Recent Research on Sedimentology, Stratigraphy, Paleontology, Geochemistry, Volcanology, Tectonics, and Petroleum Geology. MedGU 2022. Advances in Science, Technology & Innovation. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-48758-3_24

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DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-48758-3_24

Published : 20 March 2024

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Online ISBN : 978-3-031-48758-3

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As taught in, learning resource types, digital lab techniques manual, sublimation.

Topics covered: From solid to gas, and then straight back to solid. This purification technique is both beautiful and useful. Find out why by watching the atmospheric pressure sublimation of ferrocene in this video.

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Sublimation

To study the changes in state of sublimate solids on heating.

The main aim of this experiment is to purify solid ammonium chloride from impure via a sublimation process.

Sublimation refers to a phenomenon of transformation or conversion of a substance from the solid phase into a gas phase without passing or changing through an intermediate liquid phase. The term sublimation only applies to the physical change of state of a substance and not to the transformation of a solid into a gas during a chemical reaction.

To perform this experiment, apparatus and materials are required: ammonium chloride (s), watch glass, bunsen burner, tripod Stand, wire gauge, china dish, funnel, cotton plug, and spatula.

To purify ammonium chloride via the sublimation process, we have to follow the given procedure.

Take powdered sublimable solid (ammonium chloride) in a china dish.
Place the tripod stand along with the wire gauze over the burner.
Place the china dish containing ammonium chloride over the wire gauze on the tripod stand.
Put an inverted funnel over the china dish.
Insert a cotton plug into the stem of the funnel.
Heat the china dish slowly with the help of the Bunsen burner.
After the entire solid mass has sublimed, stop heating and let the funnel cool down. Remove the funnel and record your observation.

In this experiment, we have learnt that:

The process of conversion of a solid to its gaseous state directly on heating is called sublimation. Ammonium chloride is a sublimable solid as it gets converted to its vapour on heating. However, the vapours of ammonium chloride convert to their solid state on cooling. This process is called deposition.

FAQs on Sublimation

Q.1: what happens to the atoms during sublimation.

Ans: The sublimation process is an endothermic process where atoms in a solid state absorb energy and gets converted to a gaseous state.

Q.2: What is the process for conversion of the gaseous phase to the solid phase?

Ans: The process for conversion of the gaseous phase to the solid phase is known as deposition or desublimation by keeping the pressure and temperature below the triple point.

Q.3: How would you separate a sand and naphthalene mixture?

Ans: By sublimation, sand and naphthalene mixture can be separated as naphthalene is a volatile substance that sublimes to vapours, and sand remains.

Q.4: What are examples of sublimating substances?

Ans: Benzoic acid, ammonium chloride, camphor, naphthalene, and iodine are volatile, so these are examples of sublimating substances.

Q.5: Is heat required for sublimation?

Ans: Yes, heat is required for sublimation. The amount of heat energy that must be delivered to a solid mole under constant pressure to turn it directly into a gas without going through the liquid phase is known as the sublimation enthalpy.

Q.6: How many types of sublimation products are there?

Ans: There are two types of sublimation products: primary sublimation products and secondary sublimation products.

Experiments Related to this Topic

Esterification reaction, how can we prepare soap in the lab, comparing the foaming capacity of soap samples, effect of mass on period of a simple pendulum, effect of amplitude on period of a simple pendulum, cleaning capacity of soap, oxidation reaction of alcohol with alkaline kmno4, study reaction of zinc with sulphuric acid, complete combustion of alcohol, phototropism and geotropism.

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Sublimation Science Experiment

Blowing up a balloon with dry ice.

This Demonstration is included in a bundle of 101 Science Demonstrations & Experiments . You can find this bundle here in my TpT Store. These exciting demonstrations use mostly inexpensive materials that you can find around your home or can be easily purchased. I show how to run the demonstration, give helpful advice and explain the science concepts behind it. Many of these demonstrations can be turned into STEM projects for your students. For fun & FREE STEM Activities, click here!

Also please check out my bundle of 36 STEM Activities: STEM for the whole year!

Materials needed:

Dry Ice Towel Safety Goggles Insulated Work Gloves (for handling dry ice, see the safety section at the end of this video) Balloons / Disposable (latex) Gloves Water Super-Cool Lab Coat, optional 🙂

Directions:

***Please watch my dry-ice safety section at the end of this video before trying this demonstration.*** Keep the dry ice inside your towel to help slow down the sublimation process.

Add a small amount of water into your balloon or glove.

2. Add a small piece of dry ice into your balloon or glove. It is easier with a glove, but you can also use a balloon if you have someone else hold it open for you.

3. Pinch and tie the opening as quickly as possible. Give it a shake to make sure all of the dry ice is in contact with the water and not stuck inside of any of the glove fingers.

Eventually it could pop…place it somewhere safe!

The Science Behind this Experiment:

Dry ice sublimates. It goes from a solid directly to a gas without stopping at the liquid phase. Adding water makes the sublimation happen even faster!

Did you like this Demonstration?

You can find 100 more of them in a resource I recently put together. Check it out here in my store.

Sample Demonstrations:

Chemistry Combustion Density Electricity Energy Food Science Forces and Motion Light Magnetism Sound Sublimation