upsc essay paper 2018 with solution

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ESSAY PAPER: UPSC Civil Services Mains Examination – 2018

Download Mains – 2018 GS Paper -1 Here

Download Mains – 2018 GS Paper -2 Here

Download Mains – 2018 GS Paper – 3 Here

Download Mains – 2018 GS Paper – 4 Here

SECTION – A

• Alternative technologies for a climate change resilient India
• A good life is one inspired by love and guided by knowledge
• Poverty anywhere is a threat to prosperity everywhere
• Management of Indian border disputes – a complex task

SECTION – B

• Customary morality cannot be a guide to modern life
• “The past’ is a permanent dimension of human consciousness and values
• A people that values its privileges above its principles loses both
• Reality does not conform to the ideal, but confirms it

(Section – B looks like ETHICS paper!)

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[Download] UPSC Mains-2018 Essay Paper, Including Topicwise last 26 YEARS Essay Question Papers (1993-2018)

Instructions, section-a: 125 marks, section-b: 125 marks, analysis of essay-2018 paper.

• 1) India: Democracy, administration, Society, culture
• 2) Economy, Development
• 3) Education
• 4) Quote based, Philosophy, Ethics
• 5) Women empowerment
• 6) International issues, Internal Security
• 7) Science-Technology
• On 28th September 2018 , UPSC conducted the Essay paper for the civil services mains examination. Total Marks : 250 marks, Time duration : 3 hours.
• The essay must be written in the medium authorized in the admission certificate which must be stated clearly on the cover of this question-cum-answer (QCA) booklet in the space provided.
• No marks will be given for answers written in medium other than authorized one.
• Word limit, as specified, should be adhered to.
• Any page or portion of the page left blank, must be struck off clearly.

Write any one of the following essay in 1000-1200 words (125 marks)

• Alternative technologies for a climate change resilient India. जलवायु परिवर्तन के प्रति सुनम्य भारत हेतु वैकल्पिक तकनीके.
• A good life is one inspired by love and guided by knowledge. एक अच्छा जीवन प्रेम से प्रेरित तथा ज्ञान से संचालित होता है.
• Poverty anywhere is a threat to prosperity everywhere. कही पर गरीबी, हर जगह की समृद्धि के लिए खतरा है.
• Management of Indian border dispute is a complex task. भारत के सीमा विवादों का प्रबंधन – एक जटिल कार्य.
• Customary morality cannot be a guide to modem file. रूढिगत नैतिकता आधुनिक जीवन का मार्गदर्शक नहीं हो सकती है.
• ‘The past’ is a permanent dimension of human consciousness and values. ‘अतीत’ मानवीय चेतना तथा मूल्यों का एक स्थायी आयाम है.
• A people that values its privileges above its principles loses both जो समाज अपने सिद्धांतो के ऊपर अपने विशेशाधिकारो को महत्त्व देता है, वह दोनों से हाथ धो बेठता है.
• Reality does not conform to the ideal, but confirms it. यथार्थ आदर्श के अनुरूप नहीं होता है, बल्कि उसकी पुष्टि करता है.

Which essay did you attempt or would have attempted? Share your major keypoints in the comments section!

Do you see any other patterns or connections with current affairs? Do share in the comments section!

Essay-list: Topic wise last 26 years (1993-2018)

Each year, along with essay paper, I also upload topicwise compilation of all essays asked since 1993. However, this time, I’ve further refined the internal classification of the topics. Here it goes:

1 India: Democracy, administration, Society, culture

1.1 india since independence.

• Is the Colonial mentality hindering India’s Success? -2013
• In the context of Gandhiji’s views on the matter, explore, on an evolutionary scale, the terms ‘Swadhinata’, ‘Swaraj’ and ‘Dharmarajya’. Critically comment on their contemporary relevance to Indian democracy -2012
• Dreams which should not let India sleep. -2015
• Why should we be proud of being Indians? -2000
• Whither Indian democracy? -1995
• How far has democracy in India delivered the goods? -2003
• What we have not learnt during fifty years of independence. -1997
• What have we gained from our democratic set-up? -2001
• My vision of India in 2001 a.d. -1993

1.2 Federalism, Decentralization

• Impact of the new economic measures on fiscal ties between the union and states in India. -2017
• Water disputes between States in federal India. -2016
• Cooperative federalism : Myth or reality. -2016
• Creation of smaller states and the consequent administrative, economic and developmental implication -2011
• Evaluation of panchayati raj system in India from the point of view of eradication of power to people. -2007
• Water resources should be under the control of the central government. -2004
• The language problem in India: its past, present and prospects. -1998

1.3 Administration

• How should a civil servant conduct himself? -2003
• Politics without ethics is a disaster. -1995
• The VIP cult is a bane of Indian democracy -1996
• Need for transparency in public administration -1996
• The country’s need for a better disaster management system. -2000
• Politics, bureaucracy and business – fatal triangle. -1994

1.4 Judiciary

• We may brave human laws but cannot resist natural laws. -2017
• Justice must reach the poor -2005
• Judicial activism and Indian democracy. -2004
• Judicial activism. -1997

1.5 Poverty, Social Justice

• The focus of health care is increasingly getting skewed towards the ‘haves’ of our society. -2009
• Food security for sustainable national development -2005
• Reservation, politics and empowerment. -1999

1.6 Indian Society, Culture and Values

• A people that values its privileges above its principles loses both. -2018
• Indian culture today: a myth or a reality? -2000
• Modernism and our traditional socio-ethical values. -2000
• The composite culture of India. -1998
• The Indian society at the crossroads. -1994
• From traditional Indian philanthropy to the gates-buffet model-a natural progression or a paradigm shift? -2010
• New cults and godmen: a threat to traditional religion -1996

1.7 Media, TV & Cinema

• Responsibility of media in a democracy. -2002
• Role of media in good governance -2008
• Does Indian cinema shape our popular culture or merely reflect it? -2011
• How has satellite television brought about cultural change in Indian mindsets? -2007
• Is sting operation an invasion on privacy? -2014
• Mass media and cultural invasion. -1999
• The misinterpretation and misuse of freedom in India. -1998

2 Economy, Development

2.1 growth vs development.

• Poverty anywhere is a threat to prosperity everywhere. -2018
• Digital economy: A leveller or a source of economic inequality. -2016
• Innovation is the key determinant of economic growth and social welfare. -2016
• Near jobless growth in India: An anomaly or an outcome of economic reforms. -2016
• Crisis faced in India – moral or economic. -2015
• Was it the policy paralysis or the paralysis of implementation which slowed the growth of our country? -2014
• GDP (Gross Domestic Product) along with GDH (Gross Domestic Happiness) would be the right indices for judging the wellbeing of a country-2013
• Can capitalism bring inclusive growth? -2015
• Resource management in the Indian context. -1999
• Economic growth without distributive justice is bound to breed violence. -1993

2.2 Environment vs Development

• Alternative technologies for a climate change resilient India. -2018
• Should a moratorium be imposed on all fresh mining in tribal areas of the country? -2010
• Urbanisation and its hazards -2008
• Protection of ecology and environment is essential for sustained economic development. -2006
• Urbanization is a blessing in disguise. -1997
• Ecological considerations need not hamper development. -1993
• Globalization would finish small-scale industries in India. -2006
• Multinational corporations – saviours or saboteurs -1994
• Special economic zone: boon or bane -2008
• Is the criticism that the ‘Public-Private-Partnership’ (PPP) model for development is more of a bane than a boon in the Indian context, justified ?-2012

2.4 Sectors of Economy

• Farming has lost the ability to be a source of subsistence for majority of farmers in India. -2017
• BPO boom in India. -2007
• Tourism: Can this be the next big thing for India? -2014
• Are our traditional handicrafts doomed to a slow death? -2009

3 Education

3.1 values in education.

• Destiny of a nation is shaped in its classrooms. -2017
• Education without values, as useful as it is, seems rather to make a man more clever devil-2015
• Independent thinking should be encouraged right form the childhood. -2007
• Are the standardized tests good measure of academic ability or progress? -2014
• Irrelevance of the classroom. -2001
• Is the growing level of competition good for the youth? -2014
• Literacy is growing very fast, but there is no corresponding growth in education. -1996
• Is an egalitarian society possible by educating the masses ? -2008
• What is real education? -2005

3.2 Scheme implementation

• “Education for all” campaign in India: myth or reality. -2006
• Restructuring of Indian education system. -1995

3.3 Higher education

• Privatization of higher education in India. -2002
• Credit – based higher education system – status , opportunities and challenges -2011

4 Quote based, Philosophy, Ethics

4.1 character, honesty, ethics.

• Customary morality cannot be a guide to modem file. -2018
• Need brings greed, if greed increases it spoils breed. -2016
• Character of an institution is reflected in its leader. -2015
• With greater power comes greater responsibility. -2014
• Words are sharper than the two-edged sword. -2014
• Attitude makes, habit makes character and character makes a man. -2007
• He would reigns within himself and folds his passions and desires and fears is more than a king. -1993

4.2 Knowledge

• ‘The past’ is a permanent dimension of human consciousness and values. -2018
• A good life is one inspired by love and guided by knowledge. -2018
• There is nothing either good or bad but thinking makes it so. -2003
• Disinterested intellectual curiosity is the lifeblood of civilisation. -1995

4.3 Compassion

• Joy is the simplest form of gratitude. -2017
• Compassion is the basic of all morality of the world -1993
• Lending hands to someone is better than giving a dole. -2015
• Be the change you want to see in others (Gandhi)-2013

4.4 Truth and reality

• Reality does not conform to the ideal, but confirms it. -2018
• Truth is lived, not taught -1996
• When money speaks, the truth is silent. -1995
• Search for truth can only be a spiritual problem. -2002

4.5 Youth, Discipline

• Discipline means success, anarchy means ruin -2008
• Youth is a blunder, manhood a struggle, old age a regret -1994
• If youth knew, if age could. -2002
• Youth culture today. -1999
• Fifty Golds in Olympics: Can this be a reality for India? -2014

4.6 Towards excellence

• Quick but steady wins the race. -2015
• Useless life is an early death. -1994
• Our deeds determine us, as much as we determine our deeds. -1995
• The paths of glory lead but to the grave. -2002
• The pursuit of excellence. -2001

5 Women empowerment

5.1 @national politics.

• Greater political power alone will not improve women’s plight. -1997
• Women’s reservation bill would usher in empowerment for women in India. -2006
• The new emerging women power: the ground realities. -1995

5.2 @World / Quote type

• If women ruled the world -2005
• The hand that rocks the cradle -2005

5.3 Empowerment overall

• Fulfilment of ‘new woman’ in India is a myth. -2017
• If development is not engendered, it is endangered. -2016
• Whither women’s emancipation? -2004
• Empowerment alone cannot help our women. -2001
• Women empowerment: challenges and prospects. -1999

5.4 Compared to men

• Woman is god’s best creation. -1998
• Men have failed: let women take over. -1993
• Managing work and home – is the Indian working woman getting a fair deal ?-2012

6 International issues, Internal Security

6.1 globalization.

• Geography may remain the same ; history need not. -2010
• Modernisation and westernisation are not identical concepts. -1994
• ‘globalization’ vs. ‘nationalism’ -2009
• National identity and patriotism -2008
• Globalizations and its impact on Indian culture. -2004
• The masks of new imperialism. -2003
• As civilization advances culture declines. -2003
• The implications of globalization for India. -2000
• My vision of an ideal world order. -2001
• India’s contribution to world wisdom. -1998
• The world of the twenty-first century. -1998
• Preparedness of our society for India’s global leadership role. -2010

6.2 International Org./ Bilateral

• Has the Non-Alignment Movement (NAM) lost its relevance in a multipolar world ? -2017
• Restructuring of UNO reflect present realities -1996
• The global order: political and economic -1993
• India’s role in promoting ASEAN co-operation. -2004
• Importance of Indo-US nuclear agreement -2006

6.3 Security

• Management of Indian border dispute is a complex task. -2018
• In the Indian context , both human intelligence and technical intelligence are crucial in combating terrorism -2011
• Are we a ‘soft’ state ? -2009
• Good fences make good neighbours -2009
• Is autonomy the best answer to combat balkanization? -2007
• Terrorism and world peace -2005
• True religion cannot be misused. -1997

7 Science-Technology

7.1 science and religion.

• Spirituality and scientific temper. -2003
• Science and Mysticism : Are they compatible ?-2012

7.2 Science and Education

• Modern technological education and human values. -2002
• Value-based science and education. -1999
• The march of science and the erosion of human values. -2001

7.3 Computer and internet

• ‘Social media’ is inherently a selfish medium. -2017
• Cyberspace and Internet : Blessing or curse to the human civilization in the long run -2016
• Increasing computerization would lead to the creation of a dehumanized society. -2006
• The cyberworld: its charms and challenges. -2000
• Computer: the harbinger of silent revolution. -1993

7.4 Sci-Tech: others

• Technology cannot replace manpower. -2015
• Science and technology is the panacea for the growth and security of the nation-2013
• The modern doctor and his patients. -1997
• The lure of space. -2004

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28 comments.

Sir.. How to tackle these philosophical qoutes im essay paper.. If not having the same as optional ?

Brother you can use Knowledge of philosophical thinkers and leaders from GS-4 like Plato, Aristotle, Kant etc and add some current issues to correlate your bookish knowledge with practical issues to develop an answer relevant to the topic. Also ensure that you do not deviate from the topic as it will only waste your time and energy without fetching any extra marks.

You don’t need to write the essay with the knowledge of your optional subject. Every topic, whether philosophical or issue-specific, needs to be written from a general point of view- what you think about the topic in question – should be written. Also, multiple dimensions and implications of the topic needs to be addressed – political, social, economic, cultural, environmental, international, etc. This is how you get marks. Not by writing some sophisticated language, or quoting too many thinkers or philosophers (a few can be mentioned but in a general manner). You will get marks by being yourself!

1. There is undercurrent Trend of International Relations Like NAM, Border Disputes Management (Doklam and others and initiatives like connecting North east India with Thailand through Myanmar). 2. Technology was again in question but this time it was not fear of technology rather use of Technology (alternative technologies for a climate change resilient India)

One of the essay in Part-B was a tweet by President Donald Trump

A people that values its privileges above its principles loses both

Section B ne hila ke rkh diya sirr

very good facility

I want to subscribe the mrunal.

Ans of alternative technologies for climate change resilient india

Hindi medium student available are mains and prelims test series pls help and how much charges.

M jst checking…I hope it will b helpful!

Do u have topic wise sorted question papers of mains ( Gs-1,Gs-2,Gs-3,Gs-4) upto 2018.

is this site is not available in hindi?

Was looking for such compilation of precious papers

I want material

Iwant to all the notes for upsc preparation

I want all notes for upsc mains

I wants notes gs ,easy ,

Thank you so much

Very useful sir…… A lot of thank such guidence….. ????

I want this type of notes

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UPSC MAINS 2018 ESSAY Question PAPER – CLICK HERE

ESSAY PAPER: UPSC Civil Services Mains Examination – 2018

SECTION – A

Q.1) alternative technologies for a climate change resilient India

Q.2) A good life is one inspired by love and guided by knowledge

Q.3) Poverty anywhere is a threat to prosperity everywhere

Q.4) Management of Indian border disputes – a complex task

SECTION – B

Q.1) Customary morality cannot be a guide to modern life

Q.2) “The past’ is a permanent dimension of human consciousness and values

Q.3) A people that values its privileges above its principles loses both

Q.4) Reality does not conform to the ideal, but confirms it

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• Topic Wise Essay Questions From UPSC Mains 1994 2018

Last 25 Years Topic-wise Essay Questions From UPSC Mains (1994 - 2018)

Paper I of the UPSC Civil Services mains exam is the Essay. Here, prelims-qualified IAS aspirants have to write two essays out of a few given topics. The paper is for a total of 250 marks and its marks are taken into consideration for the Final Merit List. In this article, we have listed all the essay topics asked in the UPSC mains exam from 1994 to 2018. We have also classified the last 25 years essay questions into topics to make your preparation easier.

Latest – See the UPSC Essay Topics in the IAS Mains 2020 Essay Paper. Download UPSC Mains 2020 Essay Paper from the linked article.

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UPSC Essay Topics

Administration.

• Politics, bureaucracy and business – fatal triangle. (1994)
• Politics without ethics is a disaster. (1995)
• The VIP cult is a bane of Indian democracy. (1996)
• Need for transparency in public administration. (1996)
• The country’s need for a better disaster management system. (2000)
• How should a civil servant conduct himself? (2003)

Democracy/India since independence

• Whither Indian democracy? (1995)
• What we have not learnt during fifty years of independence. (1997)
• Why should we be proud of being Indians? (2000)
• What have we gained from our democratic set-up? (2001)
• How far has democracy in India delivered the goods? (2003)
• National identity and patriotism. (2008)
• In the context of Gandhiji’s views on the matter, explore, on an evolutionary scale, the terms ‘Swadhinata’, ‘Swaraj’ and ‘Dharmarajya’. Critically comment on their contemporary relevance to Indian democracy. (2012)
• Is the colonial mentality hindering India’s success? (2013)
• Dreams which should not let India sleep. (2015)
• Management of Indian border disputes – a complex task. (2018)

Economic growth and development

• Resource management in the Indian context. (1999)
• GDP (Gross Domestic Product) along with GDH (Gross Domestic Happiness) would be the right indices for judging the wellbeing of a country. (2013)
• Was it the policy paralysis or the paralysis of implementation which slowed the growth of our country? (2014)
• Crisis faced in India – moral or economic. (2015)
• Near jobless growth in India: An anomaly or an outcome of economic reforms. (2016)
• Digital economy: A leveller or a source of economic inequality. (2016)
• Innovation is the key determinant of economic growth and social welfare. (2016)
• Impact of the new economic measures on fiscal ties between the union and states in India. (2017)

Federalism, Decentralisation

• The language problem in India: its past, present and prospects. (1998)
• Water resources should be under the control of the central government. (2004)
• Evaluation of panchayati raj system in India from the point of view of eradication of power to people. (2007)
• Is autonomy the best answer to combat balkanization? (2007)
• Creation of smaller states and the consequent administrative, economic and developmental implication. (2011)
• Cooperative federalism: Myth or reality. (2016)
• Water disputes between States in federal India. (2016)

Indian Culture & Society

• The Indian society at the crossroads. (1994)
• New cults and godmen: a threat to traditional religion. (1996)
• The composite culture of India. (1998)
• Youth culture today. (1999)
• Modernism and our traditional socio-ethical values. (2000)
• Indian culture today: a myth or a reality? (2000)
• As civilization advances culture declines. (2003)
• From traditional Indian philanthropy to the gates-buffet model-a natural progression or a paradigm shift? (2010)
• Judicial activism. (1997)
• Judicial activism and Indian democracy. (2004)
• Justice must reach the poor. (2005)

Social justice/Poverty

• Reservation, politics and empowerment. (1999)
• Food security for sustainable national development. (2005)
• The focus of health care is increasingly getting skewed towards the ‘haves’ of our society. (2009)
• Farming has lost the ability to be a source of subsistence for the majority of farmers in India. (2017)
• Poverty anywhere is a threat to prosperity everywhere. (2018)

Media & Society

• Misinterpretation and misuse of freedom in India. (1998)
• Mass media and cultural invasion. (1999)
• Responsibility of media in a democracy. (2002)
• How has satellite television brought about cultural change in Indian mindsets? (2007)
• Role of media in good governance. (2008)
• Does Indian cinema shape our popular culture or merely reflect it? (2011)
• Is sting operation an invasion on privacy? (2014)

Environment/Urbanisation

• Urbanization is a blessing in disguise. (1997)
• Protection of ecology and environment is essential for sustained economic development. (2006)
• Urbanisation and its hazards. (2008)
• Should a moratorium be imposed on all fresh mining in tribal areas of the country? (2010)
• We may brave human laws but cannot resist natural laws. (2017)

Economic sectors/MNCs

• Multinational corporations – saviours or saboteurs. (1994)
• Globalization would finish small-scale industries in India. (2006)
• BPO boom in India. (2007)
• Special economic zone: boon or bane? (2008)
• Are our traditional handicrafts doomed to a slow death? (2009)
• Is the criticism that the Public-Private-Partnership (PPP) model for development is more of a bane than a boon in the Indian context, justified? (2012)
• Tourism: Can this be the next big thing for India? (2014)
• Restructuring of Indian education system. (1995)
• Literacy is growing very fast, but there is no corresponding growth in education. (1996)
• Irrelevance of the classroom. (2001)
• Privatization of higher education in India. (2002)
• Modern technological education and human values. (2002)
• What is real education? (2005)
• “Education for all” campaign in India: myth or reality. (2006)
• Independent thinking should be encouraged right from the childhood. (2007)
• Is an egalitarian society possible by educating the masses? (2008)
• Credit – based higher education system – status, opportunities and challenges. (2011)
• Is the growing level of competition good for the youth? (2014)
• Are the standardized tests good measure of academic ability or progress? (2014)
• Education without values, as useful as it is, seems rather to make a man more clever devil. (2015)
• Destiny of a nation is shaped in its classrooms. (2017)
• The new emerging women power: the ground realities. (1995)
• Greater political power alone will not improve women’s plight. (1997)
• Woman is god’s best creation. (1998)
• Women empowerment: challenges and prospects. (1999)
• Empowerment alone cannot help our women. (2001)
• Whither women’s emancipation? (2004)
• If women ruled the world. (2005)
• The hand that rocks the cradle. (2005)
• Women’s reservation bill would usher in empowerment for women in India. (2006)
• Managing work and home – is the Indian working woman getting a fair deal? (2012)
• If development is not engendered, it is endangered. (2016)
• Fulfillment of ‘new woman’ in India is a myth. (2017)

Quotes-based/Philosophy

• Youth is a blunder, manhood a struggle, old age a regret. (1994)
• Useless life is an early death. (1994)
• Disinterested intellectual curiosity is the lifeblood of civilisation. (1995)
• When money speaks, the truth is silent. (1995)
• Our deeds determine us, as much as we determine our deeds. (1995)
• Truth is lived, not taught. (1996)
• True religion cannot be misused. (1997)
• Search for truth can only be a spiritual problem. (2002)
• The paths of glory lead but to the grave. (2002)
• If youth knew, if age could. (2002)
• There is nothing either good or bad but thinking makes it so. (2003)
• Be the change you want to see in others. (2013)
• With greater power comes greater responsibility. (2014)
• Words are sharper than the two-edged sword. (2014)
• Lending hands to someone is better than giving a dole. (2015)
• “The past’ is a permanent dimension of human consciousness and values. (2018)
• Reality does not conform to the ideal, but confirms it. (2018)
• Attitude makes habit, habit makes character and character makes a man. (2007)
• Discipline means success, anarchy means ruin. (2008)
• Character of an institution is reflected in its leader. (2015)
• Need brings greed, if greed increases it spoils breed. (2016)
• Joy is the simplest form of gratitude. (2017)
• A good life is one inspired by love and guided by knowledge. (2018)
• A people that values its privileges above its principles loses both. (2018)
• Customary morality cannot be a guide to modern life. (2018)

Globalisation

• Modernisation and westernisation are not identical concepts. (1994)
• The world of the twenty-first century. (1998)
• The implications of globalization for India. (2000)
• My vision of an ideal world order. (2001)
• The masks of new imperialism. (2003)
• Globalizations and its impact on Indian culture. (2004)
• ‘Globalization’ vs. ‘nationalism’. (2009)
• Preparedness of our society for India’s global leadership role. (2010)

Science & Tech

• The modern doctor and his patients. (1997)
• Value-based science and education. (1999)
• The march of science and the erosion of human values. (2001)
• Spirituality and scientific temper. (2003)
• The lure of space. (2004)
• Science and Mysticism: Are they compatible? (2012)
• Science and technology is the panacea for the growth and security of the nation. (2013)
• Technology cannot replace manpower. (2015)
• Alternative technologies for a climate change resilient India. (2018)

Internet/IT

• The cyberworld: its charms and challenges. (2000)
• Increasing computerization would lead to the creation of a dehumanized society. (2006)
• Cyberspace and Internet: Blessing or curse to the human civilization in the long run. (2016)
• Social media is inherently a selfish medium. (2017)

International organisations/relations

• Restructuring of UNO reflect present realities. (1996)
• India’s role in promoting ASEAN cooperation. (2004)
• Importance of Indo-US nuclear agreement. (2006)
• Has the Non- Alignment Movement (NAM) lost its relevance in a multipolar world. (2017)
• Terrorism and world peace. (2005)
• Are we a ‘soft’ state? (2009)
• Good fences make good neighbours. (2009)
• In the Indian context, both human intelligence and technical intelligence are crucial in combating terrorism. (2011)

Miscellaneous

• India’s contribution to world wisdom. (1998)
• The pursuit of excellence. (2001)
• Geography may remain the same; history need not. (2010)
• Fifty Golds in Olympics: Can this be a reality for India? (2014)
• Quick but steady wins the race. (2015)

When preparing for IAS Mains, aspirants must focus on UPSC Mains Answer Writing Practise as this will improve one’s speed, efficiency and writing skills. It will automatically help in essay writing as well. 

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Section-a (125 marks) - choose any one essay, alternative technologies for a climate change resilient india., a good life is one inspired by love and guided by knowledge., poverty anywhere is a threat to prosperity everywhere., management of indian border disputes - a complex task., section-b (125 marks)- choose any one essay, customary morality cannot be a guide to modern life., “the past’ is a permanent dimension of human consciousness and values., a people that values its privileges above its principles loses both., reality does not conform to the ideal, but confirms it., click here for download full paper pdf, (e-book) upsc mains essay (compulsory) papers ( 2000-2020 ) pdf, download upsc mains essay papers pdf, download upsc mains gs 10 year papers pdf, download upsc pre gs 10 year papers pdf, download upsc mains gs solved papers pdf, printed study material for ias mains general studies, printed study material for ias mains essay, << go back to main page.

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UPSC Mains Question Papers 2018

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UPSC Mains Essay Question Paper Solutions - 2018 | UPSC Previous Year Question Papers and Video Analysis PDF Download

1. Alternative Technologies for a Climate Change Resilient India

• What do the recent floods of Kerala and the Delhi AQI jumping over 350 indicate? Climate change - a global threat.
• A comprehensive and comprehensive application is needed to address this growing global threat. Several UN conferences on climate change have set guidelines for nations to follow and reduce CO 2 emissions to pre-industrial levels. A report on climate change monitoring by the IPCC has also highlighted the short time we have before this threat intensifies. Although, India has promised to adhere to guidelines, increase renewable energy production, and switch to smart, clean travel solutions there is still a long way to go to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. 
• As it is the third most polluting and fastest growing economy, dependence on conventional energy sources will not be reduced in the blink of an eye. Therefore, in order to keep pace with economic growth while resilient to climate change, more energy and technology are needed. The identification and use of these new resources must be done on a large scale to keep pace with economic growth. This requires major policy interventions from government and effective public-industry partnerships.
• Some of the potential uses of these other technologies are mobility, energy, industrial extraction, agriculture, forestry and infrastructure.
• Travel: At the recently concluded NITI Aayog International Transport Conference, our Prime Minister highlighted India's plan to transform the clean energy economy by rapidly transforming its transport sector. Emphasis on 7Cs to improve the public and private transport sector will pave the way for the development of other necessary technologies. 
• The production and purchase of EVs has increased in the country after the launch of the prestigious program which has led to a reduction in fuel consumption and CO 2 emissions. However, the widespread adoption of electric vehicle technology to the people and the transport of goods will place great pressure on the energy sector which is still heavily dependent on conventional sources. Therefore, it should also focus on adopting alternative energy production methods.
• Energy: India plans to produce 175GW of renewable energy (excluding hydro) by 2022. Currently, India accounts for 4.4% of the world's total renewable energy sources, including sources such as hydro, wind, solar and bio. The main focus of this is solar and wind energy. Already, the cost of solar energy is relatively competitive compared to coal-fired power thus encouraging many industries and residences to switch to solar power. 
• This growth has led to a focus on improving battery storage technologies, more efficient solar panels, smart metering measurement systems, and integrated transmission grids. This will also enable India to achieve its 10-year energy plan to generate 60 percent of its electricity from non-fossil fuels by 2027. This is aimed at and violates the terms of the Paris agreement which has the potential to attract private and domestic private investors. thus creating job opportunities as well as the ability of employees to adapt to new technologies.
• Industrial Emissions: Undoubtedly, one of the major contributors to greenhouse gas emissions and consequently the global warming of industries. Carbon capture and storage systems have been used in many complex industries around the world to reduce CO 2 emissions. Power plants that are a major source of CO 2 emissions especially in India need to be equipped with these carbon capture systems to reduce carbon emissions. This can be done before, in posts or in new categories. 
• The challenge will be to develop existing and outdated industries through these various programs that will increase operating costs and reduce the production of the power station in the form of electricity charges.
• Agriculture:  Agriculture is a participatory economic sector and a victim of global warming. From fertilizer application to racial burns, the contribution of agricultural resources to greenhouse emissions is alarmingly high near the two sources above. Population growth and the next need for food in India will only make this problem worse this century. Reducing carbon and nitrogen footprint in the agricultural system requires proper livestock management, reduced fertilizer use, crop rotation, introduction of carbon sequestration and conservation farming techniques, and production of other biofuels from crop residues.
• Forestry: The pattern of land use or changes in land use affects the natural ecosystem by converting forest cover to other species thus releasing large amounts of carbon into the atmosphere. On the other hand, disasters such as forest fires also lead to climate change. The use of technologies such as GIS maps to study forest cover, the use of aerospace aircraft for reforestation, the promotion of modern agroforestry techniques, the introduction of continuous land management technologies (pastures, pests, animal waste, erosion, etc.) and the use of IOT sensors forestry strategies needed to mitigate this change.
• Infrastructure / Construction: In a developing economy, infrastructure development is the backbone of growth. However, as a country that is resilient to climate change, India should focus on low-carbon infrastructure and encourage low-carbon builders. The IGBC is working with several regional governments to evaluate and promote the construction of green buildings in India. This encourages builders to use raw materials (less carbon dioxide), technology (lighting, recycling, waste and water management) and essential services to achieve an eco-friendly environment.
• Despite the multifaceted approach as outlined above, one common factor that is important for achieving resilience is the change in attitudes between people and industries. Every citizen should use available technology and do something to determine its carbon footprint, implement systems to accurately measure its CO 2 emissions, publish what it has honestly obtained from the government, and get help from various players to keep their environment clean and free of pollution. Technological advancement must be accompanied by appropriate governmental intervention for profit-making. If not, any new technology, if not used properly, can make the problem of climate change worse.
• Change is the only thing that does not change. Resistance to climate change cannot be achieved without a change of attitude.

2. A Good Life is One Inspired by Love and Guided by Knowledge

• According to Bertrand Russell, love is the key to a successful life and is the product of life. Knowledge is the way, which makes for good health. Both are necessary, one provides drive and purpose, and the other provides ways to make life better and bigger. With love, you mean universal love, the emotional content that makes a man human. With knowledge, what is really meant is the intelligence one acquires and applies to the development of humanity. Ignorant love sets a person apart from all other living things. Loveless information can make a person an emotionally charged android. 
• Love comes first in knowledge, as it is basic; it is like an ancient instinct that is built on every living thing. It is within him, and it does not need to be found in any external source. Knowledge is the ultimate goal of humanity; this has been emphasized in ancient Hindu texts and Buddhist texts. Knowledge frees people from all forms of slavery. The robot does not need to be stimulated. It works by the command it receives. However, one needs to drive, an inspiration that leads one to seek understanding. 
• Love is the motivation for the person to understand, to help those he loves to benefit. Without the power of knowledge, man cannot do anything that leads to the development and advancement of human society. Love is a check that blocks a person's inclination to do anything that would be harmful to society. As the world has seen, those who harmed most of mankind were powerful men of knowledge; but they had no encouraging love among themselves.
• People who have love within them will use understanding only for the benefit of humanity. That is what sets researchers apart from dictators and anarchists. The latter did not have the love that would motivate them. Good health is not something that can be achieved. It is within everyone. Love is in everyone's heart, and it may need to be rekindled. Self-improvement is the result of self-awareness. They can guide everyone to a healthy life together. The following may help you to apply it in your life and see the difference you make. He understands the fact that everyone has hundreds of characteristics. Learning how to recognise individuals as they are is an undertaking and a consequence of understanding and wisdom. It opens the doors of love inside and makes lives simpler and lovelier.
• Soon after the heinous attack in New Zealand Mosque, another dreadful act took place in churches and hotels of Sri Lanka on 21st April 2019. This all were pre-planned brutal aims. Sri Lanka’s attack was not just a terrorist attack, but also rather a terrible warning to all other countries for the next attack to take place in the name of religion. They only think of killing innocent people in the name of God who led them to land in heaven, but unfortunately, they are doing exactly the opposite that will surely lead. 
• Now, a few days of religious issues have become an irresistible subject for each and every one of them. The missile man of India Dr APJ Abdul Kalam, who was the brain behind many destructive missiles, quoted a verse of a famous Tamil poem in European Union, which says, “I am a world citizen and every human being is my own kith & kin”. This shows that he was a living example for the quote “A good life is one inspired by love & guided by knowledge”. 
• Even if he loved all human beings in the world, he did not step back from his duty of making destructive missiles to protect our nation. Neither love without knowledge, or knowledge without love can produce a good life. Love can be interpreted in many different ways.

# 1. Stop Judging Others All the Time

• Judging others is the obligation to love others. When a person begins to judge his relatives for what they have done to him, his love for them diminishes instantly. He may not understand what difficulties they are experiencing, the difficult life journeys they may have gone through, how their knowledge has affected their understanding and their ideas. Judgment by others is a limitation of one's gratitude and approval by others. This is the strongest barrier love.

# 2. Stop Finding Motives in the Action of Others

• One often finds hidden motives in the actions of another. Negative people spend all their productive time on this, which is often thought of. When people do anything, they do it for themselves. The thought of plotting against anyone else is the last thought in their mind. They are busy with their own problems and are trying to move forward in their journey.

# 3. Welcome People as They Are

• Everyone in this world is a different person with a different personality. A coworker may have many positive traits, but few that you hate. An enlightened person is one who does not force his views on others.
• Equality of love and knowledge is what moves our country forward. The undeniable fact is that many inhumane crimes are committed in our nation where ignorant love or unloving knowledge plays a major role.
• But at the same time, we see the sacrifices of people like Mr. Anand, a great mathematician whose passion for teaching and knowledge has created wonders in the lives of many through his ‘‘ super 30 ’’ program.
• Many of the heroes who can be sung like him live in all parts of our country using their knowledge to benefit others. People like them always remind us that our real nature and culture is a balance of love and knowledge.
• Only people who are motivated by love and knowledge are the honest leaders in society. Mahatma Gandhi is an example of a true leader who was inspired by love and guided by knowledge. He taught the world the power of non-violence, love and knowledge All religions teach their followers to love and be kind to other people, but people who do not have true knowledge of their religions become a threat to the world.
•  Not only do they destroy other people but they also lead to the destruction and destruction of their ideas. New Zealand mosque attacks, Sri Lankan church attacks, Pulwama terrorist attacks on CRPF jawans or Bilkis Bano case, all in the name of different religions and ideologies but all have the same face, real inequality of knowledge and love. their views.
• Confucius once said, "True knowledge is the level of human ignorance". Only when we see the level of our ignorance and move on to knowledge, love will find purpose in our lives. Love and knowledge are therefore inseparably connected to human nature and if we live according to our nature, it will lead us directly to our Source and our Destiny. If we do not follow this natural path of love and knowledge, we will only experience emptiness and despair as our nature will not be fulfilled. Knowledge is love, light, and vision.

3. Poverty Anywhere is a Threat to Prosperity Everywhere

• After World War II, the Korean peninsula was divided into North Korea and South Korea in 38 consecutive terms. Leaders turned to authoritarian rule under the Communist regime. He later decided to enter the acceptance of democracy. Seventy years later, significant differences can be seen in their growth in various fields - social, economic, and political. South Korea has made tremendous progress and has become an important trading partner of the USA and other major economies. Its GDP per capita is about $ 35000. 
• It has set a historic example of democracy to be the most desirable form of government. On the other hand, the GDP per capita for North Korea is only $ 1800. And the people here face great challenges, such as malnutrition, paralysis, and other health problems. Disagreements are suppressed by dictatorship. People do not have the power to raise their voices against the free will of government. As a result, the government has become more authoritative and regulatory. Decisions are made at will. Usually, North Korea conducts nuclear missiles in the Sea of Japan — a threat to Japan's security. 
• North Korea's protests and violations in the peninsula have angered the USA and its allies. And this is enough to prepare for World War III. On the one hand we have the USA and its NATO allies and on the other side: the axis of Russia, China and Pakistan. Therefore, the whole world sees North Korea as a package of mass destruction. In the above example we have seen that poverty is associated with the people of North Korea in many ways such as: health crisis, food insecurity, lack of political empowerment etc. And how the dictatorship has emerged as a major threat to human life worldwide. 
• Clearly, a man who could not afford to eat twice a day could not even imagine fighting for human rights, equality or freedom of speech. Let's try to understand the main proponents of poverty. Poverty means the limited availability of those tangible or intangible assets that help a person achieve his or her aspirations, meet family expectations or gain a prestigious position in the community or province or possibly a country. Poverty can be a legacy inherited by the family. In some cases, an external agency may be appointed such as class discrimination, patriarchy, lack of access to resources, etc. At times, it may be due to our ignorance or lack of interest such as: the son of a rich man does not want to study. and I just want to enjoy life. 
• Therefore, various types of property make us disabled in some way and hinder our progress as individuals. In this article, we will try to understand the causes of various forms of poverty. In addition, we will see how it affects all sectors of society. There is a domino effect which means it leads to the collapse of our planet in many respects. Finally, we will look at ways to create a lasting solution to the scourge of poverty that still plagues many developing nations. Let's start with our most common form of poverty that results from a lack of financial resources. Pakistan is an old example in this case. 
• We are well aware of the tragic history of political instability in Pakistan since the day it gained independence. Even after 70 years, the vast majority of the population live in extreme poverty. Young people are deprived of job opportunities. Therefore, it is much easier for terrorist organizations (such as ISIS, Al-Qaeda) to develop and brainstorm. For example, Amir Azmal Kasab (Striker 26/11) was told that he would come to heaven after giving his life and there he would find many beautiful girls to enjoy sex with. 
• It is really sad that so many young people like him easily fall into the trap of fantasy dreams that they are exposed to in their training camps. Now, Pakistan is known worldwide as a provider of safe havens for terrorists. Terrorism has emerged as a major threat to human life as evidenced by: border crossings in Kashmir, Civil War in Syria and Taliban rule in Afghanistan as well. And its roots can easily be traced back to material poverty that has engulfed large parts of the underdeveloped economy. 
• Now, we will see how material poverty leads to illiteracy and its consequences. In India 50% of the population still depends on agriculture for their livelihood. Disadvantaged farmers are able to earn a living that satisfies their food needs. And it is clear that instead of their children going to school, they are involved in farming. Or they may be asked to move to an urban area for more money. As a result, children are deprived of education and that is why all hope of finding a good job and enjoying a happy life is dashed. 
• These days, we refrain from introducing advanced technologies such as Artificial Intelligence that place fears of job loss for a few manual workers. But the fact is that we are not making a concerted effort to transfer quality education to high-risk areas to enable them to manage those sophisticated AI-based devices. When technology arrives, it will also require a trained professional to take care of robots and devices. But the shortage of unskilled people in our country will hinder us from reaping the benefits of technological advancement. We will always rely on other countries to buy weapons. 
• Therefore, resources that could be used for human welfare, will be transferred to defense deals with Russia, USA and France. The Make in India program will also lose its value when there is no skills. Here, poverty in the form of a lack of skills and illiteracy. Now, it is appropriate to highlight the role of illiteracy in perpetuating the moral decay of our political system and its detrimental effects on society. Political crime has been the subject of intense debate lately. About 33% of Lok Sabha members were found to have criminal backgrounds. How did these people get into power? It is because of the ignorance of people especially those who suffer under downtime, poverty and vulnerability. 
• It is not uncommon in rural areas for votes to be rallyed through the distribution of money and clothing before elections. As a result, people with depraved minds, greed for wealth, and the inability to learn the law began to rule. And who in the end? And the whole nation. Even after 70 years of independence, some strict colonial laws have not been repealed. It is because these politicians only believe in bringing human laws instead of making a firm decision to rid the nation of the ashes of bad social practices, strengthen the power of the Information Commissions or bring about a powerful Lokpal Bill. 
• Women facing the Triple Talaque crisis and LGBTQ communities not included in the community should wait several decades for the issues to finally be resolved by the Supreme Court. Therefore, poverty in the form of a lack of moral values pervades our political administration. It is a well-known fact that the deterioration of morals makes us self-centered and selfish. We begin to work for our private interests at a price that creates a moral danger in society. One such incident is environmental degradation. 
• According to the WHO, 14 of the 15 most polluted cities in the world are India and Kanpur is the highest. In the aftermath of the LPG revolution and the advancement of technology there has been a huge influx of money into our country. Now, everyone wants to have their own car or private cars. Most people go to the offices in their cars and 4 or 5 seats are empty. The importance of using public transport has diminished. The car has become a symbol of a successful family in society. 
• But sadly the cost of declining air quality. Similarly, the USA has decided to revitalize its coal mining sector. The USA has already withdrawn from the Paris Climate Deal. It has completely eliminated the need for environmental protection in industrial development. Due to global warming, glaciers are melting in the Arctic. Many small island nations will be submerged in the sea if we can not contain the global average temperature rise to 1.5C as recommended by the IPCC report. Emissions of greenhouse gases should be avoided at all costs. Here, only persuasive power can help to change people's attitudes toward environmental concerns: especially the higher class. 
• Because they contribute greatly to the pollution of the environment. Poverty such as moral decay should be eradicated, especially in the social sector. In the same way, we can examine other aspects of poverty such as: health issues, lack of women's liberty, widespread stigma and theology in our society, class discrimination (personal cleansing) etc. to prevent the risk of poverty. With regard to terrorism, the United Nations must come up with a definite plan to eradicate it from the outside world. And a definition of terrorism must be issued to bring about harmony in the efforts of all nations. 
• Here, India could play a key role in bringing Pakistan to the negotiating table with China, the USA and Russia. SAARC renewal can also be an option for us. These forces can try to end the long-running political unrest in the Middle East. All of this will only happen after the conflict between the superpowers has been resolved. We need to leave behind a trade war, defense and a proxy war as the first step to ensuring co-operation. Only then can we expect a concerted effort to destroy the rapidly evolving terrorist industry. By coming to India, we need constructive political reforms and amendments with good intentions in our constitution. It can include: transparency in election financing, measures to prevent misuse of principles and legal rights. 
• Finally, all countries need to work to ensure that solar energy makes up the bulk of our energy needs very quickly. The need for the hour is to persuade the USA to rejoin the Paris Climate Deal by building on strong dialogue measures. Apart from all this there is still much to be done. We need to eradicate the root causes of poverty such as economic inequality, mass exploitation, apathy and indifference, a contemptuous attitude, ignorance, social inequality, policy disability and above all corruption.

4. Management of Indian Border Disputes – A Complex Task

• Today, India is one of the fastest growing economies in the world and is considered one of the world's most powerful developing countries. While on the one hand, the central Indian subcontinent and the routes across the Indian Ocean have contributed to this growth, on the other hand, its vast and complex border presents many challenges that need to be considered in order to sustain India's economic growth. India shares its border with seven different countries. Many of these boundaries are man-made and do not follow any natural barrier. India's vast coastline and neighboring archipelagoes make border control a vital part of the Indian subcontinent. 
• In this article we will discuss the challenges India faces ?, different management skills ?, is it really a difficult task ?, and what can be done then? Challanges as always guests We understand that economic prosperity and globalization require the free movement of people, goods and ideas; however, a growing number of border threats require increased vigilance and tight control to protect borders. We share our borders with seven different countries (Bangladesh, China, Pakistan, Nepal, Myanmar, Bhutan and Afghanistan) and all potential locations — deserts, fertile areas, wetlands, peaks, and peaks. snow-covered and tropical forests. This type of large area puts us at risk of sedition, illegal immigration and trafficking. India has three types of country border: international border (IBL), control line (LoC) and real control line (LoAC). 
• The IBL is an international boundary, and is internationally recognized. 
• LoC is a de facto border and separates Kashmir living in Pakistan from the Indian state of jammu and kashmir 
• LoAC is a boundary line separating Indian held land held in China-controlled territory. The opposition and unresolved issues of our borders (both land and sea) have made their security extremely difficult. Although many efforts have been made by the government, such as road construction, radar, the use of technology, the collection of intelligence and the integration of information from various sources to create a common business image remains a challenge. but these visitors (challenges) may decrease. The Indo-Pakistan border was created in 1947 based on the Radcliffe Line, which covers a length of 3,323 km near the provinces of Jammu and Kashmir, Gujarat, Punjab and Rajasthan. 
• This is one of the most active borders and you face major problems such as smuggling and trafficking. The border also saw several conflicts with Pakistan, mainly in 1947, 1965, 1971 and 1999. Although several efforts have been made since gaining independence to resolve border issues through negotiations and negotiations, such as the Indus Water Treaty. However, critical issues such as Kashmir living in Pakistan, the Sir Creek conflict, cross-border terrorism and fire violations remain important challenges facing this part of the Indian border and our armed forces. 
• Other factors such as political instability and the crisis in Pakistan also lead to border crossings and threats due to terrorism and conflict in border areas. The India-China border, known as the McMahon Line, is spread over 3,488 km. Originally an Indo-Tibetan border (before the occupation of Tibet by China in 1950), this border is still disputed over its length and is one of the most important areas of conflict between the two countries over the years. the appointment of special envoys and the formation of co-operative groups have been initiated several times, and border incidents have been reported in the past. 
• All of this makes it imperative for the Indian armed forces to remain vigilant near the LoAC (Indo China border). India shares 4,096 km with Bangladesh. the length covers various parts of the country such as open space, plain, river and forests. From the division in 1947, A major challenge on this side of the border has been the influx of illegal immigrants. leading to the tightening of the border, large numbers of illegal immigrants have continued to enter India, especially the neighboring regions, leading to heavy loads of state resources, infrastructure and contributing to major changes in state statistics. 
• The India-Nepal border is an open border of 1,751 km. As an open border, it has provided a platform for strong bilateral relations. It is also the cause of illegal activities such as drug trafficking, stolen vehicles, weapons and ammunition in the country. More recently, anti-social organizations and terrorist organizations have been using this open border to secure limited access to India, thus posing a major security threat to border states and internal security. 
• Although the border between India and Myanmar is well-designed, its border status poses a serious threat to border security. More than 30,000 people live on the Indo-Myanmar border in an area of 10 km; they can cross the border at any time without visa restrictions. Open borders and international relations within the international community help terrorists escape from the hands of border security forces but these problems can be handled discreetly. here smart technology can be key players. let's see how?

Boundary Management is Declining Now

• The use of biometrics to assess the identity of the traveler. 
• Only legal persons should only be allowed to participate in border management. Additionally, these individuals should not carry illegal items — for example, weapons and drugs. 
• The surveillance and surveillance systems serve as a boost to the military personnel deployed in our border areas to monitor any intrusion or threats. These systems enable 24x7 surveillance of AOI in border areas. 
• The adoption of the Public Private Partnership (PPP) model will support border management to address border infrastructure issues. The promotion of private investment will not only save government resources but will also allow for better alternatives, innovation, knowledge that will be acquired as a legacy to design border infrastructure that will be able to trade without threatening security and sovereignty. 
• The development of a marketing strategy that will include communication across all regional boundaries regarding a strategic boundary management system and national implementation through the establishment of a national center for best practices and courses learned, 
• Smart Police:  FICCI has established the Best Practice Police Award in India, with the aim of enhancing the police-led security and visionary development programs and building a positive and lasting police image among the people. 
• The magnificent range of high-altitude Karakorum range is unaffected by border disputes and reminds us of the ongoing battle for the top of the mountains when temperatures drop to 30 degrees Celsius. 
• The battle of Saichen Glacier and Saltarro Ridge in the pockets of Pakistan held in India. Dealing with the Pakistani invasion of the area makes our brave soldiers stay at that height with minimal living resources. 
• Many of our soldiers died defending the border in the last few decades not just by bullets or attacks but by natural attacks on such a high point. It is the highest battlefield in the world. So it clearly shows that creating or defining boundaries is very easy but managing a line in its place is a very difficult task! Really.

5. Customary Morality Cannot Be a Guide to Modern Life

• At the beginning of the 20th century, F. W. Taylor introduced the "Principles of Management of Science". These policies have played a key role in promoting the prosperity, efficiency and productivity of various industries and organizations. However, Scientific Management faced a great deal of criticism from employees as it deprived them of their individual freedom to use their intellect and skills. 
• Focusing too much on rules, regulations and procedures improves productivity but workers were treated like crocodiles in the wheel. No attention was given to human emotions and values. Later, this problem was handled by human relations thinkers like Elton Mayo. He suggested that workers should be given adequate rest from time to time and that their needs be cared for. Therefore, we can say that the law may be in effect for a while but that appropriate changes must be made to respond to the changing nature of society. Morality refers to a set of values that a community adheres to to determine between right and wrong. Human behavior has its roots in traditions or beliefs that have long since changed. 
• Can we call the family modern if you allow girls to wear jeans but it provides the main importance in boys ’education only? Can a village be modern by simply providing 100% electricity? What about the concept of ancestry, poverty and the shortage of skilled workers that still pervade the rural community? In this article we will look at various aspects of modern life. It is very important to find out if it is possible to make our country prosperous by blindly following strict laws and customs and machinery. 
• We will focus on what kind of remedial action can be taken to free the community from the shackles of traditional behavior. Let us take the example of Left wing Extremism which emerged in 1967 in India due to economic inequality between rural and urban areas. Its ideology is rooted in the Communist revolution of China and the USSR in the 20th century. Naxalites are mobilizing local people in the armed struggle against the state with the promise of providing them with a better standard of education, employment and housing. 
• Here, people need to understand that they are not fighting for the protection of their rights but only for seizing power. Naxalites may be fighting a war of attrition with the help of modern weapons, but their goal is still the same — to keep poverty alive. Because they want to use local problems to promote their final games of violence in violent ways. Today, gender equality is one of the major issues in the heated debate. For example, in the magazine Sabrimala Temple magazine women aged 10-40 are denied entry for biological and physical reasons. 
• Similarly, so far section 377 of the IPC has been a nightmare for LGBTQ communities. This colonial law was used as a tool to exploit them. These forms of racism cannot be allowed to undermine the constitutional basis for equality (Article 14) and a dignified life (Article 21). The decisions of the Supreme Court in both cases have highlighted the superiority of constitutional conduct over public morality or religious law. However, there are still many bad practices and problems plaguing our society like Purda Pratha and women's land rights. 
• Adherence to the “Law of Law” is also an important factor in ensuring that modern life is not a myth. The rule of law emphasizes the supremacy of the law and states that there is nothing beyond the law. It is to ensure that the ruling authorities do not turn to authority and control. Collective bargaining overcomes the oligarchy and the government's tendency to make careless decisions. But it is really sad to see the slide in 71 levels in 113 countries in Rule of Index, 2017-18. There may be a failure of international organizations, laws and treaties in protecting human rights around the world. Sometimes international organizations get involved in crime as can be seen in Haiti by Oxfam. 
• These agencies are unable to provide timely information and are not actively involved in collecting data. International Courts sometimes appear deviant because of regional or international pressure and are unable to bring about fair justice. In the same way we can see the reckless abuse of power to make rules (Article 123) in our Parliament. Governments may prefer a “systematic approach” because it helps them avoid the difficult task of political negotiations in Lok sabha and Rajya sabha which are part and parcel of law. The overuse of principles is in stark contrast to the two fundamental principles of law, stability and consistency. These days, our political system is plagued by Criminalization of Politics. 
• Politicians take the help of muscle power criminals to increase their votes. After being elected to office, they provided security and financial assistance to those criminals. In addition, criminals are now running for office in order to use their power to achieve their goals rather than work for the good of the community. We call the constitution a living document only because of the confidence we have in the power and integrity of the legislators. But it is better for the document to remain mechanical and robust than to be amended by those who are irrational and to set rules to promote their own final games. 
• Now, let's talk about issues related to Artificial Intelligence that have brought about change in the field of science and technology. It has great potential to improve agricultural productivity, strengthen border security, increase industrial efficiency and make the health sector more accessible to the whole nation. However, we are still participating in discussions on job creation and job creation. There are delays in promoting AI in our country. We need to understand that AI will open the floodgates of employment as it needs skilled people to take care of high-quality equipment, tools and equipment. 
• We must focus on providing quality education to the people. It will happen with the right infrastructure such as electricity and internet access. Basic Services (Article 51A) also promotes the development of scientific excellence in all citizens. There is a famous Jack Welch quote: "Change before it is necessary." It refers to the essence of realizing the sad fact that we cannot wait for something to change. Moreover, we should not rely solely on the government for everything. It is our job to use the resources available to the best of our ability. The Citizen Charter, electronic governance and RTI have played an important role in transparency and accountability in the political arena. India has become the 6th largest economy in the world. But there are still problems to be resolved such as khap Panchayats, environmental degradation due to cultural change, agricultural stress due to loss of soil fertility etc. 
• Therefore, we can say that there are still a few problems to be solved. But all the clouds have a silver line. We can bring about change through awareness campaigns for better education. In order to elevate society to the ashes of outdated culture, changes must come from society. Forced laws will never be enough. Here, religious leaders can also play an important role in making different communities aware of the carcinogenic effects of bad practices, unpopular laws, biased personal laws etc. 
• So far we are lagging behind other nations in many areas such as economic (freedom) and social (women's rights and gender-based rights) in terms of modernity. But we can no longer afford to pay for delays in technological advances, electoral reforms, bringing all societies into a normal social environment and eradicating superstition from our society.

6. The Past is a Permanent Dimension of Human Consciousness and Values

• We live in our homes with our families, we celebrate festivals together, we live in the community, we protest together against the same cause to improve our lives! - What should I call all this behavior? a new dimension to human behavior or natural behavior that we have been doing and continuing for thousands of years now! When we analyze the past in depth, one aspect that can certainly emerge is that the past is simply a reflection of our basic knowledge - social values have been considered, we have always been in the community and helped each other in need and also felt secure in living with other people. this led to many revolts! we have seen both the individual and the values of society almost from the emergence of a society of the oldest history we know - and that is why, 'The Past' is a feature of human awareness and values. 
• But whether or not the permanent size is a question that requires serious consideration! We will go into it and try and understand for ourselves whether the past response is the "permanent" size is possible or not. From the earliest known civilizations, Mesopotamia, Egypt, Indus, we, the people, lived in society, had a unique culture in each community living together, had people do certain tasks to ensure that every individual's needs were met, whether king or farmer, all worked to ensure that the individual, and the needs of the community, were met, and if they could not succeed in it, society would collapse. ! So, that was a social model then and is the same today. 
• What are we doing today in this generation? we almost did the same! The essence of this model is the same, it is just that society has become many different countries with their own different culture as before, the king who is the leader who leads the country, the people, who do different jobs to help the country grow. 
• Therefore, the contextual model is just like the development in each part of the model with a strong focus on making life easier. And this emphasis on simplifying life has been the basis of all the great civilizations and all the great changes that take place. Therefore, the purpose of this social model has never changed, our lives are still based on that goal of living in the community for the benefit of equality and simplicity to live! This may be the reason why human knowledge and values have had their significance from the past.
• Where the model may change this size of the past it may have changes. So we cannot say that the past will be a permanent feature of our values but certainly have an impact on our current behavior. And this human behavior is rooted in their immutable genes as our compassion for other people and our determination to live together as a society will never leave us and as one human society, we will always have these great qualities of ours. our grandparents brought us! Now talking about another aspect of the 'past' field is 'Transformation'! We, as human beings, have always fought injustice.
• Whenever a particular society fails in its core social model, which may be due to the failure of the governing body, the king, or the failure of any other administrative mechanism, essentially man-made, it leads to a decline in human value. and the knowledge that would lead to the end of total misery and suffering! And people are always running for a living, whether our neanderthals are changing places for food or we, today, are moving to different countries for a better life. And this provides the ‘change’ chaos needed to finally fix the social model to make things easier and better.
• With the growth of demand grows a model that takes different forms but the essence is the same because if any model falls, the remaining part that is not damaged is the core - which is what our ancestors gave us. The changes, therefore, shape the existing model in terms of sophistication and beauty and especially with the aim of making life much easier but the basic human values remained the same.
• There have been many changes in all societies that have changed many things so far. The greatest possible influence on many people in society would be the Mesopotamian leadership, which eventually led to the monarchy, followed by the French revolution that bought democracy and other forms of governance in various parts of the world, and the great change that now exists. that is due to technology that will make things easier at a faster pace than at any time in history. What this will change for the public model remains to be seen.
• Therefore, change is aimed at improving health and this is an event from the ‘past’. In this particular case, the past may always be personal and values. Thus, after the major issues discussed, it focuses on the fact that ‘The past’, in fact, is a major aspect of human behavior and values and may tend to continue until the core of the social model is transformed. The essence of any model is so deeply ingrained in human behavior that it is almost impossible to change it. Our values and our sense of right and wrong are so deeply ingrained in us that the example is likely to be preserved for millenniums.
• But then, when a completely different model that will make the core values of humanity, reflected in our main social model, less important and make those principles change then the main model of society may change, ultimately lead. to the extent of 'Past' reduces its impact on population. We have talked about the positive impact of the present in the past so far, but it can be a toxic combination of past magnitude and current magnitude leading to disaster. The best illustration we can cite is the religious misuse of certain religious groups to gather young people for their services.
• In this case, young people are not properly instructed in their religious beliefs in the past and this helps special groups to teach hatred among themselves. Another factor is that it helps to influence the other person in the past and the education that a person receives during school or school. In the 21st century we can see many Indians who did not believe in God despite being born into a religious family. The cause of such changes may be due to the scientific anger that has been inflicted on our children through education.
• This has a positive effect as it has helped our children to think logically and not to deviate easily from religious leaders who have the subtle intentions of dividing people into religious lines. When we analyze how the past influences a person's knowledge and values, we can conclude that the past does not always have to be a permanent feature of human values as it can be replaced by other external factors in one's daily life. 
• One point to remember is that, if a person is in a social group that believes in following certain values, then there is a good chance that a person will spend his or her past in order to have a better future but on the other hand, if that person ends up in a social group. one has taken the highest bad habits. Therefore, we as citizens must provide value-based education to our children that helps us to contribute to their awareness of humanity and values for a positive change.

7. A People That Values Its Privileges Above Its Principles Loses Both

• In the ancient epic of the Mahabharata, the Kaurava led by Dhuryodhana compromised on all morals in order to conquer the Pandava and plunder their wealth. The result is a catastrophic war in which Kauravas not only loses their lives and the state but is also sentenced to endless Adharmi. Values refer to the principles (principles) of right and wrong that guide a person in making good decisions. It helps a person to pursue a course of truth and attain True Happiness. 
• It is for this reason that ancient texts throughout the world are full of anecdotes emphasizing the importance of the Code of Conduct in Health. Yet people in their quest to preserve their various rights - power, wealth, position, ignore moral principles. 
• They give up principles to gain temporary happiness. However, as the above example illustrates, they end up losing both their rights and their values This quote is especially true in our day when materialism and the pursuit of “personal gain” by any means become the norm. Today anyone who adheres to his standards for the enjoyment of material things is considered a fool and is ridiculed by all. However, as we will see in this article, rights can be enjoyed only if a person adheres to them.
• We begin by looking at the importance of INDIVIDUAL principles. It would not be an exaggeration to say that human rights such as wealth, power, respect in society and even love are linked to the principles a person maintains. Principles define human character. They are not only helpful in explaining our image to the public but also important in defining how we see ourselves and who we are. Thus only a man of principle can enjoy the privilege of true happiness.
• We can take the examples of Vijay Mallya or Chanda Kochhar both of whom lost their rights, their dignity, and their dignity because they chose to disregard the principles of honesty and integrity. On the other hand we have the lives of Socrates, Abraham Lincoln and Mahatma Gandhi who became great leaders because of their unchanging principles. Similarly, a society that ignores its moral compass may be in danger of being shaken from its place by the forces of decay. 17th-century Indian society refused to reform.
• Kings, nobles, and nobles have become involved in corruption and conspiracy to protect their rights. Total result- India became a British colony for 200 years. In modern times, overemphasizing rights (rights) through job loss (principles) can be linked to the problems of communism, casteism, the region, the abuse of freedom of speech and expression and the oppression of society. We must remember the advice of Mahatma Gandhi, who said that jobless rights will inevitably lead to chaos, chaos and loss of rights.
• Moving forward in the political arena, the whole world is growing feelings of anti-establishment and innovation. This is a result of the spread of corruption in public life. If political leaders fail to make changes, they will not only lose elections but threaten the very foundations of political democracy. Similarly in India, the misuse of Parliamentary Rights has led to the loss of the legitimacy of Parliament and the growing calls for consolidation of these rights. Similarly, the mismanagement of the administrative office by the central government has led to the termination of office.
• At the same time we see that public servants who misuse their rights (rights) for their own benefit have lost not only their illicit wealth but also their jobs and dignity. The arrest and sentencing of HC Gupta, a former coal secretary, is an example The saying is very much related to justice. The credibility of the Judges in the eyes of the people will continue to decline if the Judiciary fails to disclose the nomination process by adjusting the college system and being subject to RTI.
• By refusing to make changes, they risk losing their most precious trust in humans When we look at the economic sector, we find that business ethics are critical to promoting positive growth. Before us we have examples of Kingfisher Airlines, FACEBOOK on one side and WIPRO, TATA on the other. The former collapsed and lost its prestige as a result of compromise on standards while the latter were not only enjoying profit but also gaining great respect and adherence to good corporate governance.
• In addition to being the founder of Infosys, Narayana Murthy has highlighted modern capitalism that should transform into a revolving CAPITALISM. Capitalists must recognize their role in society and face growing inequality. We can also see the importance of the Media policy. The modern day media has compromised on Media Ethics by engaging in fake news, paid news, and entertaining news. As a result there are proposals for the withdrawal of Media control and an independent Media Regulator with Penalty mandate to regulate their conduct. Another example is the decay that exists in the Health Sector.
• The government has been forced to dissolve the Indian Medical Council because it has failed in its duty to regulate health care. So by indulging in corruption, doctors have lost the right to self-control. Similarly, in cases of malpractice in hospitals such as FORTIS, MAX Health has forced the government to consider reducing the independence enjoyed by these hospitals. In addition, the incident of football disruption by an Australian cricket team brings home the importance of the principles of Sport.
• Not only did the Australian cricketer get banned, but the action brought national embarrassment and dignity throughout the game. Moving forward in the national sphere, we see the importance of maintaining a dignified national heritage for the development and prosperity of the nation. Failure to do so would be disastrous. We can learn from the example of NAZI GERMANY which in its quest for nationalism killed millions of Jews. As a result not only did Germany lose the war but the Germans have so far hung their heads in the shame of the Holocaust.

8. Reality Does Not Conform to The Ideal, But Confirms It

• The truth is not good, but it does prove it By 1925, Mary Parker Follett had developed the concept of "Constructive Conflict". According to him conflict is not a war but a manifestation of differences in ideology, interests or priorities. He suggested three ways to solve this problem: Governance, Loosening and Integration. He called integration as the most effective way to deal with conflicts as it creates something new by addressing the different needs of the community. But many intellectuals criticize his idea that it is full of interesting and random ideas without any knowledge base.
• They argue that domination is the only way to resolve conflicts when one side overcomes the other. Their awareness was based on the examples of World War I, World War II, the Korean War and so on. Compromise also cannot be a lasting solution to the problem as both parties have to give up some of their own desires in order to reach an agreement. Now, we will take the example of the countries of South Asia. In 1947 India re-established two new provinces: India and Pakistan (including East Pakistan and West Pakistan). In those days, many Western intellectuals believed that India would soon be divided into several provinces because of differences in religion, culture, and language.
• But even after 71 years of freedom we are known as the world's largest democracy and major economic progress. So, here's the magic of compilation: a good idea expressed by Follett. On the other hand, we all know about the breakup of Pakistan into two separate countries in 1971. It was the result of an effort by West Pakistan to suppress East Pakistan's military opposition. Here, we see that the form of government has failed. Even after World War II, tensions ran high throughout the world in the form of a Cold War.
• Therefore, we can say that the views of M.P. Follett was before his time but was found to be very important when used in real life challenges. Principles refer to the highest quality that we strive to achieve as our primary goals in life. Fact refers to internationally accepted knowledge or evidence based on evidence. Evidence gives authenticity to information and through repeated tests the information becomes real. Principles serve as an indicator of true performance. Existing facts or facts have a positive or negative impact on our society.
• Facts (action, conduct or personal conduct) may or may not be consistent (with) the views of individuals or institutions. And this obedience or disobedience produces certain consequences. In fact, these results only confirm (provide the validity of the invention) that both (ideas and facts) agree or disagree. In this article, we will try to take examples of ideas and see how they can serve as a guide for judging a true character. We all know that public servants (public representatives) and officials are expected to be honest in their day-to-day work. Here, honesty is the key.
• But nowadays, administrative systems are plagued by bias, favoritism, and rampant corruption. Mistakes in financial dealings and evasion of commitments will never be acceptable to any society. Therefore, dishonesty is contrary to the code of conduct in the workplace and social welfare encourages the pursuit of honesty in management. Otherwise corruption breeds social inequality. Here, it is worthwhile to touch on the size of the equation again. Equality is one of the most respected ideologies in democracy.
• Educational opportunities, job creation and infrastructure development have never been equally proven in all parts of the country. It leads to the division of water into two distinct categories in the social-elite category and the disadvantaged category. Now, because of this inequality there is a growing "tendency for oppression" on the part of vulnerable people. They are manifested in the form of terrorism, crime and left wing extremism. And if these issues are not taken seriously, economic divisions will deepen and eventually lead to the threat of human insecurity.
• A good example is Pakistan's economy is in dire straits and at the same time has become a safe haven for terrorists. People from disadvantaged and poor families can easily be educated and sorted out to become part of the revolution. Communities plagued by terrorism still demand equal treatment but appear to be far from realistic. The need for the hour is to equip the speechless and the powerless. The purpose of the arm is to add an extra dimension to public service. Empowerment enables people to pursue their own interests, fight for their rights and make the public aware of any issue that violates their dignity. 
• Let's take the example of e-governance. Every day, information is uploaded online about the status of projects and the current state of program implementation. Even the pictures are attached to give a clear picture of the low reality. But, is it really enough? The answer is NO. The sad truth is that the data can still be changed. Therefore, nothing can replace the test site. Here, Social Audit serves as an important tool for conducting objective and objective audits of developing projects. People can work with the government to check if the project is going well in terms of policies and procedures or not.
• Thus, reality (Social Audit) creates social value in the form of empowerment that would not be possible simply by relying on electronic governance. However, empowerment alone is not enough to bring society back on track. If the voice of the neglected person is not heard, there must be ways to resolve grievances. Thus, it shows the importance of justice. The purpose of Justice (social, economic and political) is enshrined in the FOUNDATION of our constitution. Recent decisions of the prestigious Supreme Court in the Sabrimala Temple case, the LGBTQ community case and the Adultery Act have set the standard for constitutional conduct in public morality.
• We need to maintain the Right to a Dignified Life and the Right to Equality at all costs. The SC has finally broken the chains and helped these vulnerable groups (women and homosexuals) rise from the ashes of social exclusion, misery and poverty. The fact is, then, that the decision-making process based on sound reasoning has restored the faith of the people to a state of justice. From the above arguments we can conclude that it is easy to come up with new ideas based on philosophies. 
• However, it is difficult to break free if we have to trick people into putting them in and following through in speech, thought and action. In fact, they cannot be said to be sacred, but they can serve as a guide for us to make wise decisions in our daily life. We believe only in what we can see and hear. Laws can be made on paper and we can continue to promote the living and global nature of our constitution text. But the law comes to life only when those practicing it make a serious effort to do so.

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GS 4 Paper in UPSC assess the candidates on Ethics, Integrity and Aptitude, their theory, applied aspects and case studies. Thousands of aspiring civil servants across India embarked on the challenging journey of the Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) Mains Examination on September 22, 2024. The General Studies Paper 4, commonly known as GS 4, is a crucial component of the UPSC Mains examination.

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UPSC IAS Mains 2018 Solved Paper (GS-1)

Categories: 2018 , Published: 17th Sep, 2022 ,

• Safeguarding the Indian art heritage is the need of the moment. Comment (10)
• Assess the importance of the accounts of the Chinese and Arab travellers in the reconstruction of the history of India. (10)
• Throw light on the significance of the thoughts of Mahatma Gandhi in the present times. (10)
• Why is Indian Regional Navigational Satellite System (IRNSS) needed? How does it help in navigation? (10 )
• Why is India taking keen interest in the Arctic region? (10)
• Define mantle plume and explain its role in plate tectonics. (10)
• What are the consequences of spreading of ‘Dead Zones’ on marine ecosystem? (10)
• “Caste system is assuming new identities and associational forms. Hence, caste system cannot be eradicated in India.” Comment. (10)
• ‘Despite implementation of various programmes for eradication of poverty by the government in India, poverty is still existing’. Explain by giving reasons. (10)
• How the Indian concept of secularism different from the western model of secularism? Discuss. (10)
• The Bhakti movement received a remarkable re-orientation with the advent of Sri Chaitanya Mahaprabhu. Discuss. (15)
• Discuss whether formation of new states in recent times is beneficial or not for the economy of India. (15)
• Why indentured labour was taken by the British from India to their colonies? have they been able to preserve their cultural identity over there? (15)
• “The ideal solution of depleting ground water resources in India is water harvesting system.” How can it be made effective in urban areas? (15)
• Defining blue revolution, explain the problems and strategies for pisciculture development in India. (15)
• What is the significance of Industrial Corridors in India? Identifying industrial corridors, explain their main characteristics. (15)
• Mention core strategies for the transformation of aspirational districts in India and explain the nature of convergence, collaboration and competition for its success. (15)
• ‘Women’s movement in India has not addresses the issues of women of lower social strata.’ Substantiate your view. (15)
• ‘Globalisation is generally said to promote cultural homogenisation but due to this cultural specificities appear to be strengthened in the Indian society.’ Elucidate.
• ‘Communalism arises either due to power struggle or relative deprivation.’ Argue by giving suitable illustrations. (15)

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Essay (UPSC Mains) - Previous Year Questions

Looking for comprehensive preparation for the UPSC Mains Essay paper? Explore our collection of previous year questions from 2013 to 2024. Get insights, practice, and boost your chances of success with Past year questions and answers.

Essay Paper - UPSC Mains PYQs

• Forests precede civilizations and deserts follow them.
• The empires of the future will be the empires of the mind.
• There is no path to happiness; Happiness is the path.
• The doubter is a true man of science.
• Social media is triggering 'Fear of Missing Out' amongst the youth, precipitating depression and loneliness.
• Nearly all men can stand adversity, but to test the character, give him power.
• All ideas having large consequences are always simple.
• The cost of being wrong is less than the cost of doing nothing.
• Thinking is like a game; it does not begin unless there is an opposite team.
• Visionary decision-making happens at the intersection of intuition and logic.
• Not all who wander are lost.
• Inspiration for creativity springs from the effort to look for the magical in the mundane.
• Girls are weighed down by restrictions, boys with demands — two equally harmful disciplines.
• Mathematics is the Music of Reason.
• A society that has more justice is a society that needs less charity.
• Education is what remains after one has forgotten what one has learned in school.

Value based / Ethical Issues

• A smile is the chosen vehicle for all ambiguities.
• Just because you have a choice, it does not mean that any of them has to be right.

Philosophical

• The time to repair the roof is when the sun is shining.
• You can not step twice in the same river.
• A ship in harbour is safe, but that is not what ship is for.

Miscellaneous / Mixed

• Forests are the best case studies for economic excellence. (Environment / Economics)
• Poets are the unacknowledged legislators of the world ( Literature / Socio-political-economic impacts)
• History is a series of victories won by the scientific man over the romantic man ( History / Values / Philosophy)
• Your perception of me is a reflection of you; my reaction to you is an awareness of me.
• Philosophy of wantlessness is Utopian, while materialism is a chimera.
• The real is rational and the rational is real.
• Hand that rocks the cradle rules the world.

History / Culture

• History repeats itself, first as a tragedy, second as a farce.

Science and Technology

• What is research, but a blind date with knowledge!
• There are better practices to “best practices”. ( Multiple Themes )
• The process of self-discovery has now been technologically outsourced. ( Philosophy / Technology)
• Life is long journey between human being and being humane.
• Mindful manifesto is the catalyst to a tranquil self.
• Ships do not sink because of water around them; ships sink because of water that gets into them.
• Simplicity is the ultimate sophistication.
• Culture is what we are, civilization is what we have.

Social Issues

• There can be no social justice without economic prosperity but economic prosperity without social justice is meaningless.
• Patriarchy is the least noticed yet the most significant structure of social inequality.
• Technology as the silent factor in international relations ( Technology / International Relation ).
• Values are not what humanity is, but what humanity ought to be.
• Courage to accept and dedication to improve are two keys to success.
• Wisdom finds truth.
• South Asian societies are woven not around the state, but around their plural cultures and plural identities.
• Best for an individual is not necessarily best for the society.
• Neglect of primary health care and education in India are reasons for its backwardness.

Science & Technology

• Rise of Artificial Intelligence: the threat of jobless future or better job opportunities through reskilling and upskilling.
• Biased media is a real threat to Indian democracy.
• A good life is one inspired by love and guided by knowledge.
• A people that value its privileges above its principles lose both.
• “The past’ is a permanent dimension of human consciousness and values.
• Customary morality cannot be a guide to modern life.
• Reality does not conform to the ideal, but confirms it.
• Poverty anywhere is a threat to prosperity everywhere.

Environment

• Alternative technologies for a climate change resilient India.

IR & Security

• Management of Indian border disputes – a complex task.
• Joy is the simplest form of gratitude.
• Fulfilment of ‘new woman’ in India is a myth.
• Social media is inherently a selfish medium Domain.
• Has the Non- Alignment Movement (NAM) lost its relevance in a multi-polar world Domain.
• Farming has lost the ability to be a source of subsistence for majority of farmers in India Domain. ( Agriculture )
• Impact of the new economic measures on fiscal ties between the union and states in India Domain.
• Destiny of a nation is shaped in its classrooms.

Polity & Governance

• We may brave human laws but cannot resist natural laws Domain.
• Need brings greed, if greed increases it spoils breed.
• If development is not engendered, it is endangered.
• Cyberspace and internet: Blessing or curse to the human civilization in the long run Domain.
• Near jobless growth in India: An anomaly or an outcome of economic reforms.
• Water disputes between states in federal India Domain.
• Cooperative federalism: Myth or reality India.
• Digital economy: A leveller or a source of economic inequality. ( Technology / Economy)
• Innovation is the key determinant of economic growth and social welfare Domain. ( Technology / Economy / Social Sector)
• Character of an institution is reflected in its leader.
• Lending hands to someone is better than giving a dole.
• Quick but steady wins the race.
• Technology cannot replace manpower.
• Can capitalism bring inclusive growth?
• Education without values, as useful as it is, seems rather to make a man more clever devil. ( Education / Ethics)
• Crisis faced in India – moral or economic. ( Morality / Economics)
• With greater power comes greater responsibility.
• Words are sharper than the two-edged sword.
• Is sting operation an invasion on privacy?
• Was it the policy paralysis or the paralysis of implementation which slowed the growth of our country?
• Tourism: Can this be the next big thing for India?
• Is the growing level of competition good for the youth?
• Are the standardized tests, good measure of academic ability or progress?
• Dreams which should not let India sleep. ( Multiple themes )
• Fifty Gold’s in Olympics: Can this be a reality for India? ( Sports / Governance )
• Be the change you want to see in others – Gandhiji
• Science and technology is the panacea for the growth and security of the nation.
• GDP (Gross Domestic Product) along with GDH (Gross Domestic Happiness) would be the right indices for judging the well-being of a country.
• Is the Colonial mentality hindering India’s Success? ( History / Culture / Growth & Development / Ethics )

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UPSC Mains 2024 Question Papers: Download All Papers Here

Are you preparing for the UPSC Civil Services Examination and looking for the UPSC Mains 2024 question papers? You’ve come to the right place! We provide a comprehensive collection of all the ongoing UPSC Mains 2024 exam papers available for download. Stay ahead in your preparation by accessing the latest question papers, and get insights into the exam pattern, question trends, and more.

Why Accessing UPSC Mains Question Papers is Crucial

The Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) conducts one of the most prestigious examinations in India. The Civil Services Examination is not just a test of knowledge but also of aptitude, analytical skills, and writing ability. Accessing the latest question papers can help aspirants:

• Understand the Exam Pattern : Familiarize yourself with the structure and format of the questions.
• Identify Important Topics : Spot recurring themes and subjects that are frequently tested.
• Enhance Answer Writing Skills : Practice writing precise and effective answers within the word limit.
• Manage Time Efficiently : Develop strategies to allocate time appropriately across different sections.

Download UPSC Mains 2024 Question Papers

Below is a table containing all the available UPSC Mains 2024 question papers. Some papers are already available for download, while others will be uploaded soon. Keep checking this page for the latest updates.

Table: UPSC Mains 2024 Question Papers

Note: The download links for the available papers will redirect you to a PDF file of the respective question paper.

UPSC Mains 2024 Question Paper Analysis Videos

To aid your preparation further, we’ve included detailed analysis videos of the UPSC Mains 2024 question papers. These videos provide expert insights into the questions, discuss possible answers, and offer tips on how to approach similar questions in the future.

Video Analysis:

Upsc mains 2024 essay paper analysis.

UPSC Mains 2024 GS Paper I Discussion

UPSC Mains 2024 GS Paper II Breakdown

UPSC Mains 2024 GS Paper III Discussion

UPSC Mains GS Paper IV Discussion

Tips for Using the UPSC Mains 2024 Question Papers Effectively

• Simulate Exam Conditions : Attempt the papers in a timed environment to build exam stamina.
• Self-Evaluate Your Answers : Compare your responses with standard answers to identify areas of improvement.
• Focus on Presentation : Pay attention to the structure, clarity, and coherence of your answers.
• Stay Updated : Incorporate current affairs and recent developments into your answers where relevant.
• Seek Feedback : Discuss your answers with mentors or peers to gain different perspectives.

Preparing for the UPSC Civil Services Examination requires dedication, strategic planning, and access to the right resources. By utilizing the UPSC Mains 2024 question papers and accompanying analysis videos, you can enhance your preparation and approach the exam with confidence.

Don’t forget to check back regularly for new uploads and updates. We wish you the very best in your UPSC journey!

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. When will the remaining UPSC Mains 2024 question papers be available for download?

We are in the process of uploading all the UPSC Mains 2024 question papers. The remaining papers will be available soon after the exams are conducted. Please bookmark this page and check back regularly for updates.

2. How can these question papers help in my preparation?

These question papers provide a real-time insight into the types of questions asked in the exam. By practicing with them, you can gauge the difficulty level, improve your time management skills, and refine your answer-writing techniques.

3. Are the question papers available in both English and Hindi?

Yes, UPSC question papers are available in both English and Hindi. We will provide download links for both versions where applicable.

4. Can I access previous years’ UPSC question papers on this site?

Absolutely! We have a repository of previous years’ UPSC question papers available for download. Access them here to enhance your preparation further.

5. Do you provide answer keys or solutions to these question papers?

We provide detailed analysis and discussions through our video embeds. While official answer keys for the Mains are not released by UPSC, our expert faculty discusses possible approaches and answers in the videos.

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• GS Paper 2 UPSC 2024 (Mains) Question Paper and Analysis

Last updated on September 23, 2024 by Alex Andrews George

UPSC conducted the General Studies Paper 2, as part of the Civil Services Main Exam 2024 on 21-09-2024.

A total of 20 questions are asked in the paper. Out of which 10 questions are of 10 marks and the rest of the 10 are of 15 marks.

Further details related to the UPSC CSE mains 2024 GS paper 2 question paper and exam analysis are provided below.

Table of Contents

GS Paper 2 UPSC 2024: Instructions

The instructions mentioned on the  UPSC  CSE GS 2 Mains exam paper are as follows:

• Total Marks: 250 marks, Time duration: 3 hours.
• There are 20 questions printed both in ENGLISH and HINDI.
• All questions are compulsory.
• The number of marks carried by a question/part is printed against it.
• Answers must be written in the medium authorized in the admission certificate which must be stated clearly on the cover of this question-cum-answer (QCA) booklet in the space provided.
• No marks will be given for answers written in a medium other than the authorized one.
• Answers to questions no. 1 to 10 should be in 150 words, whereas answers to questions no. 11 to 20 should be in 250 words.
• Keep the word limit indicated in the questions in mind.
• Any page or portion of the page left blank, must be struck off clearly.
• The content of the answer is more important than its length.

General Studies Paper 2 Question Paper: UPSC Civil Services Main Exam (Written) 2024

• Examine the need for electoral reforms as suggested by various committees with particular reference to “one nation – one election” principle. (Answer in 150 words)
• Explain and distinguish between Lok Adalats And Arbitration Tribunals. Whether they entertain civil as well as criminal cases? (Answer in 150 words)
• “The growth of cabinet system has practically resulted in the marginalisation of the parliamentary supremacy:” Elucidate. (Answer in 150 words)
• “The duty of the Comptroller and Auditor General is not merely to ensure the legality of expenditure but also its propriety.” Comment. (Answer in 150 words)
• Analyse the role of local bodies in providing good governance at local level and bring out the pros and cons merging the rural local bodies with the urban local bodies. (Answer in 150 words)
• Public charitable trusts have the potential to make India’s development more inclusive as they relate to certain vital public issues. Comment. (Answer in 150 words)
• Poverty and malnutrition create a vicious cycle, adversely affecting human capital formation. What steps can be taken to break the cycle? (Answer in 150 words)
• The Doctrine of Democratic Governance makes it necessary that the public perception of the integrity and commitment of civil servants becomes absolutely positive. Discuss.
• ‘The West is fostering India as an alternative to reduce dependence on China’s supply chain and as a strategically to counter China’s political and economic dominance.” Explain this statement with examples. (Answer in 150 words)
• Critically analyse India’s evolving diplomatic, economic and strategic relations with the Central Asian Republics (CARs) highlighting their increasing significance in regional and global geopolitics. (Answer in 150 words)
• What are the aims and objects of recently passed and enforced, The Public Examination (Prevention of Unfair Means) Act, 2024 ? Whether University/State Education Board examinations, too, are covered under the Act ? (Answer in 250 words).
• Right to privacy is intrinsic to life and personal liberty and is inherently protected under Article 21 of the constitution. Explain. In this reference discuss the law relating to D.N.A. testing of child in the womb to establish its paternity. (Answer in 250 words)
• What changes has the Union Government recently introduced in the domain of Centre-Stare relations? Suggest measures to be adopted to build the trust between the Centre and the States and for strengthening federalism. (Answer in 250 words)
• Explain the reasons for the growth of public interest litigation in India. As a result of it, has the Indian Supreme Court emerged as the world’s most powerful judiciary ? (Answer in 250 words)
• Discuss India as a secular state and compare with the secular principles of the US constitution. (Answer in 250 words)
• The Citizens’ charter has been a landmark initiative in ensuring citizen-centric administration. But it is yet to reach its full potential. Identify the factors hindering the realisation of its promise and suggest measures to overcome them. (Answer in 250 words)
• In a crucial domain like the public healthcare system the Indian State should play a vital role to contain the adverse impact of marketisation of the system. Suggest some measures through which the State can enhance the reach of public healthcare at the grassroots level. (Answer in 250 words)
• e-governance is not just about the routine application of digital technology in service delivery process. It is as much about multifarious interactions for ensuring transparency and accountability. In this context evaluate the role of the ‘Interactive Service Model’ of e-governance. (Answer in 250 words)
• ‘Terrorism has become a significant threat to global peace and security.’ Evaluate the effectiveness of the United Nations Security Council’s Counter Terrorism Committee (CTC and its associated bodies in addressing and mitigating this threat at the international level. (Answer in 250 words)
• Discuss the geopolitical and geostrategic importance of Maldives for India with a focus on global trade and/energy flows. Further also discuss how this relationship affects India’s maritime security and regional stability amidst international competition? (Answer in 250 words )

GS Paper 2 UPSC 2024 (Mains) Question Topics

Here are brief notes on each of the questions from the UPSC CSE Mains 2024 General Studies Paper 2:

1. Need for Electoral Reforms: “One Nation – One Election”

• Need for Reforms: High election costs, frequent elections lead to policy paralysis and diversion of resources. Electoral reforms aim at increasing transparency, reducing corruption, and strengthening democracy.
• One Nation – One Election: Proposal for simultaneous Lok Sabha and State Assembly elections to reduce costs, improve governance, and ensure stability. Challenges include constitutional amendments and practical hurdles in implementation.

2. Lok Adalats vs. Arbitration Tribunals

• Lok Adalats: Alternative dispute resolution forums under the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987. They focus on speedy justice and handle civil cases including family disputes, but not criminal cases.
• Arbitration Tribunals: Set up under the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996, resolve contractual and commercial disputes . Both can resolve civil cases, but criminal cases are outside their purview.

3. Growth of Cabinet System and Marginalization of Parliamentary Supremacy

• Cabinet System: Concentrates power in the executive , especially the Prime Minister, marginalizing Parliament. Cabinet dominance often undermines the deliberative role of Parliament.
• Marginalization: Though Parliament retains legislative supremacy , its role is often reduced due to the party majority system, limiting genuine scrutiny of the executive.

4. Role of the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG)

• CAG’s Role: Ensures the legality, propriety , and efficiency of public expenditure. Beyond auditing, it assesses whether spending adheres to principles of economy and effectiveness.
• Propriety: Focuses on whether public funds are used for the intended purposes and whether they provide value for money.

5. Role of Local Bodies in Good Governance

• Local Bodies: Critical for decentralized governance , enabling better service delivery and public participation at the grassroots.
• Merging Rural and Urban Bodies: Pros include resource sharing and unified governance. Cons involve the dilution of focus on specific needs of rural or urban areas, leading to inefficiency.

6. Public Charitable Trusts and Inclusive Development

• Potential: Charitable trusts address public issues like education , healthcare, and poverty, complementing government efforts.
• Inclusive Development: These trusts can fill gaps in public services and promote social equity , but must operate transparently to avoid misuse of funds.

7. Poverty and Malnutrition’s Vicious Cycle

• Cycle: Poverty leads to malnutrition, which impairs cognitive and physical development, hindering human capital formation and perpetuating poverty.
• Breaking the Cycle: Steps include improving access to nutritious food , healthcare, education, and employment opportunities.

8. Doctrine of Democratic Governance and Civil Servants’ Integrity

• Doctrine: A well-functioning democracy requires that civil servants maintain public trust through integrity and commitment.
• Public Perception: Positive perception is crucial for administrative efficiency and public satisfaction. Measures include transparent promotions , accountability, and performance-based rewards.

9. India as an Alternative to China in Global Supply Chains

• West’s Strategy: Countries like the US are promoting India to diversify supply chains and reduce dependency on China, especially in manufacturing.
• Strategic Counterbalance: India’s economic rise and geopolitical influence are seen as crucial in countering China’s dominance in the Indo-Pacific.

10. India’s Relations with Central Asian Republics (CARs)

• Strategic Importance: Central Asia is significant for energy security , connectivity, and combating terrorism. India seeks greater engagement through initiatives like the International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC) .
• Regional Politics: CARs are important in counterbalancing China’s influence (Belt and Road Initiative) and maintaining stability in Afghanistan.

11. Public Examination (Prevention of Unfair Means) Act, 2024

• Aims: To curb cheating and malpractice in public exams like competitive exams and university assessments.
• Coverage: Includes University and State Education Board exams . It provides for strict penalties, including fines and imprisonment for malpractices.

12. Right to Privacy and DNA Testing of Unborn Children

• Article 21: The right to privacy is an extension of the right to life, as upheld in the Puttaswamy judgment .
• DNA Testing: DNA testing of unborn children raises ethical concerns but is allowed in cases involving the determination of paternity under legal frameworks like the Prenatal Diagnostic Techniques (PNDT) Act.

13. Changes in Centre-State Relations and Strengthening Federalism

• Recent Changes: Recent amendments have clarified areas like GST , and the NITI Aayog has increased states’ roles in policy-making.
• Strengthening Federalism: Building trust through fiscal decentralization , empowering states in national planning, and revisiting subjects in the Concurrent List can enhance federalism.

14. Growth of Public Interest Litigation (PIL) in India

• Reasons: PILs emerged to increase access to justice , especially for the poor and marginalized. Factors include judicial activism and a liberalized locus standi .
• Supreme Court’s Power: PILs have significantly increased the scope of judicial intervention, making India’s judiciary one of the most powerful in terms of rights protection .

15. Secularism in India vs. the US

• India’s Secularism: Ensures equal treatment of all religions, without a complete separation of state and religion.
• US Secularism: Based on the strict separation of church and state (First Amendment). India’s model accommodates religious diversity, while the US emphasizes non-involvement in religious matters.

16. Citizens’ Charter and Its Challenges

• Significance: Aims to enhance service delivery and make government offices more accountable.
• Challenges: Poor awareness, lack of enforcement, bureaucratic resistance, and inadequate grievance redressal mechanisms hinder its full potential.
• Measures: Creating awareness campaigns , linking charters with incentives for performance, and introducing accountability measures can enhance effectiveness.

17. Role of the State in Enhancing Public Healthcare

• State Role: Government intervention is critical in containing the negative impacts of market-driven healthcare systems.
• Measures: Expanding primary healthcare centers , regulating private hospitals, investing in telemedicine , and strengthening the National Health Mission (NHM) are key steps.

18. e-Governance and the Interactive Service Model

• e-Governance: Involves digital tools for better service delivery. It enhances transparency , citizen engagement, and government accountability.
• Interactive Service Model: This model facilitates a two-way interaction between government and citizens, improving feedback mechanisms and transparency in processes.

19. United Nations Security Council’s Counter-Terrorism Committee (CTC)

• CTC’s Role: Established post 9/11, the CTC coordinates global efforts to combat terrorism by monitoring member states’ compliance with anti-terrorism measures .
• Effectiveness: While it has provided a global platform for cooperation, its success is limited by political disagreements and lack of enforcement capabilities.

20. Geostrategic Importance of Maldives for India

• Importance: Maldives is strategically located in the Indian Ocean , crucial for global trade routes and energy flows.
• Impact on India: A strong relationship helps ensure maritime security , counter China’s influence, and maintain regional stability in the Indo-Pacific.

GS Paper 2 UPSC 2024 (Mains) Question Paper Analysis

Please find my analysis of the UPSC CSE Mains 2024 General Studies Paper 2:

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Thematic Coverage:

The paper is balanced between constitutional governance, law, international relations, and socio-economic issues.

It tests candidates’ understanding of the Indian political system , federalism , rights and duties , as well as their grasp on public policy and the role of global organizations .

Key Areas of Focus:

• Electoral and Constitutional Reforms: Several questions, including the one on electoral reforms and the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) , highlight the importance of transparency and accountability in India’s political system. The question on Centre-State relations delves into federal dynamics , addressing changes in governance structures.
• Legal and Judicial Framework: Questions related to PILs , the right to privacy , and the role of Lok Adalats and Arbitration Tribunals focus on the functioning of India’s legal system, its flexibility, and its impact on societal well-being. This requires candidates to grasp legal doctrines as well as evolving jurisprudence (e.g., PILs and privacy rights).
• Governance and Public Administration: The questions on citizens’ charters , public healthcare , and e-governance demonstrate the emphasis on improving governance through participatory mechanisms and accountability. These questions challenge candidates to evaluate governance models and suggest ways to improve public service delivery, particularly in the context of digital governance and healthcare access.
• International Relations and Geopolitics: Questions on India’s relations with Central Asian Republics (CARs) , the importance of Maldives , and global supply chains reflect India’s foreign policy priorities and strategic positioning in the international arena. Understanding China’s growing influence and India’s role as a counterbalance in the Indo-Pacific is crucial, along with India’s engagement with neighboring regions like Central Asia and the Indian Ocean.
• Social and Economic Issues: The paper touches on deep social issues like poverty and malnutrition , integrity of civil servants , and secularism . These questions require a solid understanding of social structures, human capital development , and public perception in governance. The question on public charitable trusts links civil society’s role in addressing development challenges.

Key Observations:

• Integration of Policy and Law: Several questions, such as those on the Public Examination Act and Centre-State relations , require candidates to demonstrate an understanding of recent legislative developments and policy measures. This reflects the increasing relevance of policy awareness in governance and public administration.
• Analytical and Comparative Approach: The paper often asks for critical analysis (e.g., PIL growth and India as a secular state ). Candidates are expected to go beyond basic facts and evaluate the effectiveness of institutions, policies, and reforms. Additionally, comparative analysis, such as the question on Indian vs. US secularism , tests the ability to draw global parallels.
• Global Context and Strategic Relevance: Many questions place India in a global context , such as its role in counter-terrorism , China’s supply chain dominance , and the geopolitical importance of Maldives . Candidates need to understand India’s strategic interests , foreign policy dynamics , and how they are shaped by global power politics.
• Public Governance and Development Challenges: The questions on good governance , PILs , and the role of public healthcare highlight challenges in public administration and service delivery . This requires candidates to be well-versed in policy implementation , public administration frameworks, and the role of civil society in governance.

Challenge Level:

The paper emphasizes not just factual knowledge but also conceptual clarity and the ability to connect themes .

The questions are designed to test both depth and breadth of knowledge, especially in understanding how policy frameworks function in real-world governance, law, and international relations contexts.

• Complexity: Many questions demand a nuanced understanding of legal principles , policy reforms , and international relations . For example, explaining the relationship between China’s economic dominance and India’s strategic role requires knowledge of trade, geopolitics, and diplomacy .
• Critical Thinking: Candidates are expected to critically assess policies, such as the Citizens’ Charter and e-governance models , and suggest reforms. This requires a solution-oriented mindset and an ability to evaluate the effectiveness of governance structures .

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Conclusion:

The UPSC CSE Mains 2024 General Studies Paper 2 is designed to test candidates’ understanding of constitutional governance , public policy , judicial principles , and international relations .

It challenges candidates to think critically about India’s governance structures , draw comparisons with global examples, and evaluate the effectiveness of policies in real-world scenarios .

Success in this paper requires conceptual clarity , a strong grasp of current affairs , and the ability to connect multiple disciplines —law, governance, and international relations—to present well-rounded, analytical responses.

Related Posts

• GS Paper 1 UPSC 2024 (Mains) Question Paper and Analysis
• GS Paper 3 UPSC 2024 (Mains) Question Paper and Analysis
• GS Paper 4 UPSC 2024 (Mains) Question Paper and Analysis
• Essay Paper UPSC 2024 (Mains) Question Paper and Analysis

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