case study in tagalog research

Metodolohiya ng Pananaliksik at Mga Halimbawa Nito

Ang metodolohiya ng pananaliksik ay isang hanay ng mga prinsipyo at pamamaraan na gumagabay sa mga aktibidad ng pananaliksik.

Nakakatulong ito sa paghubog ng mga proyekto sa pananaliksik, mula sa pagpili ng paksa hanggang sa pangangalap, interpretasyon, at pagsusuri ng datos.

Tinutukoy din ng metodolohiya ng pananaliksik ang mga pamamaraan na ginamit upang mangolekta ng data at pag-aralan ang mga resulta.

Mula sa qualitative interviewing techniques hanggang quantitative survey, mayroong iba’t ibang paraan na magagamit para sa pananaliksik.

Sa post sa blog na ito, titingnan namin ang ilang halimbawa ng pamamaraan ng pananaliksik at tatalakayin kung paano makakatulong sa iyo ang iba’t ibang taktika na magsagawa ng de-kalidad na pananaliksik para sa iyong proyekto o disertasyon.

Tatalakayin din natin ang kahalagahan ng pagkakaroon ng etikal na diskarte kapag nagsasagawa ng pananaliksik.

Mga Nilalaman

Mga uri ng metodolohiya ng pananaliksik

Kwalitatibong pamamaraan ng pananaliksik.

Ang qualitative research methodology ay isang hanay ng mga teknik na ginagamit para sa pangangalap, pagsusuri, at pagbibigay-kahulugan ng data mula sa isang target na populasyon. 

Ang ganitong uri ng pananaliksik ay kadalasang ginagamit sa mga agham panlipunan, dahil maaari itong magbigay ng pananaw sa mga saloobin, pag-uugali, at pangkalahatang karanasan ng mga tao.

Mayroong ilang iba’t ibang mga pamamaraan ng pananaliksik ng husay na maaaring gamitin, depende sa mga layunin ng mananaliksik.

Kasama sa ilang karaniwang pamamaraan ng pananaliksik ng husay ang mga panayam, focus group, etnograpiya, at pagsusuri sa case study.

Maaaring kolektahin ang qualitative data sa pamamagitan ng iba’t ibang paraan tulad ng field observation, questionnaire, o document analysis.

Kapag nakolekta na, dapat bigyang-kahulugan ang qualitative data upang makuha ang kahulugan mula dito.

Magagawa ito sa pamamagitan ng iba’t ibang pamamaraan tulad ng coding (ang proseso ng paghahati-hati ng data sa mas maliliit na unit), thematic analysis (pagtukoy ng mga pattern sa loob ng data), o narrative analysis (pagsasabi ng mga kuwento gamit ang data).

Ang interpretasyon ng qualitative data ay kadalasang mas subjective kaysa quantitative data dahil sa kalikasan nito.

Gayunpaman, hindi ito nangangahulugan na ang kwalitatibong pananaliksik ay hindi gaanong mahalaga – sa katunayan, marami ang naniniwala na maaari itong magbigay ng mas mayaman at mas malalim na mga pananaw kaysa sa dami ng mga pamamaraan.

Quantitative research methodology

Ang quantitative na pananaliksik ay tinukoy bilang isang pormal, nakabalangkas na diskarte sa pagsisiyasat ng isang phenomenon gamit ang numerical na mga datos.

Ang ganitong uri ng pananaliksik ay karaniwang nagsasangkot ng pagsasagawa ng mga eksperimento o mga survey na may malaking bilang ng mga tao upang mangalap ng istatistikal na impormasyon.

Ang ilang mga karaniwang halimbawa ng mga pamamaraan ng quantitative na pananaliksik ay kinabibilangan ng:

• Mga eksperimento
• Mga botohan
• Obserbasyonal na pag-aaral
• Pagsusuri sa mga datos

Pamamaraan ng pananaliksik sa case study

Ang pananaliksik sa case study ay isang pamamaraan na ginagamit upang matutunan ang tungkol sa isang paksa sa pamamagitan ng pagmamasid dito sa natural na kapaligiran nito.

Ang ganitong uri ng pananaliksik ay kadalasang ginagamit sa mga agham panlipunan, ngunit maaari ding gamitin sa iba pang mga disiplina.

Mayroong ilang iba’t ibang uri ng mga pamamaraan ng pananaliksik sa case study, kabilang ang:

Obserbasyonal: Ang mga mananaliksik ay nagmamasid sa mga paksa sa kanilang likas na kapaligiran at binibigyang pansin ang kanilang pag-uugali.

Mga panayam : Ang mga paksa ay kinapanayam ng mga mananaliksik upang malaman ang tungkol sa kanilang mga karanasan at opinyon.

Mga dokumento: Sinusuri ng mga mananaliksik ang mga umiiral na dokumento upang malaman ang tungkol sa isang paksa.

Mga eksperimento: Ang mga mananaliksik ay nagmamanipula ng mga variable upang obserbahan ang mga epekto sa mga paksa.

Ang pamamaraan ng pagsasaliksik ng case study ay maaaring maging qualitative at quantitative, depende sa uri ng data na nakolekta.

Ang qualitative data ay nagbibigay ng malalim na pag-unawa sa paksa, habang ang quantitative data ay nagbibigay ng numeric na impormasyon na maaaring masuri ayon sa istatistika.

Eksperimental na pamamaraan ng pananaliksik

Maraming iba’t ibang paraan ng pananaliksik na magagamit ng mga siyentipiko upang mangolekta ng data at matuto tungkol sa mundo.

Ang eksperimental na pananaliksik ay isang uri ng pamamaraan na ginagamit upang makakuha ng mga insight sa mga ugnayang sanhi-at-bunga.

Sa isang eksperimento, ang isang mananaliksik ay nagmamanipula ng isang variable (ang independent variable) at nagmamasid kung paano ito nakakaapekto sa isa pang variable (ang dependent variable).

Sa pamamagitan ng maingat na pagkontrol sa mga kondisyon ng eksperimento, maaaring ihiwalay ng mananaliksik ang mga epekto ng independent variable sa dependent variable.

Ang eksperimental na pananaliksik ay kadalasang ginagamit sa mga larangan tulad ng sikolohiya, medisina, at biology.

Sa sikolohiya, ang mga eksperimento ay ginagamit upang pag-aralan ang pag-uugali ng tao. 

Halimbawa, maaaring gusto ng isang mananaliksik na pag-aralan kung paano nakakaapekto ang iba’t ibang uri ng musika sa mood ng mga tao.

Para magawa ito, magtatalaga sila ng mga kalahok na makinig sa upbeat o kalmadong musika at pagkatapos ay sukatin ang kanilang kalooban pagkatapos.

Sa medisina, ginagamit ang mga eksperimento upang subukan ang mga bagong paggamot at gamot.

Bago maaprubahan para sa paggamit ang isang bagong gamot, dapat itong dumaan sa mahigpit na pagsusuri upang matiyak na ito ay ligtas at mabisa.

Ginagamit din ang mga eksperimento upang subukan ang mga medikal na pamamaraan. 

Halimbawa, maaaring naisin ng mga mananaliksik na ihambing ang dalawang magkaibang pamamaraan ng operasyon para sa paggamot sa isang partikular na kondisyon.

Maaaring gamitin ang mga eksperimento sa biology upang pag-aralan ang lahat mula sa paglaki ng halaman hanggang sa pag-uugali ng hayop.

Halimbawa, maaaring gusto ng isang mananaliksik na pag-aralan kung paano nakakaapekto ang iba’t ibang uri ng pataba sa paglago ng halaman.

Upang gawin ito, magse-set up sila ng isang eksperimento sa iba’t ibang uri ng pataba sa iba’t ibang kapirasong lupa at tingnan kung paano nakakaapekto ang bawat uri ng pataba sa paglaki ng halaman.

Pamamaraan ng pananaliksik sa survey

Mayroong ilang iba’t ibang mga halimbawa ng pamamaraan ng pananaliksik na maaaring gamitin kapag nagsasagawa ng isang survey.

Ang pinakakaraniwang uri ng survey ay ang questionnaire, na maaaring ibigay nang personal, sa pamamagitan ng telepono, o online.

Kasama sa iba pang uri ng mga survey ang mga panayam, focus group, at obserbasyon.

Kapag gumagawa ng survey, dapat munang magpasya ang mga mananaliksik kung anong uri ng impormasyon ang gusto nilang kolektahin.

Matutukoy nito ang pinakamahusay na pamamaraan na gagamitin.

Halimbawa, kung gustong malaman ng mga mananaliksik kung ano ang nararamdaman ng mga tao tungkol sa isang partikular na isyu, gagamit sila ng questionnaire.

Kung gusto nilang maunawaan kung bakit nararamdaman ng mga tao ang isang tiyak na paraan, gagamit sila ng isang pakikipanayam.

Kapag natukoy na ang tanong sa pananaliksik, ang susunod na hakbang ay ang paggawa ng instrumento ng sarbey.

Kabilang dito ang pagbuo ng mga tanong na itatanong at pagpapasya sa format ng tugon (hal., maramihang pagpipilian, Likert scale).

Kapag nalikha na ang instrumento, dapat itong masuri upang matiyak na ito ay wasto at maaasahan.

Matapos maisagawa ang sarbey, dapat suriin ang mga datos upang masagot ang tanong sa pananaliksik.

Karaniwang kinabibilangan ito ng paggamit ng mga istatistikal na pamamaraan upang matukoy ang mga uso at ugnayan sa pagitan ng mga variable.

Sa wakas, ang mga resulta ng pagsusuri ay dapat bigyang-kahulugan at iulat sa isang malinaw at maigsi na paraan.

Pamamaraan ng action research

Mayroong maraming iba’t ibang mga pamamaraan ng pananaliksik na maaaring gamitin kapag nagsasagawa ng pananaliksik.

Ang ilan sa mga pinakakaraniwang pamamaraan ng pananaliksik ay kinabibilangan ng qualitative research, quantitative research, action research, at mixed method na pananaliksik. 

Ang bawat isa sa mga pamamaraan ng pananaliksik na ito ay may sariling mga kalakasan at kahinaan, at ang bawat isa ay angkop para sa iba’t ibang uri ng mga proyekto sa pananaliksik.

Ang qualitative research ay isang uri ng pananaliksik na nakatuon sa pagmamasid at paglalarawan ng mga penomena.

Karaniwang gumagamit ang mga qualitative researcher ng mga diskarte sa pagmamasid gaya ng mga panayam, focus group, at case study.

Ang ganitong uri ng pananaliksik ay angkop na angkop para sa mga pag-aaral ng eksplorasyon na naglalayong maunawaan ang isang kababalaghan mula sa pananaw ng mga kalahok.

Ang quantitative research ay isang uri ng pananaliksik na umaasa sa numerical data upang subukan ang mga hypotheses.

Ang mga quantitative na mananaliksik ay karaniwang gumagamit ng mga disenyong pang-eksperimento o survey.

Ang ganitong uri ng pananaliksik ay angkop para sa pagsubok ng mga hypotheses at pagsusuri ng mga relasyon sa pagitan ng mga variable.

Ang action research ay isang uri ng pananaliksik na nakatuon sa paglutas ng mga problema sa pamamagitan ng interbensyon.

Ang mga action researcher ay karaniwang gumagamit ng participatory na pamamaraan tulad ng mga workshop at mga proyektong nakabatay sa komunidad.

Ang ganitong uri ng pananaliksik ay angkop na angkop para sa pagtugon sa mga suliraning panlipunan at pagtataguyod ng pagbabago sa lipunan.

Ang mixed method na pananaliksik ay isang uri ng pananaliksik na gumagamit ng parehong qualitative at quantitative na data upang sagutin ang isang katanungan sa pananaliksik.

Ang mga pinaghalong pamamaraan ng mga mananaliksik ay karaniwang gumagamit ng parehong obserbasyonal at eksperimental na mga disenyo.

Ang ganitong uri ng pananaliksik ay angkop na angkop para sa pagsagot sa mga kumplikadong tanong na nangangailangan ng maraming pananaw.

Pinaghalong pamamaraan metodolohiya ng pananaliksik

Ang mixed method na pananaliksik ay isang metodolohiya na gumagamit ng parehong qualitative at quantitative na data upang mas maunawaan ang isang problema.

Ang ganitong uri ng pananaliksik ay maaaring makatulong sa pagbibigay ng mas kumpletong larawan ng isyung pinag-aaralan.

Ang pinaghalong pamamaraan ng pananaliksik ay karaniwang sumusunod sa mga hakbang na ito:

1. Tukuyin ang (mga) tanong sa pananaliksik na nais mong sagutin.

2. Kolektahin ang parehong qualitative at quantitative data na makakatulong sa pagsagot sa iyong (mga) tanong sa pananaliksik.

3. Suriin ang mga datos na nakalap.

4. Gumawa ng mga konklusyon batay sa iyong pagsusuri.

Ang pinaghalong pamamaraan ng pananaliksik ay maaaring maging isang epektibong paraan upang pag-aralan ang mga kumplikadong problema.

Makakatulong ito sa iyong mangolekta ng detalyadong impormasyon mula sa iba’t ibang mapagkukunan, na pagkatapos ay masuri upang magbigay ng mga insight sa problemang pinag-aaralan.

Ang pamamaraan ng pananaliksik ay isang mahalagang bahagi ng anumang proyekto ng pananaliksik.

Nagbibigay ito ng balangkas para sa pagsasagawa at pagbibigay-kahulugan sa mga resulta ng isang pag-aaral.

Ang pag-unawa at paglalapat nito nang tama ay makatutulong na matiyak na ang iyong proyekto sa pananaliksik ay gumagawa ng maaasahan at wastong mga resulta na magagamit mo upang makagawa ng makabuluhang konklusyon.

Ang mga halimbawa tulad ng eksperimental at hindi pang-eksperimentong disenyo, quantitative vs qualitative approach, sampling method, at data collection technique ay bahagi lahat ng prosesong ito.

Sa pamamagitan ng pag-unawa sa iba’t ibang aspeto na kasangkot sa pagsasaliksik ng isang paksa at kung paano nauugnay ang mga ito sa isa’t isa.

Maaari kang makakuha ng higit na pananaw sa kung paano gumagana ang pananaliksik – nagbibigay sa iyo ng kumpiyansa na kailangan upang maisagawa ang iyong sariling pag-aaral nang may tagumpay!

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How To Write Time Context in Case Study (With Examples)

An impressive case study clearly describes the important facts and details about the issue it analyzes. One of these details that must be considered is the time period when this issue happened. This is specified in the portion of the case study called the Time Context , or “Konteksto ng Panahon ” in Filipino. 

Writing the Time Context of the case study requires careful analysis and decision-making, making it quite challenging for some students. For this reason, this article provides a comprehensive guide on how to write this portion and some examples that you may use as a reference.

Table of Contents

• What Is Time Context in a Case Study? 

Why Should I Write the Time Context of My Case Study?

1. identify when the problem of your case study arose, 2. specify the exact period that you are going to analyze, 3. explain your indicated time frame, 1. ensure the time context is clear and not too broad, 2. creating a timeline is optional, what is time context in a case study.

The Time Context, which is located at the beginning of the case study, tells the reader the time during which the problem of the study occurred. In other words, it indicates the “scope” of your analysis in terms of the time period. 

This is analogous to the “setting” of a short story. The setting of a story tells you when it happened. If you imagine your case study as a short story, the time context is its “setting.” 

This portion allows your readers to determine exactly the problem you are referring to by indicating a vital detail: the time when it happened. 

Suppose that your study’s problem revolves around the decline in annual sales of a certain firm. If  the firm experienced a decline in sales in different periods, the readers will have a hard time figuring out which one you’re referring to (e.g., are you referring to the year the sales declined in 2008, 2010, or 2020?) By indicating the time context, this ambiguity is resolved. 

Furthermore, this portion makes your analysis more focused by indicating the specific period where your analysis is bounded. For instance, If your time context is only the first quarter of 2020, then you are not expected to analyze the events that happened or factors that emerged during the periods beyond or even before your selected time context.

How To Write Time Context in a Case Study

Now that you have an idea of the time context, it’s time to write it. Follow the steps below to learn how to write one.

Research the history of your case study’s subject (i.e., the firm/organization) to help you identify the time when its problem arose. This “time” can be a year (e.g., 2020), a month (December 2020), a quarter (Q2 of 2020), or a day (December 1, 2020). 

After you figure out the time when the problem of the firm or organization emerged, think about how long the problem continued to persist. The period from the date the problem arose to the date it was resolved is the time context of your study.

Suppose the firm’s sales started to decline during the first quarter of 2008. If this problem was resolved eventually in the last quarter of 2008, then the time context of your case study is the year 2008. 

If the problem of your case study is happening in the present, then the time context of your case study is the current year. It implies that your analysis will revolve around the current year’s events.

Once you have figured out your case study’s time context, you may now indicate it in your manuscript. You may add supporting details by explaining what happened during that period. 

Most case studies explicitly indicate the time period in this portion without including any explanation.  Although the justification for your selected time context is optional, it is advisable to show one to make this portion more comprehensive.

Examples of Time Context in a Case Study

Case Study Topic: An analysis of how Jollibee Foods Corporation (JFC) handled massive public criticism during the  “Toweljoy” incident wherein one of their customers received an improperly prepared fried chicken that violated the Food Safety Act. 

Time Context: The incident happened in June 2019. JFC responded by temporarily closing for three days the branch where the incident occurred and releasing an official statement acknowledging the issue. The incident became a trending topic days after it happened.

The example above provides a clear timeframe that indicates the coverage of the analysis , which is an event that took place in June 2019. Furthermore, it elaborates the indicated time context by briefly describing what happened during that period.

Case Study Topic: Xelon Pastries struggles to accommodate a large volume of orders due to the holiday season. The management believes that the current number of staff and supplies are insufficient to meet the increase in demand.  Failure to meet the overwhelming customer demand might lead to a loss of profit opportunities. 

Time Context: Xelon Pastries has to accommodate a notable 15% increase in daily orders in December 2015. It is expected that the volume of orders will further increase as the Christmas season approaches. 

Note how the example above provides a specific date during which the business faced the problem (i.e., December 2015). This implies that the analysis will be limited only to the said time period. In other words, the large volume of orders during other “holiday seasons” (e.g., December 2014) and the firm’s condition during the said periods will not be considered in the analysis.

Case Study Topic: Netflix Inc. is struggling to keep up with the increasing market competition after it lost an estimated 200,000 subscribers and experienced a decrease in its market value with a decline in shares of 35%.  Time Context: The first quarter of 2022 is a negative turning point for Netflix Inc. as it struggles with a declining subscriber level due to a variety of reasons, including an increase in “pay-to-watch” platforms and the company’s exit from the Russian market because of the Ukrainian-Russian conflict.

Tips and Warnings

For instance, indicating that your Case Study’s Time Context is “the present year” is too broad since readers have no clue whether you’re referring to the year they are reading your case study or the year when it was published. So, it is better to make it more specific such as “the year 2017”. Furthermore, if you think the problem only occurred in a particular period of that year, make it more specific by indicating the quarter or the month (e.g., Q1 of 2017, August 2017).

You may also present your case study’s Time Context using a timeline. A timeline lists important events throughout the problem’s duration. It’s a sequence of events that happened between the date the problem emerged up to the date it was solved (or present date).

To make a timeline, state the date (or span of periods) when a specific event happened. This event must be relevant to your case study’s problem. Afterward, provide a brief description of what happened during that period. Do this approach for every “sub-events” of your timeline.

Note that using a timeline is optional but you can use it to make this part more detailed.

Here is an example of a case study that presents its Time Context using a timeline:

Case Study Topic: Despite Netflix being the world’s leading streaming platform, it experienced slow revenue growth in early 2022 because of the following:

• The increasing saturation of the “pay-for-view” market
• Ukrainian-Russian conflict
• Stagnant subscriber growth
• Easing pandemic restrictions

Time Context of the Case Study: 

January 2022 – Investors are cautious of the slow growth of Netflix Inc. leading to a tail-off of about $45 billion in market value and 20% in shares. 

January – March 2022 – Netflix Inc. lost an estimated 200,000 subscribers and a decline of 6.4% in its Quarter I net profit.

March 06 – 07, 2022 – Netflix Inc. halted its operations in Russia. This is a response to the worsening crisis due to the Ukrainian-Russian conflict. This leads to a loss of about 700,000 paid subscribers in the region.

April 19, 2022 – Netflix Inc. released a note to its shareholders. It states some factors that contribute to its stagnant revenue growth. These include the following:

• 100 million unpaid subscribers that enjoy shared household accounts
• Increasing market competition 
• Macroeconomic factors including slow economic growth and rising inflation.

April – May 2022 – Netflix’s competitors HBO (and HBO Max) recorded an increase of 3 million subscribers. Meanwhile, Disney Plus garnered more than 7.9 million subscribers. These happened shortly after Netflix lost a significant number of subscribers.

May 17, 2022 – 150 US-based Netflix employees were laid off as a cost-cutting solution to the company’s decline in revenues.

Written by Jewel Kyle Fabula

in Career and Education , Juander How

Jewel Kyle Fabula

Jewel Kyle Fabula is a Bachelor of Science in Economics student at the University of the Philippines Diliman. His passion for learning mathematics developed as he competed in some mathematics competitions during his Junior High School years. He loves cats, playing video games, and listening to music.

Browse all articles written by Jewel Kyle Fabula

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Resources for research Part of series: Research Ethics Case Studies 2024

Research Ethics Case Studies 2024: Watch your language: Ethical issues when working with young people – meaning and power

This case study explores ethical issues that arise for researchers working with young people. This includes the right of young people to contribute their experiences and opinions in a way that enables them to express what they think or feel; respecting the role of parents and carers’ legal responsibilities in giving their informed consent; and thinking about whether the method being used is appropriate to ensure young people can be included in the research process.

Cassie’s research investigated the importance of clarifying the use of language when working with young people, and also the power dynamics between young people and adults. The research participants were young people, aged 10–18 years, who had a history of glue ear. This condition results in intermittent hearing loss and can delay development of pragmatic language skills, which may result in young people being excluded as active contributors to the research process. Two ethical issues were anticipated in the research: 1) how could the adult–young people power differentials be reduced to elicit young people’s considered views? and 2) what methods would legitimately encourage the active participation of young people? A third ethical issue also arose during the research when Cassie’s instructions inadvertently caused uncertainty for one participant. How did Cassie navigate these ethical dilemmas?

Drawing on BERA’s  Ethical Guidelines for Educational Research , this case study discusses key ethical issues, including:

• principles of consent, assent and transparency when conducting research with children and young people
• power differentials and the right to withdraw
• selecting appropriate methods that ensure the needs of the research are being properly addressed
• minimising harm arising from participation in research.

About this series

BERA’s  Research Ethics Case Studies , edited by Sin Wang Chong and Alison Fox, complement BERA’s  Ethical Guidelines for Educational Research , fifth edition (2024)  by giving concrete examples of how those guidelines can be applied during the research process. 

Annotations in the margins of each case study document indicate where, among the numbered paragraphs of BERA’s  Ethical Guidelines , readers can find full advice on the issues raised. The annotations include hyperlinks to the relevant passages of the guidelines.

For a full account of ethical best practice as recommended by BERA, researchers should refer to our  Ethical Guidelines , which these case studies are intended to illustrate without themselves offering guidance or recommendations.

Senior Lecturer at Oxford Brookes University

Carmel is a Lecturer in Early Years and Child Development at Oxford Brookes University. She has a strong interest in developing innovative research methods, particularly to encouraging the participation of young people in expressing and sharing...

Lecturer at University of Manchester

Dr Helen Hanna is a Lecturer in International Education at the University of Manchester. She is passionate about citizenship education, education rights, and educational inclusion, particularly of migrant learners and those from racial, ethnic...

Doctoral Researcher at University College London & Lecturer in ITE at Chulalongkorn University

Chawin Pongpajon is a doctoral researcher at University College London and a lecturer in ITE at Chulalongkorn University, Thailand.

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Study on the discharge coefficient of wind-driven naturally ventilated Chinese solar greenhouses

• Research Article
• Indoor/Outdoor Airflow and Air Quality
• Published: 05 September 2024

Cite this article

• Jingfu Zhang 1 ,
• Shumei Zhao 1 ,
• Zhiwei Liu 2 ,
• Yanfeng Li 3 ,
• Youyu Li 1 ,
• Zilong Fan 1 &
• Tao Ding 1  

The Chinese solar greenhouse (CSG) is a prevalent feature in agricultural practices within China. Nevertheless, the regulation of natural ventilation within this architectural structure remains suboptimal. Consequently, the development of a natural ventilation model becomes imperative for the effective management of the greenhouse environment. Of particular significance within these models is the consideration of the discharge coefficient as a pivotal parameter. Conducting a multi-case investigation into the variable-dependent discharge coefficient is crucial for both practical application and model advancement. This research delved into the impact of various factors, including the upper-lower vents area ratio ( A up / A low ), vent-greenhouse area ratio ( A low / A greenhouse ), lower vent position height ( h/H ), the incident angle of the external wind, and altitude, on the discharge coefficient ( C d ) of CSG. A CFD model was developed for a scaled CSG with validation conducted through field experiments and wind tunnel tests. Results indicated a 61.6% reduction in C d on average corresponding to an 80% decrease in A up / A low . C d levels remained consistent following the attainment of an A up / A low ratio of 1.0. Besides, there was an average increase of 52.5% in C d levels for every 0.09 decline in h/H , attributed to the blocking effect of the cover. Moreover, the ventilation rate and the pressure coefficient difference were utilized to construct a model of C d pertaining to greenhouse design and ventilation operation, exhibiting a notable accuracy level of R 2 = 0.95. Furthermore, the blocking effect of higher h/H was relieved as the incident angle θ decreased under the windward conditions. The increase in A up / A low and the decrease in A low / A greenhouse were identified as crucial factors contributing to the growth of C d under leeward conditions. Ultimately, the high-altitude environment led to a rise in C d levels in contrast to the low-altitude region. The increasing rate of C d correlated positively with A low / A greenhouse and h/H initially, but exhibited a decline once A low / A greenhouse reached 0.036, remaining stable thereafter once h/H reached 0.18. In summary, a comprehensive examination of the discharge coefficient of CSG was undertaken, addressing a significant knowledge deficiency and laying the groundwork for advancements in the natural ventilation model and the intelligent control system for CSG.

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Abbreviations

area (m 2 )

discharge coefficient of the vent (—)

pressure coefficient (—)

C p of the exterior of the opening (—)

C p of the interior of the opening (—)

height of the greenhouse (m)

height of the opening (m)

position height of lower vent (m)

length of the greenhouse (m)

length of the opening (m)

characteristic length (m)

pressure difference (Pa)

Reynolds number (—)

generalized source term

velocity (m s −1 )

mean velocity (m s −1 )

undisturbed air velocity (m s −1 )

width of the greenhouse (m)

opening angle (°)

generalized diffusion coefficient

angle of wind incidence (°)

air viscosity (m 2 s −1 )

resistance coefficient (—)

density (kg m −3 )

generic variable

ventilation rate (m 3 s −1 )

greenhouse surface

tunnel test

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Acknowledgements

This research was funded by the Natural Science Foundation of China (U20A2020); the Key Research and Development Program of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (2022A02005-1); and the Basic Research Funds of Public Welfare Research Institutes of Xinjiang Autonomous Region..

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College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100080, China

Jingfu Zhang, Shumei Zhao, Youyu Li, Zilong Fan & Tao Ding

Infrastructure Construction Department, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100080, China

Tibet Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Lhasa, 851418, China

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All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by Jingfu Zhang, Shumei Zhao, Zhiwei Liu, Yanfeng Li, Youyu Li, Zilong Fan and Tao Ding. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Jingfu Zhang and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Tao Ding .

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Zhang, J., Zhao, S., Liu, Z. et al. Study on the discharge coefficient of wind-driven naturally ventilated Chinese solar greenhouses. Build. Simul. (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12273-024-1169-7

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Received : 23 April 2024

Revised : 08 July 2024

Accepted : 22 July 2024

Published : 05 September 2024

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/s12273-024-1169-7

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