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Life Processes | Class 10 CBSE | PPT full

Life processes: .

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NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 5 Life Processes

• 16th December 2023

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 5 Life Processes latest edition includes answers of intext & exercise questions. All these NCERT solutions are prepared by expert teachers with detailed explanations of every important topic. It is important for the students to go through these NCERT solutions to get knowledge of the type of question asked on the Life Processes chapter.

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 5 Intext Questions

Page Number: 81

Question 1: Why is diffusion insufficient to meet the oxygen requirements of multicellular organisms like humans?

Answer: In multi-cellular organisms, all the cells may not be in direct contact with the surrounding environment. Thus, simple diffusion will not meet the requirements of all the cells.

Question 2: What criteria do we use to decide whether something is alive?

Answer: Any visible movement such as walking, breathing, or growing is generally used to decide whether something is alive or not. However, a living organism can also have movements, which are not visible to the naked eye. Therefore, the presence of molecular movement inside the organisms used to decide whether something is alive or not. 

Question 3:  What are outside raw materials used for by an organism?

Answer: An organism uses outside raw materials mostly in the form of food (Since life on earth depends on carbon-based molecules, most of these food sources are also carbon-based) and oxygen. The raw materials required by an organism can be quite varied depending on the complexity of the organism and its environment.

Question 4:  What processes would you consider essential for maintaining life?

Answer: Life processes such as nutrition, respiration, transportation, excretion, etc. are essential for maintaining life.

Page Number: 87

Question 1:  What are the differences between autotrophic nutrition and heterotrophic nutrition?

Question 2:  Where do plants get each of the raw materials required for photosynthesis?

Answer: The following raw materials are required for photosynthesis:

• The raw material CO 2 enters from the atmosphere through stomata.
• Water is absorbed from the soil by the plant roots.
• Sunlight, an important component to manufacture food, is absorbed by the chlorophyll and other green parts of the plants. 

Question 3: What is the role of the acid in our stomach?

Answer: Role of the acid (HCl) in our stomach

• Kills germs present in the food.
• Makes the food acidic, so that pepsin can digest protein.

The acid in our stomach, primarily hydrochloric acid, plays several important roles:

• Digestion : It helps in the digestion of food, especially proteins, by breaking them down into smaller, more easily absorbed molecules.
• Killing Germs : The acidic environment kills most of the bacteria and other germs that enter the stomach with food, helping to prevent infections.
• Activating Enzymes : The acid activates an enzyme called pepsin, which further aids in protein digestion.
• Absorption of Nutrients : It helps in the absorption of certain essential nutrients, like Vitamin B12.

Overall, stomach acid is crucial for proper digestion and protecting the body from harmful pathogens.

Question 4:  What is the function of digestive enzymes?

Answer: Digestive enzymes such as amylase, lipase, pepsin, trypsin, etc. help in the breaking down of complex food particles into simple ones. These simple particles can be easily absorbed by the blood and thus transported to all the cells of the body.

Question 5: How is the small intestine designed to absorb digested food?

Answer: The small intestine has millions of tiny finger-like projections called villi. These villi increase the surface area for food absorption. Within these villi, many blood vessels are present that absorb the digested food and carry it to the bloodstream. From the bloodstream, the absorbed food is delivered to each and every cell of the body.

Page Number: 91

Question 1: What advantage over an aquatic organism does a terrestrial organism have with regard to obtaining oxygen for respiration?

Answer: Since the amount of dissolved oxygen is fairly low compared to the amount of oxygen in the air, the rate of breathing in aquatic organisms is much faster than that seen in terrestrial organisms. Therefore, unlike aquatic animals, terrestrial animals do not have to show various adaptations for better gaseous exchange.

Question 2: What are the different ways in which glucose is oxidized to provide energy in various organisms?

Answer: Glucose is first broken down in the cell cytoplasm into three carbon molecule called pyruvate. Pyruvate is further broken down in the following ways to provide energy:

Question 3: How is oxygen and carbon dioxide transported in human beings?

Answer: Haemoglobin transports oxygen molecule to all the body cells for cellular respiration. The haemoglobin pigment present in the blood gets attached to O 2 molecules that are obtained from breathing. It thus forms oxyhaemoglobin and the blood becomes oxygenated. This oxygenated blood is then distributed to all the body cells by the heart. After giving away O 2 to the body cells, blood takes CO 2 which is the end product of cellular respiration. Now the blood becomes deoxygenated. Since haemoglobin pigment has less affinity for CO 2 , CO 2 is mainly transported in the dissolved form. This de-oxygenated blood gives CO 2 to lung alveoli and takes O 2 in return.

Question 4: How are the lungs designed in human beings to maximise the area for exchange of gases?

Answer: The exchange of gases takes place between the blood capillaries that surround the alveoli and the gases present in the alveoli. Thus, alveoli are the site for the exchange of gases. The lungs get filled up with air during the process of inhalation as ribs are lifted up and the diaphragm is flattened. The air that is rushed inside the lungs fills the numerous alveoli present in the lungs. Each lung contains 300-350 million alveoli. These numerous alveoli increase the surface area for gaseous exchange making the process of respiration more efficient.

Page Number: 96

Question 1: What are the components of the transport system in human beings? What are the functions of these components?

Answer: The main components of the transport system in human beings are the heart, blood, and blood vessels.

Heart pumps oxygenated blood throughout the body. It receives deoxygenated blood from the various body parts and sends this impure blood to the lungs for oxygenation.

Blood is a fluid connective tissue, it helps in the transport of oxygen, nutrients, CO 2 , and nitrogenous wastes.

Blood vessels (arteries, veins, and capillaries) carry blood either away from the heart to various organs or from various organs back to the heart.

Question 2: Why is it necessary to separate oxygenated and deoxygenated blood in mammals and birds?

Answer: Warm-blooded animals such as birds and mammals maintain a constant body temperature by cooling themselves when they are in a hotter environment and by warming their bodies when they are in a cooler environment. Hence, these animals require more oxygen (O 2 ) for more cellular respiration so that they can produce more energy to maintain their body temperature. Thus, it is necessary for them to separate oxygenated and de-oxygenated blood, so that their circulatory system is more efficient and can maintain their constant body temperature.

Question 3: What are the components of the transport system in highly organized plants?

Answer: In highly organized plants, there are two different types of conducting tissues − xylem and phloem. 

Xylem : Responsible for transporting water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant. It’s like the plant’s water pipeline.

Phloem : Carries sugars and other organic nutrients made in the leaves to different parts of the plant. It’s like the plant’s food distribution network.

These two systems work together to ensure that water, nutrients, and food are efficiently transported throughout the plant.

Question 4: How are water and minerals transported in plants?

Answer: The components of xylem tissue (tracheids and vessels) of roots, stems and leaves are interconnected to form a continuous system of water-conducting channels that reaches all parts of the plant. Transpiration creates a suction pressure, as a result of which water is forced into the xylem cells of the roots. Then there is a steady movement of water from the root xylem to all the plant parts through the interconnected water-conducting channels.

Question 5: How is food transported in plants?

Answer: Phloem transports food materials from the leaves to different parts of the plant body. The transportation of food in phloem is achieved by utilizing energy from ATP. As a result of this, the osmotic pressure in the tissue increases causing water to move into it. This pressure moves the material in the phloem to the tissues which have less pressure. This is helpful in moving materials according to the needs of the plant. For example, the food material, such as sucrose, is transported into the phloem tissue using ATP energy.

Page Number: 98

Question 1: Describe the structure and functioning of nephrons.

Answer: Nephrons are the basic filtering units of kidneys. Each kidney possesses a large number of nephrons, approximately 1-1.5 million. The main components of the nephron are glomerulus, Bowman’s capsule, and a long renal tubule.

Functioning of a nephron:

•  capillaries associated with glomerulus.
• The water and solute are transferred to the nephron at Bowman’s capsule. In the proximal tubule, some substances such as amino acids, glucose, and salts are selectively reabsorbed and unwanted molecules are added in the urine.
• The filtrate then moves down into the loop of Henle, where more water is absorbed.
• From here, the filtrate moves upwards into the distal tubule and finally to the collecting duct. Collecting duct collects urine from many nephrons.
• The urine formed in each kidney enters a long tube called ureter. From ureter, it gets transported to the urinary bladder and then into the urethra.

Question 2: What are the methods used by plants to get rid of excretory products?

Answer: Plants use completely different strategies for excretion than those animals. They can get rid of excess water by transpiration. For other wastes, plants use the fact that many of their tissues consist of dead cells, and that they can even lose some parts such as leaves. Many plant waste products are stored in cellular vacuoles. Waste products may be stored in leaves that fall off. Other waste products are stored as resins and gums, especially in old xylem. Plants also excrete some waste substances into the soil around them.

Question 3: How is the amount of urine produced regulated?

Answer: The amount of urine produced is regulated mainly by the hormone ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone) which controls how much water the kidneys reabsorb. More ADH means less urine is produced, and less ADH means more urine. Other factors like fluid intake, salt levels, and kidney function also play a role.

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 5 Exercise Questions

Question 1: The kidneys in human beings are a part of the system for

(a) nutrition. (b) respiration. (c) excretion. (d) transportation.

Answer: (c) excretion.

Question 2: The xylem in plants are responsible for

(a) transport of water. (b) transport of food. (c) Transport of amino acids. (d) Transport oxygen.

Answer: (a) transport of water.

Question 3: The autotrophic mode of nutrition requires

(a) carbon dioxide and water (b) chlorophyll. (c) sunlight. (d) all of the above.

Answer: (c) sunlight.

Question 4: The breakdown of pyruvate to give carbon dioxide, water and energy takes place in

(a) cytoplasm. (b) mitochondria. (c) chloroplast. (d) nucleus.

Answer: (b) mitochondria.

Question 5:  How are fats digested in our bodies? Where does this process take place?

Answer: Fats are digested primarily in the small intestine where they get the secretions in the form of bile juice and pancreatic juice respectively from the liver and the pancreas. This process involves:

• Emulsification : Bile, produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder, breaks down large fat globules into smaller ones, making them easier to digest.
• Enzymatic Digestion : Enzymes from the pancreas, particularly lipase, break these smaller fat globules into fatty acids and glycerol.

This digestion allows fats to be absorbed into the body for use as energy or storage.

Question 6: What is the role of saliva in the digestion of food? 

Answer: Saliva is secreted by the salivary glands, located under the tongue. It makes the food soft for easy swallowing. It contains a digestive enzyme called salivary amylase, which breaks down starch into sugar. 

Question 7: What are the necessary conditions for autotrophic nutrition and what are its byproducts? 

Answer: Autotrophic nutrition takes place through the process of photosynthesis. Carbon dioxide, water, chlorophyll pigment, and sunlight are the necessary conditions required for autotrophic nutrition. Carbohydrates (food) and O 2 are the byproducts of photosynthesis.

Question 8:  What are the differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration? Name some organisms that use the anaerobic mode of respiration. 

Answer: Difference between Aerobic respiration and Anaerobic respiration:

Question 9: How are the alveoli designed to maximize the exchange of gases?

Answer: The alveoli are the small balloon-like structures present in the lungs. The walls of the alveoli consist of an extensive network of blood vessels. Each lung contains 300−350 million alveoli, making it a total of approximately 700 million in both lungs. The alveolar surface when spread out covers about 80 m 2 area. This large surface area makes the gaseous exchange more efficient.

Question 10: What would be the consequences of a deficiency of haemoglobin in our bodies?

Answer: Haemoglobin is the respiratory pigment that transports oxygen to the body cells for cellular respiration. A deficiency of haemoglobin in the body can lead to anemia. This condition can cause symptoms like tiredness, weakness, shortness of breath, and paleness because hemoglobin is essential for carrying oxygen in the blood. Without enough of it, the body’s organs and tissues don’t get enough oxygen to work effectively.

Question 11: Describe double circulation in human beings. Why is it necessary?

Answer: Because both oxygen and carbon dioxide have to be transported by the blood, the heart has different chambers to prevent the oxygen-rich blood from mixing with the blood containing carbon dioxide. The human heart is divided into four chambers − the right atrium, the right ventricle, the left atrium and the left ventricle.

Oxygen-rich blood from the lungs comes to the thin-walled upper chamber of the heart on the left, the left atrium. The left atrium relaxes when it is collecting this blood. It then contracts, while the next chamber, the left ventricle, expands, so that the blood is transferred to it. When the muscular left ventricle contracts in its turn, the blood is pumped out to the body.

De-oxygenated blood comes from the body to the upper chamber on the right, the right atrium, as it expands. As the right atrium contracts, the corresponding lower chamber, the right ventricle, dilates. This transfers blood to the right ventricle, which in turn pumps it to the lungs for oxygenation. During this process blood goes twice through the heart. That’s why it is known as double circulation.

Double Circulation is necessary:   The separation of oxygenated and de-oxygenated blood allows a more efficient supply of oxygen to the body cells. This efficient system of oxygen supply is very useful in warm-blooded animals such as human beings. As we know, warm blooded animals have to maintain a constant body temperature by cooling themselves when they are in a hotter environment and by warming their bodies when they are in a cooler environment. Hence, they require more O 2 for more respiration so that they can produce more energy to maintain their body temperature.

Thus, the circulatory system of humans is more efficient because of the double circulatory heart.

Question 12:  What are the differences between the transport of materials in xylem and phloem?

Answer: Difference between Xylem and Phloem:

Question 13:  Compare the functioning of alveoli in the lungs and nephrons in the kidneys with respect to their structure and functioning.

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NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 6 Life Processes

The Class 10 NCERT Solutions for Science Chapter 6 Life Processes includes all the intext and exercise questions. Class 10 Science Chapter 6 Life Processes NCERT questions and answers help students to clear their doubts and to obtain good marks in Class 10 board exam. All the solutions provided in this article are strictly based on the CBSE syllabus and curriculum.

Class 10 Science Chapter 6 NCERT Questions and Answers

Class 10 Science Chapter 6 Life Processes NCERT Questions and Answers are prepared by experts with a detailed explanation that will help students complete their assignments & homework. Having a good grasp over CBSE NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science will further help the students in their preparation for board exams and other competitive exams such as NTSE, Olympiad, etc.

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 6 Intext Questions

Intext Question (Page No. 95)

Question 1: Why is diffusion insufficient to meet the oxygen requirements of multicellular organisms like humans?

Answer: In multicellular organisms like humans, all the body cells are not in direct contact with the surrounding environment. Therefore, every cell of the body will not get oxygen as per need by the process of diffusion from the environment. Therefore, diffusion is insufficient to meet the oxygen requirements of multicellular organisms.

Question 2: What criteria do we use to decide whether something is alive?

Answer: Walking, breathing, growth and other visible changes can be used to determine whether something is alive or dead. However some living things will have changes that are not visible to our eye; Hence, presence of life process is a fundamental criteria to decide whether something is alive.

Question 3:  What are outside raw materials used for by an organism?

Answer: An organism uses outside raw materials mostly in the form of food (Since life on earth depends on carbon-based molecules, most of these food sources are also carbon-based) and oxygen. The raw materials required by an organism can be quite varied depending on the complexity of the organism and its environment.

Question 4:  What processes would you consider essential for maintaining life?

Answer: Life processes such as nutrition, respiration, transportation, excretion, etc. are essential for maintaining life.

Intext Question (Page No. 101)

Question 1:  What are the differences between autotrophic nutrition and heterotrophic nutrition?

Question 2:  Where do plants get each of the raw materials required for photosynthesis?

Answer: The following raw materials are required for photosynthesis:

• The raw material CO 2 enters from the atmosphere through stomata.
• Water is absorbed from the soil by the plant roots.
• Sunlight, an important component to manufacture food, is absorbed by the chlorophyll and other green parts of the plants. 

Question 3: What is the role of the acid in our stomach?

Answer: Role of the acid (HCl) in our stomach

• Kills germs present in the food.
• Makes the food acidic, so that pepsin can digest protein.

Question 4:  What is the function of digestive enzymes?

Answer: Digestive enzymes such as amylase, lipase, pepsin, trypsin, etc. help in the breaking down of complex food particles into simple ones. These simple particles can be easily absorbed by the blood and thus transported to all the cells of the body.

Question 5: How is the small intestine designed to absorb digested food?

Answer: Small intestine has small projections called as micro villi which increases the surface volume which make absorption more effective. Within the villi there are numerous blood vessels that absorb digested food and carry it to blood stream. Blood transports food to each part of our body.

Intext Question (Page No. 105)

Question 1: What advantage over an aquatic organism does a terrestrial organism have with regard to obtaining oxygen for respiration?

Answer: Terrestrial organisms breathe by using atmospheric oxygen whereas aquatic organism take oxygen dissolved in water. Oxygen level is high in atmosphere when compared to oxygen in water. Hence terrestrial organism need not breathe fast to obtain organism whereas aquatic organisms need to breathe faster to get required oxygen.

Question 2: What are the different ways in which glucose is oxidized to provide energy in various organisms?

Answer: Glucose is first broken down in the cell cytoplasm into three carbon molecule called pyruvate. Pyruvate is further broken down in the following ways to provide energy:

Question 3: How is oxygen and carbon dioxide transported in human beings?

Answer: Oxygen and Carbon-di-oxide is transported in human being via blood stream. Oxygen is carried to the cells whereas carbon-di-oxide is carried away from the cells. Exchange of gases takes place between the alveoli of lungs and the surrounding blood capillaries.  Oxygen is absorbed by the blood capillaries from the lungs alveoli by diffusion while carbon-dioxide is absorbed by the lungs alveoli from blood capillaries by diffusion.

Question 4: How are the lungs designed in human beings to maximise the area for exchange of gases?

Answer: The exchange of gases takes place between the blood capillaries that surround the alveoli and the gases present in the alveoli. Thus, alveoli are the site for exchange of gases. The lungs get filled up with air during the process of inhalation as ribs are lifted up and diaphragm is flattened. The air that is rushed inside the lungs fills the numerous alveoli present in the lungs. Each lung contains 300-350 million alveoli. These numerous alveoli increase the surface area for gaseous exchange making the process of respiration more efficient.

Intext Question (Page No. 110)

Question 1: What are the components of the transport system in human beings? What are the functions of these components?

Answer: The main components of the transport system in human beings are the heart, blood, and blood vessels.

Heart pumps oxygenated blood throughout the body. It receives deoxygenated blood from the various body parts and sends this impure blood to the lungs for oxygenation.

Blood is a fluid connective tissue, it helps in the transport of oxygen, nutrients, CO 2 , and nitrogenous wastes.

Blood vessels (arteries, veins, and capillaries) carry blood either away from the heart to various organs or from various organs back to the heart.

Question 2: Why is it necessary to separate oxygenated and deoxygenated blood in mammals and birds?

Answer: Mammals and birds are warm blooded animals which keep their body temperature constant irrespective of the environment they leave. This process require lot of oxygen for more cellular respiration so that warm blooded animals produce more energy to balance their body temperature. Hence it is very important for warm blooded animals to separate oxygenated and deoxygenated blood to keep their circulatory system efficient.

Question 3: What are the components of the transport system in highly organized plants?

Answer: In highly organized plants, there are two different types of conducting tissues − xylem and phloem. 

Xylem conducts water and minerals obtained from the soil (via roots) to the rest of the plant. 

Phloem transports amino acids and food materials from the leaves to different parts of the plant body.

Question 4: How are water and minerals transported in plants?

Answer: The components of xylem tissue (tracheids and vessels) of roots, stems and leaves are interconnected to form a continuous system of water – conducting channels that reaches all parts of the plant. Transpiration creates a suction pressure, as a result of which water is forced into the xylem cells of the roots. Then there is a steady movement of water from the root xylem to all the plant parts through the interconnected water – conducting channels.

Question 5: How is food transported in plants?

Answer: Phloem transports food materials from the leaves to different parts of the plant body. The transportation of food in phloem is achieved by utilizing energy from ATP. As a result of this, the osmotic pressure in the tissue increases causing water to move into it. This pressure moves the material in the phloem to the tissues which have less pressure. This is helpful in moving materials according to the needs of the plant. For example, the food material, such as sucrose, is transported into the phloem tissue using ATP energy.

Intext Question (Page No. 112)

Question 1: Describe the structure and functioning of nephrons.

Answer: Nephrons are the filtration units of the kidney which are large in numbers. Some substances in the initial filtrate, such as glucose, amino acids, salts and a major amount of water, are selectively re-absorbed as the urine flows along the tube. The main components of the nephron are glomerulus, Bowman’s capsule, and a long renal tubule.

Functioning of a nephron:

• The blood enters the kidney through the renal artery, which branches into many capillaries associated with glomerulus.
• The water and solute are transferred to the nephron at Bowman’s capsule.
• In the proximal tubule, some substances such as amino acids, glucose, and salts are selectively reabsorbed and unwanted molecules are added in the urine.
• The filtrate then moves down into the loop of Henle, where more water is absorbed. From here, the filtrate moves upwards into the distal tubule and finally to the collecting duct. Collecting duct collects urine from many nephrons.
• The urine formed in each kidney enters a long tube called ureter. From ureter, it gets transported to the urinary bladder and then into the urethra.

Question 2: What are the methods used by plants to get rid of excretory products?

Answer: Plants use completely different strategies for excretion than those animals. They can get rid of excess water by transpiration. For other wastes, plants use the fact that many of their tissues consist of dead cells, and that they can even lose some parts such as leaves. Many plant waste products are stored in cellular vacuoles. Waste products may be stored in leaves that fall off. Other waste products are stored as resins and gums, especially in old xylem. Plants also excrete some waste substances into the soil around them.

Question 3: How is the amount of urine produced regulated?

Answer: The amount of urine produced depends on the amount of excess water and dissolved wastes present in the body. Some other factors such as habitat of an organism and hormone such as Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) also regulates the amount of urine produced.

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 6 Exercise Questions

Question 1: The kidneys in human beings are a part of the system for (i) nutrition (ii) respiration (iii) excretion (iv) transportation

Answer: (c) excretion.

Question 2: The xylem in plants are responsible for (i) transport of water (ii) transport of food (iii) transport of amino acids (iv) transport of oxygen

Answer: (a) transport of water.

Question 3: The autotrophic mode of nutrition requires (i) carbon dioxide and water (ii) chlorophyll (iii) sunlight (iv) all of the above

Answer: (c) sunlight.

Question 4: The breakdown of pyruvate to give carbon dioxide, water and energy takes place in (i) cytoplasm (ii) mitochondria (iii) chloroplast (iv) nucleus

Answer: (b) mitochondria.

Question 5:  How are fats digested in our bodies? Where does this process take place?

Answer: Fats are present in the form of large globules in the small intestine. The small intestine gets the secretions in the form of bile juice and pancreatic juice respectively from the liver and the pancreas. The bile salts (from the liver) break down the large fat globules into smaller globules so that the pancreatic enzymes can easily act on them. This is referred to as emulsification of fats. It takes place in the small intestine.

Question 6: What is the role of saliva in the digestion of food? 

Answer: Saliva is secreted by the salivary glands, located under the tongue. It makes the food soft for easy swallowing. It contains a digestive enzyme called salivary amylase, which breaks down starch into sugar. 

Question 7: What are the necessary conditions for autotrophic nutrition and what are its byproducts? 

Answer: Autotrophic nutrition takes place through the process of photosynthesis. Carbon dioxide, water, chlorophyll pigment, and sunlight are the necessary conditions required for autotrophic nutrition. Carbohydrates (food) and O 2 are the byproducts of photosynthesis.

Question 8:  What are the differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration? Name some organisms that use the anaerobic mode of respiration. 

Answer: Difference between Aerobic respiration and Anaerobic respiration:

Question 9: How are the alveoli designed to maximize the exchange of gases?

Answer: The alveoli are the small balloon-like structures present in the lungs. The walls of the alveoli consist of extensive network of blood vessels. Each lung contains 300−350 million alveoli, making it a total of approximately 700 million in both the lungs. The alveolar surface when spread out covers about 80 m 2 area. This large surface area makes the gaseous exchange more efficient.

Question 10: What would be the consequences of a deficiency of haemoglobin in our bodies?

Answer: Hemoglobin is a protein responsible for transportation of oxygen to the body cells for cellular respiration. Deficiency of Hemoglobin can affect the oxygen carrying capacity of RBC’S. This leads to lack of oxygen in our body cells. Hemoglobin deficiency leads to a disease called as anemia.

Question 11: Describe double circulation in human beings. Why is it necessary?

Answer: Because both oxygen and carbon dioxide have to be transported by the blood, the heart has different chambers to prevent the oxygen-rich blood from mixing with the blood containing carbon dioxide. The human heart is divided into four chambers − the right atrium, the right ventricle, the left atrium and the left ventricle.

Oxygen-rich blood from the lungs comes to the thin-walled upper chamber of the heart on the left, the left atrium. The left atrium relaxes when it is collecting this blood. It then contracts, while the next chamber, the left ventricle, expands, so that the blood is transferred to it. When the muscular left ventricle contracts in its turn, the blood is pumped out to the body.

De-oxygenated blood comes from the body to the upper chamber on the right, the right atrium, as it expands. As the right atrium contracts, the corresponding lower chamber, the right ventricle, dilates. This transfers blood to the right ventricle, which in turn pumps it to the lungs for oxygenation. During this process blood goes twice through the heart. That’s why it is known as double circulation.

Double Circulation is necessary:   The separation of oxygenated and de-oxygenated blood allows a more efficient supply of oxygen to the body cells. This efficient system of oxygen supply is very useful in warm-blooded animals such as human beings. As we know, warm blooded animals have to maintain a constant body temperature by cooling themselves when they are in a hotter environment and by warming their bodies when they are in a cooler environment. Hence, they require more O 2 for more respiration so that they can produce more energy to maintain their body temperature.

Thus, the circulatory system of humans is more efficient because of the double circulatory heart.

Question 12:  What are the differences between the transport of materials in xylem and phloem?

Answer: Difference between Xylem and Phloem:

Question 13:  Compare the functioning of alveoli in the lungs and nephrons in the kidneys with respect to their structure and functioning.

Topics covered under Class 10 Science Chapter 6 Life Processes

Below we have listed the topics discussed in NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 6. The list gives you a quick look at the different topics and subtopics of this chapter.

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 6 – A Brief Discussion

Chapter Overview:  The maintenance functions of living organisms must go on even when they are not doing anything particular. Even when we are just sitting in class, even if we are just asleep, this maintenance job has to go on. The processes which together perform this maintenance job are life processes. In this chapter you will learn some of the important life processes such as nutrition, respiration, transportation and excretion.

Life Processes

Class 10 - ncert science solutions, intext questions 1.

Why is diffusion insufficient to meet the oxygen requirements of multicellular organisms like humans?

Multicellular organisms like humans require a more efficient circulatory system for transportation of oxygen as diffusion cannot transport oxygen to longer distances in the body. In multi-cellular organisms, all the cells may not be in direct contact with the surrounding environment. Thus, simple diffusion will not meet the requirements of all the cells. So, in multicellular organisms like humans, transport of oxygen through blood stream ensures its efficient supply to each cell of body.

What criteria do we use to decide whether something is alive?

The presence of movement whether noticeable and visible or at a molecular level invisible to naked eye is the main criteria that we can use to decide whether something is alive or not.

What are outside raw materials used for by an organism?

Outside raw materials used by autotrophs are carbon dioxide, water and sunlight. Besides these they also need other raw materials like nitrogen, phosphorus, iron, magnesium, etc. for building their body.

Outside raw materials used by heterotrophs are food, water and oxygen.

What processes would you consider essential for maintaining life?

Processes considered essential for maintaining life are:

• Nutrition & Digestion
• Transportation

Intext Questions 2

What are the differences between autotrophic nutrition and heterotrophic nutrition?

Where do plants get each of the raw materials required for photosynthesis?

Plants take energy from sunlight, water from soil and carbon dioxide from air to carry out photosynthesis.

What is the role of the acid in our stomach?

Hydrochloric acid performs the following functions in our stomach:

• It creates an acidic medium which facilitates the action of the protein digesting enzyme called pepsin.
• It kills any germs which may have entered along with the food.

What is the function of digestive enzymes?

The digestive enzymes help to break complex food into their simpler form so that they are absorbed into the blood stream. For example, protein is broken into amino acids, carbohydrate is broken into glucose and fats are broken into fatty acids and glycerol.

How is the small intestine designed to absorb digested food?

The inner lining of the small intestine has numerous finger-like projections called villi which increase the surface area for absorption. The villi are richly supplied with blood vessels which take the absorbed food to each and every cell of the body.

Intext Questions 3

What advantage over an aquatic organism does a terrestrial organism have with regard to obtaining oxygen for respiration?

Terrestrial animals can breathe the oxygen in the atmosphere, but animals that live in water need to use the oxygen dissolved in water. Since the amount of dissolved oxygen is fairly low compared to the amount of oxygen in the air, the rate of breathing in aquatic organisms is much faster than that seen in terrestrial organisms.

What are the different ways in which glucose is oxidised to provide energy in various organisms?

The different ways in which glucose is oxidised to provide energy in various organisms are shown below:

How is oxygen and carbon dioxide transported in human beings?

In human beings, the respiratory pigment is haemoglobin which has a very high affinity for oxygen. This pigment is present in the red blood corpuscles and is responsible for transportation of oxygen. Carbon dioxide is more soluble in water than oxygen is and hence is mostly transported in the dissolved form in our blood.

How are the lungs designed in human beings to maximise the area for exchange of gases?

Within the lungs, the air passage divides into smaller and smaller tubes which finally terminate in balloon-like structures which are called alveoli. The alveoli provide an increased surface area where the exchange of gases can take place.

Intext Questions 4

What are the components of the transport system in human beings? What are the functions of these components?

The components of the transport system in human beings are:

• Blood vessels

Why is it necessary to separate oxygenated and deoxygenated blood in mammals and birds?

Birds and mammals, constantly use energy to maintain their body temperature. Therefore, they need a highly efficient supply of oxygen to the body. The mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood lowers the efficiency to supply oxygen. Therefore, it is necessary to separate oxygenated and deoxygenated blood in mammals and birds.

What are the components of the transport system in highly organised plants?

Plant transport systems consists of two pathways that are constructed as independently organised conducting tubes. One, the xylem moves water and minerals obtained from the soil. The other, phloem transports products of photosynthesis from the leaves where they are synthesised to other parts of the plant.

How are water and minerals transported in plants?

Water and minerals are transported in plants by Xylem vessels. In xylem tissue, vessels and tracheids of the roots, stems and leaves are interconnected to form a continuous system of water-conducting channels reaching all parts of the plant. Water and minerals are transported in plants in following ways:

• At the roots, cells in contact with the soil actively take up ions.
• This creates a difference in the concentration of these ions between the root and the soil.
• Water, therefore, moves into the root from the soil to eliminate this difference. This means that there is steady movement of water into root xylem, creating a column of water that is steadily pushed upwards.
• As this pressure is not enough to push water very high, plants create a suction force through transpiration by losing water in the form of vapour from their aerial parts which pulls water higher up from the roots.

How is food transported in plants?

Food is transported in plants by phloem tissues. The soluble food formed after photosynthesis and other materials like amino acids are translocated to all parts and also storage organs of plant. The translocation of food and other substances takes place in the sieve tubes with the help of adjacent companion cells both in upward and downward directions. The translocation in phloem is achieved by utilising energy.

Intext Questions 5

Describe the structure and functioning of nephrons.

Nephron is the basic filtration unit in the kidney. It consists of a tubule which is connected with a collecting duct at one end and a cup shaped structure at the other end, called Bowman's capsule. Every Bowman's capsule contains a cluster of capillaries called glomerulus within the cup-shaped structure. The blood enters into glomerulus through afferent arteriole of renal artery and leaves it through efferent arteriole. This causes filtration of the blood. Then the filtrate passes into the tubular part of the nephron. Here, useful substances such as glucose, amino acids, salts and some water are re-absorbed into the blood by the capillaries surrounding the nephron tubule. The filtrate which remains after the re-absorption is called the urine, which is collected from nephron by the collecting duct to carry it to the urinary bladder and then to the urethra.

What are the methods used by plants to get rid of excretory products?

The methods used by plants to get rid of excretory products are:

• Oxygen and carbon dioxide are released through stomata.
• Excess water is removed through transpiration.
• Other wastes may be removed through dead tissues like falling leaves.
• Waste products are also stored in cellular vacuoles, resins or gums.
• Plants also excrete some waste substances into the soil around them.

How is the amount of urine produced regulated?

The amount of urine produced is regulated by the amount of water re-absorbed and it depends on how much excess water there is in the body, and on how much of dissolved waste there is to be excreted.

The kidneys in human beings are a part of the system for

• respiration
• transportation

Reason — Kidneys carry out filtration of blood and remove waste materials.

The xylem in plants are responsible for

transport of water

• transport of food
• transport of amino acids
• transport of oxygen

Reason — Xylem vessels are responsible for transport of water in upward direction.

The autotrophic mode of nutrition requires

• carbon dioxide and water
• chlorophyll

all of the above

Reason — Autotrophs make their food by using carbon dioxide and water in presence of chlorophyll and sunlight.

The breakdown of pyruvate to give carbon dioxide, water and energy takes place in

mitochondria

• chloroplast

Reason — Breakdown of pyruvate using oxygen takes place in the mitochondria.

How are fats digested in our bodies? Where does this process take place?

Fats are present in the intestine in the form of large globules which makes it difficult for enzymes to act on them. Bile salts break them down into smaller globules increasing the efficiency of enzyme action. The pancreas secretes pancreatic juice which contains enzymes like trypsin for digesting proteins and lipase for breaking down emulsified fats. The fat is finally broken into fatty acids and glycerol.

The digestion of fats take place in small intestine.

What is the role of saliva in the digestion of food?

The saliva contains an enzyme called salivary amylase that breaks down starch which is a complex molecule to give simple sugar. It also makes passage of food through oesophagus easier.

What are the necessary conditions for autotrophic nutrition and what are its byproducts?

The necessary conditions for autotrophic nutrition are carbon dioxide, water, presence of sunlight and chlorophyll which are necessary for the process of photosynthesis.

The byproducts of photosynthesis are water and oxygen.

What are the differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration? Name some organisms that use the anaerobic mode of respiration.

Some organisms that use the anaerobic mode of respiration are yeast, lactic acid bacteria and some parasitic worms like tape worm.

How are the alveoli designed to maximise the exchange of gases?

The alveoli provide a large surface area for the exchange of gases to take place. The walls of the alveoli contain an extensive network of blood-vessels. The blood brings carbon dioxide from the rest of the body for release into the alveoli, and the oxygen in the alveolar air is taken up by blood in the alveolar blood vessels to be transported to all the cells in the body.

Question 10

What would be the consequences of a deficiency of haemoglobin in our bodies?

Hemoglobin deficiency, also known as anemia, is characterized by a decrease in the number of red blood cells or a lower concentration of hemoglobin in the blood. Hemoglobin deficiency can have serious consequences for our bodies, some of which are listed below:

• Hemoglobin deficiency deprives the body of the oxygen it needs, leading to persistent fatigue, weakness and shortness of breath.
• Due to inadequate oxygen supply to the brain we may may experience difficulty concentrating, memory problems, and decreased mental alertness.

Question 11

Describe double circulation of blood in human beings. Why is it necessary?

Double circulation is a process during which blood passes twice through the heart during one complete cycle through the human body. First, the deoxygenated blood is send to lungs and oxygenated blood from lungs reaches heart. This circulation is known as pulmonary circulation. Oxygenated blood that reaches the heart is send to whole body and the deoxygenated blood from different body parts is again brought to heart. This is known as systemic circulation.

Human beings constantly use energy to maintain their body temperature. Therefore, they need a highly efficient supply of oxygen to the body. The mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood lowers the efficiency to supply oxygen. Therefore, it is necessary to separate oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

Question 12

What are the differences between the transport of materials in xylem and phloem?

Question 13

Compare the functioning of alveoli in the lungs and nephrons in the kidneys with respect to their structure and functioning.

Structure and functioning of alveoli in the lungs and nephrons in the kidneys is compared below:

• CBSE-Life Processes
• Sample Papers

Life Processes-Sample Papers

• STUDY MATERIAL FOR CBSE CLASS 10 BIOLOGY
• Chapter 1 - Heredity and Evolution
• Chapter 2 - How do organisms reproduce
• Chapter 3 - Management of Natural Resources
• Chapter 4 - Our Environment
• Chapter 5 - Control and Coordination
• Chapter 6 - Life Processes

Life Processes Class 10 Worksheet With Answers

• Download file

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Assignment - Life Processes, Class 10, Science PDF Download

(I) Fill in the blanks ;

1. Hard palate has transverse ridges, the ......

2. Human teeth are thecodont, .............and ..............

3. Man bears 4 kinds of teeth :

(i) .................... (ii) .................... (iii) .................... and (iv) ....................

4. Bile and pancreatic ducts open into..............

5. Villi are found in ..............and .............

6. Appendicitis is inflammation of..............

7. Man's three pairs of salivary glands are...........and............

8. Succus entericus is the secretion of...............

9. Enzymes enterokinase activates ....................

10. Kwashiorkar is the disease caused by extreme .................... deficiency.

Match The column :

1. Match the contents of the cloumns-I, II and III (Double matching)

Column-I                Column-II                         Column-III

(1) Water split into    (A) Chemical energy          (P) Photolysis

(2) CO 2                     (B) Hydrogen and oxygen  (Q) Raw materials for photosynthesis

(3) White light           (C) Water                         (R) Electromagnetic spectrum

(4) Light energy         (D) Vibgyor                       (S) Photosynthesis

True and False :

1. Rate of photosynthesis is maximum in green light.

2. Oxygen and water are the raw material for photosynthesis.

3. CO 2 is release as a by product of light reaction.

4. Dark reaction occurs inside the stroma of chloroplast.

5. In photosynthesis chemical energy converts into light energy.

6. Guard cells regulate the opening and closing of stomata.

7. White light is composed of seven different colour.

8. Light reaction takes place in the presence of light.

(II) Fill in the blanks :

1. .................... is a natural source of light for photosynthesis.

2. Photosynthetic pigments absorb only .................... light from electromagnetic spectrum.

3. Chl-a and b absorb only .................... light and reflect .................... light.

4. "The process of absorption and conversion of .................... energy into .................... energy by green plants is called as photosynthesis".

5. .................... regulate the opening and closing of the stoma and also perform photosynthesis.

6. When the guard cells swell due to the entry of water, the stomata gets ....................

7. The water molecules split into hydrogen and oxygen with the help of .................... energy.

8. .................... is released as a by product of light reaction occuring during photosynthesis.

9. .................... reaction occurs inside stroma of chloroplasts where light energy is not captured.

10. At very high light intensity the photosynthesis is ....................

Answer Keys

(l )Fill in the blanks

1. Rugae 2. Heterodont, Diphyodont 3. (i) Incisors (ii) Canines (iii) Premolars (iv) Molars

4. Duodenum 5. Jejunum, Ileum 6. Vermiform Appendics

7. Parotid, Sublingual and submaxillary 8. Intestinal glands

9. Trypsinogen 10. Proteins

Match the following :

1(B,P), 2(C,Q), 3(D,R), 4(A,S)

1. F 2. F 3. F 4. T 5. F 6. T 7. T 8. T

(II) Fill In The Bnalks :

1. Sun 2. White/Visible 3. Blue and Red, Green 4. Light, Chemical

5. Guard Cells 6. Opened 7. Light 8. Oxygen

9. Dark 10. Decreased

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Life Processes Class 10 Notes: Simplified and Easy to Understand

Demystifying Life Processes: Your Simplified Class 10 Notes (CBSE 2024-25)

Feeling overwhelmed by the intricate details of Life Processes in your CBSE Class 10 Science (Chapter 5) ? Fear not, fellow student! This blog post is here to transform your understanding with clear and concise notes .

We've meticulously crafted these notes to simplify complex concepts related to life processes , making them easy to grasp and retain. Whether you're revising for exams or simply aiming for a deeper understanding of this fascinating chapter, this is the perfect resource for you.

Here's the best part: we're offering downloadable PDF notes specifically tailored for the 2024-25 CBSE academic session . So, ditch the bulky textbooks and dive into these simplified notes for a stress-free learning experience!

"Education is the passport to the future, for tomorrow belongs to those who prepare for it today." - Malcolm X

Life Processes Class 10 Notes

Table of contents, what are life processes.

Life Processes: The processes which together perform the repair and maintenance job inside a body are life processes. For Example Respiration (R), Excretion (E), Nutrition (N), and Transportation (T) [RENT].

Nutrition: A process to transfer a source of energy from outside the body of the organism, which we call food, to the inside, is called nutrition.

Respiration: The process of acquiring oxygen from outside the body, and using it in the process of break-down of food sources for cellular needs, is called respiration.

Transportation: A system for carrying food and oxygen from one place to another in the body.

Excretion: The waste by-products are needed to be removed from the body and discarded outside by a process called excretion.

Autotrophs: Some organisms use simple food material obtained from inorganic sources in the form of carbon dioxide and water. For example green plants and some bacteria.

Heterotrophs: Other organisms utilize complex substances. These complex substances have to be broken down into simpler ones before they can be used for the upkeep and growth of the body. To achieve this, organisms use bio-catalysts called enzymes. For example animals and fungi.

Autotrophic Nutrition

• Carbon and energy requirements of the autotrophic organism are fulfilled by photosynthesis.
• Photosynthesis: It is the process by which autotrophs take in substances from the outside and convert them into stored forms of energy. This material is taken in the form of carbon dioxide and water which is converted into carbohydrates in the presence of sunlight and chlorophyll.
• The carbohydrates which are not used immediately are stored in the form of starch .
• Similarly, in our body, some of the energy derived from the food we eat is stored in our body in the form of glycogen .

• Events Occurring during Photosynthesis:
• Absorption of light energy by chlorophyll.
• Conversion of light energy to chemical energy.
• Splitting of water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen.
• Reduction of carbon dioxide to carbohydrates.
• Chlorophyll is essential for photosynthesis.
• On Iodine test Blue-black color is obtained on that part of the leaf where photosynthesis occurs.
• Massive amounts of gaseous exchange take place in the leaves through stomatal pores for the purpose of photosynthesis.
• The exchange of gases occurs across the surface of stems, roots, and leaves as well.
• Since large amounts of water can also be lost through these stomata, the plant closes these pores when it does not need carbon dioxide for photosynthesis.
• The opening and closing of the pore are a function of the guard cells. The guard cells swell when water flows into them, causing the stomatal pore to open. Similarly, the pore closes if the guard cells shrink.

• KOH is used to absorb Carbon dioxide inside the jar.

• Water is taken from the soil.
• Other materials like nitrogen, phosphorus, iron, and magnesium are taken up from the soil.
• Nitrogen is taken up in the form of inorganic nitrates or nitrites. Or it is taken up as organic compounds which have been prepared by bacteria from atmospheric nitrogen.

Heterotrophic Nutrition

• Saprophytic: Some organisms break down the food material outside the body and then absorb it. Examples are fungi like bread moulds, yeast, and mushrooms.
• Holozoic: Others take in whole material and break it down inside their bodies.
• Parasitic: Some other organisms derive nutrition from plants or animals without killing them. This parasitic nutritive strategy is used by a wide variety of organisms like cuscuta (amar-bel), ticks, lice, leeches, and tape-worms.

How do Organisms obtain their Nutrition?

Single-celled organisms

• Amoeba takes in food using temporary finger-like extensions of the cell surface which fuse over the food particle forming a food-vacuole. Inside the food-vacuole, complex substances are broken down into simpler ones which then diffuse into the cytoplasm. The remaining undigested material is moved to the surface of the cell and thrown out.

• In Paramoecium , which is also a unicellular organism, the cell has a definite shape and food is taken in at a specific spot. Food is moved to this spot by the movement of cilia which cover the entire surface of the cell.

Nutrition in Human Beings

• The alimentary canal is basically a long tube extending from the mouth to the anus.
• Saliva is secreted by the salivary glands.
• The saliva contains an enzyme called salivary amylase that breaks down starch which is a complex molecule to give simple sugar.
• The lining of the canal has muscles that contract rhythmically in order to push the food forward. These peristaltic movements occur all along the gut.
• Digestion in the stomach :
• The hydrochloric acid creates an acidic medium that facilitates the action of the enzyme pepsin.
• The mucus protects the inner lining of the stomach from the action of the acid under normal conditions.
• Pepsin is a protein-digesting enzyme.
• The exit of food from the stomach is regulated by a sphincter muscle which releases it in small amounts into the small intestine.
• Herbivores eating grass need a longer small intestine to allow the cellulose to be digested.
• Meat is easier to digest, hence carnivores like tigers have shorter small intestines.
• The small intestine is the site of the complete digestion of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.
• It receives the secretions of the liver and pancreas for this purpose.
• The bile salts emulsify fat by acting on large fat globules to break them into smaller globules. This increases the efficiency of pancreatic enzymes.
• The food entering the small intestine is acidic. It is made alkaline by the action of bile juice so as to facilitate the action of pancreatic enzymes.
• trypsin for digesting proteins and
• lipase for breaking down emulsified fats.
• The walls of the small intestine contain glands that secrete intestinal juice.
• proteins to amino acids,
• complex carbohydrates into glucose and
• fats into fatty acids and glycerol.
• The inner lining of the small intestine has numerous finger-like projections called villi.
• Increases the surface area for absorption.
• The villi are richly supplied with blood vessels that take the absorbed food to each and every cell of the body.
• The unabsorbed food is sent into the large intestine where its wall absorbs more water from this material.

Respiration

• The food material taken in during the process of nutrition is used in cells to provide energy for various life processes.
• Some use oxygen to break down glucose completely into carbon dioxide and water.
• Some use other pathways that do not involve oxygen.
• In all cases, the first step is the breakdown of glucose, a six-carbon molecule, into a three-carbon molecule called pyruvate. This process takes place in the cytoplasm.
• The pyruvate may be converted into ethanol and carbon dioxide. This process takes place in yeast during fermentation. Since this process takes place in the absence of air (oxygen), it is called anaerobic respiration.
• The breakdown of pyruvate using oxygen takes place in the mitochondria. This process breaks up the three-carbon pyruvate molecule to give three molecules of carbon dioxide. The other product is water. Since this process takes place in the presence of air (oxygen), it is called aerobic respiration.

• Sometimes, when there is a lack of oxygen in our muscle cells, another pathway for the breakdown of pyruvate is taken. Here the pyruvate is converted into lactic acid which is also a three-carbon molecule. This build-up of lactic acid in our muscles during sudden activity causes cramps.
• Normally during day time, the rate of photosynthesis is much more than the rate of respiration. So, carbon dioxide produced during respiration is used up for photosynthesis hence carbon dioxide is not released.
• Terrestrial animals can breathe oxygen in the atmosphere, but animals that live in water need to use the oxygen dissolved in water.
• Since the amount of dissolved oxygen is fairly low compared to the amount of oxygen in the air, the rate of breathing in aquatic organisms is much faster than that seen in terrestrial organisms.
• Human respiratory system :

• The respiratory route of air in the respiratory tract of humans is the Nostrils → pharynx → larynx → trachea → alveoli.
• Rings of cartilage are present in the throat. These ensure that the air passage does not collapse.
• Within the lungs, the passage divides into smaller and smaller tubes which finally terminate in balloon-like structures which are called alveoli (singular–alveolus).
• The alveoli provide a surface where the exchange of gases can take place.
• The walls of the alveoli contain an extensive network of blood vessels. The blood brings carbon dioxide from the rest of the body for release into the alveoli, and the oxygen in the alveolar air is taken up by the blood in the alveolar blood vessels to be transported to all the cells in the body.
• In human beings, the respiratory pigment is hemoglobin which has a very high affinity for oxygen. This pigment is present in the red blood corpuscles.
• Carbon dioxide is more soluble in water than oxygen is and hence is mostly transported in the dissolved form in our blood.

Transportation

Transportation in human beings.

• Blood transports food, oxygen, and waste materials in our bodies.
• Blood consists of a fluid medium called plasma in which the cells are suspended.
• Plasma transports food, carbon dioxide, and nitrogenous wastes in dissolved form.
• Oxygen is carried by the red blood corpuscles.
• a pumping organ (heart) to push blood around the body,
• a network of tubes (arteries and veins) to reach all the tissues and
• a system in place (platelets) to ensure that this network can be repaired if damaged.

Our pump — the heart

• Oxygen-rich blood from the lungs comes to the thin-walled upper chamber of the heart on the left, the left atrium.
• The left atrium relaxes when it is collecting this blood.
• It then contracts, while the next chamber, the left ventricle, relaxes, so that the blood is transferred to it.
• When the muscular left ventricle contracts in its turn, the blood is pumped out to the body.
• De-oxygenated blood comes from the body to the upper chamber on the right, the right atrium, as it relaxes.
• As the right atrium contracts, the corresponding lower chamber, the right ventricle, dilates.
• This transfers blood to the right ventricle, which in turn pumps it to the lungs for oxygenation.
• The separation of the right side and the left side of the heart is useful to keep oxygenated and deoxygenated blood from mixing. Such separation allows a highly efficient supply of oxygen to the body.
• Animals, like amphibians and many reptiles, have three-chambered hearts and tolerate some mixing of the oxygenated and de-oxygenated blood streams.
• Fishes, on the other hand, have only two chambers to their hearts, and the blood is pumped to the gills, is oxygenated there, and passes directly to the rest of the body.

Double circulatory system

The oxygenated blood from the lungs returns to the heart, which is pumped again into different parts of the body by the heart. Thus, the blood passed twice through the heart making one complete round through the body, i.e., once through the right half in the form of deoxygenated blood and once through the left half in the form of oxygenated blood.

Blood Pressure

• Blood pressure is measured with an instrument called a sphygmomanometer.
• The force that blood exerts against the wall of a vessel is called blood pressure.
• This pressure is much greater in arteries than in veins.
• The normal systolic pressure is about 120 mm of Hg and diastolic pressure is 80 mm of Hg.

The tubes – blood vessels

Maintenance by platelets

In case of any leakage, the blood has platelet cells that circulate around the body and plug these leaks by helping to clot the blood at these points of injury.

The functions of lymph in transportation are:

• Lymph carries digested and absorbed fat from the intestine back to the blood.
• Lymph drains excess fluid from extracellular space back into the blood.

Blockage of the lymphatic system will lead to water retention and poor fat absorption in the body.

Transportation in Plants

• Plant transport systems will move energy stores from leaves and raw materials from roots.
• The xylem moves water and minerals obtained from the soil.
• Phloem transports products of photosynthesis from the leaves where they are synthesized to other parts of the plant.

Transport of water

• At the roots, cells in contact with the soil actively take up ions. This creates a difference in the concentration of these ions between the root and the soil. Water, therefore, moves into the root from the soil to eliminate this difference.
• Evaporation of water molecules from the cells of a leaf creates a suction that pulls water from the xylem cells of roots.

Transpiration

• The loss of water in the form of vapor from the aerial parts of the plant is known as transpiration.
• Transpiration helps in the absorption and upward movement of water and minerals dissolved in it from roots to the leaves.
• It also helps in temperature regulation.

Transport of food and other substances

• The transport of soluble products of photosynthesis is called translocation and it occurs in the part of the vascular tissue known as the phloem.
• Translocation in phloem is achieved by utilizing energy.
• Material like sucrose is transferred into phloem tissue using energy from ATP.

Excretion in Human Beings

The excretory system of human beings includes a pair of kidneys, a pair of ureters, a urinary bladder and a urethra.

• The basic filtration unit in the kidneys is a cluster of very thin-walled blood capillaries.
• Each capillary cluster in the kidney is associated with the cup-shaped end of a coiled tube called Bowman’s capsule that collects the filtrate.
• Each kidney has large numbers of these filtration units called nephrons packed close together.
• Some substances in the initial filtrate, such as glucose, amino acids, salts, and a major amount of water, are selectively re-absorbed as the urine flows along the tube.
• how much excess water there is in the body
• how much of dissolved waste there is to be excreted.
• Urine is stored in the urinary bladder until the pressure of the expanded bladder leads to the urge to pass it out through the urethra.

Haemodialysis : The process of purifying blood by an artificial kidney. It is meant for kidney failure patients.

Excretion in Plants

Plants use different strategies for excretion of different products:

• Oxygen and carbon dioxide are diffused through stomata.
• Excess water is removed by transpiration.
• Plants can even lose some of their old parts like old leaves and the bark of trees.
• Other waste products like raisins and gums especially in old xylem cells can also be lost by plants.
• Plants also secrete some waste substances into the soil around them.

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NCERT Solutions for Class 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12

Extra Questions for Class 10 Science Chapter 6 Life Processes

October 23, 2019 by Sastry CBSE

According to new CBSE Exam Pattern,  MCQ Questions for Class 10 Science pdf  Carries 20 Marks.

Topics and Subtopics in  NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 6 Life Processes :

Question-1 Define nutrition? What are the different modes of nutrition? Solution: Nutrition is the process of intake, as well as utilization of nutrients by an organism. The different modes of nutrition are saprophytic nutrition, parasitic nutrition and holozoic nutrition. Question-2 What is the mode of nutrition in fungi? Solution: Saprophytic nutrition is the mode of nutrition that is seen in fungi.

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Question-3 Name the pigment, which can absorb solar energy. Solution: Chlorophyll is the pigment, which can absorb solar energy. Question-4 Name the two stages in photosynthesis. Solution: The two stages in photosynthesis are (i) Light reaction and (ii) Dark reaction. Question-5 Name the factors, which affect photosynthesis. Solution: The factors which affect photosynthesis, are light, water, temperature, humidity, age of the leaf and carbon dioxide. Question-6 Define a herbivore and a carnivore. Solution: The animals that feed only on plants are called herbivores. The animals that feed only on flesh are called carnivores. Question-7 How does amoeba engulf its food? Solution: Amoeba engulfs its food by extending pseudopodia. This process is known as Phagocytes. Question-8 Name the parts of the digestive system of a grasshopper. Solution: The parts of digestive system of a grasshopper are pharynx, salivary glands, hepatic caeca, malpighian tubules, ileum, colon, rectum and anus. Question-9 What are the functions of the liver and the pancreas? Solution: The liver secretes bile, which contains bile pigments and bile salts. The bile secreted by the liver cells is normally stored in the gall bladder, until needed in the duodenum. Pancreas lie parallel to and beneath the stomach. It is a large gland, which secretes digestive enzymes as well as the hormones, insulin and glucagons. Both bile and pancreatic juice enter duodenum through a common duct. Bile emulsifies fat present in the food. Pancreatic juice contains trypsin, for digesting proteins and pancreatic amylase for the breakdown of starch. Question-10 Define breathing. Solution:

Breathing is a process by which organisms inhale oxygen. The inhaled oxygen gets diffused into the blood and the carbon dioxide from the blood diffuses back into the alveoli from where it is exhaled.

Question-11 How is respiration different from breathing? Solution: Respiration is a complex process, which includes breathing, the mechanism of exchange of gases,oxygen and carbon dioxide and oxidation of digested food occurring in the cells in order to release energy. The main outcome of respiration is the release of energy through oxidation of simple food molecules such as glucose. Question-12 In which kind of respiration is more energy released? Solution: In aerobic respiration more energy is released. Question-13 Which part of the roots is involved in exchange of respiratory gases? Solution: Root hair is the part of the root which is involved in exchange of respiratory gases. Question-14 What are (i) stomata and (ii) lenticels? Solution: (i) Stomata are tiny apertures found on the surface of the leaf, which regulate the exchange of respiratory gases and transpiration. (ii) Lenticels are the raised pores in the woody plants that allow the exchange of gases between the atmosphere and the internal tissues. Question-15 Give two points of differences between respiration in plants and respiration in animals. Solution: The respiration in plants differ from respiration in animals in two respects, they are (i) There is minimal transport of gases from one part of the plant to another, unlike the animals. (ii) Plant respiration occurs at a much slower rate than animal respiration. Question-16 Name the respiratory organs of (i) fish (ii) mosquito (iii) earthworm (iv) dog Solution: The respiratory organs of (i) fish – gills (ii) mosquito – tracheoles (iii) earthworm – skin (iv) dog – lungs. Question-17 Solution: The oxygen rich air enters through openings called spiracles situated on the sides of the body of an insect. Spiracles open into tracheal system. Trachea branch into tracheoles, which reach the cells. Thus, every cell gets oxygen directly. Carbon dioxide released by cells moves out through the spiracles. Question-18 From where do the following take in oxygen? (i) prawn (ii) rat. Solution: (i) Prawns take in oxygen that is dissolved in water. (ii) Rat takes in oxygen from the atmosphere. Question-19 State the function of epiglottis. Solution: Epiglottis prevents the food from entering into the trachea. Question-20 Solution: The walls of trachea do not collapse when there is less air in it, because, they are supported by rings of cartilage. Question-21 Solution: Nutrition is the sum of all those activities which are concerned with ingestion, digestion, absorption of digested food, egestion, oxidation of simple food to produce energy for growth, development and maintenance of living organism. Question-22 Solution: Energy is required by an organism even during sleep because various biological processes keep on occurring in its body. Question-23 Define photolysis. Solution: The phenomenon of breaking down of water in the illuminated chloroplast is known as photolysis. Question-24 What are the living organisms that cannot make their own food called? Solution: The living organisms that cannot make their own food called heterotrophs. Question-25 What are chemotrophs? Solution: Chemotrophs are organisms, which do not require light. They manufacture their food from inorganic substances in the presence of energy derived from the oxidation of simple inorganic compounds of iron, sulphur, etc. e.g. bacterium Nitrosomonas. What is compensation point? Solution:

The compensation point is the amount of light on the light curve where the rate of photosynthesis exactly matches the rate of respiration. At this point, the uptake of CO 2 through photosynthetic pathways is exactly matched to the respiratory release of carbon dioxide, and the uptake of O 2 by respiration is exactly matched to the photosynthetic release of oxygen. This point is reached during early mornings and late evenings.

Other than chlorophyll, which other pigment is necessary for photosynthesis? Solution: Carotenoids are the pigments, which are necessary for photosynthesis other than chlorophyll. Carotenoids are yellow, orange, red or brown pigments, which absorb sunlight and pass this energy on to chlorophyll for the purpose of photosynthesis. Thus, the carotenoids themselves do not carry out photosynthesis but help in photosynthesis. Question-28 Where does digestion begin? Solution: Digestion begins from the mouth. Question-29 What is the name given to the process of using the absorbed food for producing energy? Solution: The name given to the process of using the absorbed food for producing energy is assimilation. Question-30 What happens to visible light of the Sun when it falls on chlorophyll? Solution: Visible light of the Sun consists of seven colours, namely, violet, indigo, blue, green, yellow, orange and red. Out of these lights of different wave lengths, chlorophyll absorbs mainly blue, violet, red and orange lights but does not absorb the green light. It is due to the reflection of green light by the chlorophyll that the plant looks green in colour.

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NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 6 Life Processes

Chapter 6 Life Processes Class 10 NCERT Solutions

Ncert solutions for class 10 science chapters:.

How does amoeba engulf its food?

Which part of the roots is involved in exchange of respiratory gases, define photolysis., what are chemotrophs, what is the mode of nutrition in fungi, contact form.

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What are life processes?

Last updated at April 16, 2024 by Teachoo

What are Life Processes?

The living organisms carry out certain basic functions which ensure their existence . 

These processes can be Digestion, Respiration, Transportation, Excretion, Locomotion (movement) etc. 

Such processes are called Life Processes .  

Life processes are necessary to maintain the life of the organism. 

Need for Life Processes:

• The ultimate goal of a human body is:
• To ensure the existence of the organism
• To prevent damage and breakdown of the body 

In order to achieve this goal, the organism requires energy.

Energy is 

• Acquired by Nutrition
• Absorbed by Digestion
• Broken down by oxygen acquired through Respiration
• Carried to the rest of the body by Transportation
• We get rid of waste by Excretion

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NCERT Exemplar Class 10 Science Solutions for Chapter 6 - Life Processes

Ncert exemplar solutions class 10 science chapter 6 – free pdf download.

NCERT Exemplar Solutions Class 10 Science Chapter 6 Life Processes are premier study material required for the students to score good marks in Class 10 CBSE examinations as well as to avoid difficulty in understanding the concepts to be taught in higher secondary and graduation courses. The Class 10 Exemplar provided here consists of MCQs, fill in the blanks, practice questions, value-based questions, and previous years’ questions on Life Processes.

Class 10 Science Chapter 6 mainly deals with the maintenance processes in living organisms. In this chapter, students will learn to identify vital life processes and understand different types of nutrition as well as the respiratory organs and their mechanism, excretion, digestion, etc. To make learning more interesting and easy, we provide NCERT Exemplar for Class 10 Science Chapter 6 – Life Processes in PDF here.

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Access Answers to NCERT Exemplar Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 6 – Life Processes

Multiple-choice questions.

1. Which of the following statements about autotrophs is incorrect?

(a) They synthesise carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water in the presence of sunlight and chlorophyll

(b) They store carbohydrates in the form of starch

(c) They convert carbon dioxide and water into carbohydrates in the absence of sunlight

(d) They constitute the first trophic level in food chains

The answer is (c) They convert carbon dioxide and water into carbohydrates in the absence of sunlight

Explanation:

They need sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into carbohydrates.

2. In which of the following groups of organisms, food material is broken down outside the body and absorbed?

(a) Mushroom, green plants, Amoeba

(b) Yeast, mushroom, bread mould

(c) Paramecium, Amoeba, Cuscuta

(d) Cuscuta, lice, tapeworm

The answer is (b) Yeast, mushroom, bread mould

Yeast, mushroom and bread moulds are saprophytes, and Saprophytes break the food material outside their body and absorbed it.

3. Select the correct statement

(a) Heterotrophs do not synthesise their own food

(b) Heterotrophs utilise solar energy for photosynthesis

(c) Heterotrophs synthesise their own food

(d) Heterotrophs are capable of converting carbon dioxide and water into carbohydrates

The answer is (a) Heterotrophs do not synthesise their own food

Heterotrophs are either dependent on Phototrophs or other organisms for their food.

4. Which is the correct sequence of parts in the human alimentary canal?

(a) Mouth → stomach → small intestine → oesophagus → large intestine

(b) Mouth →oesophagus → stomach → large intestine → small intestine

(c) Mouth → stomach → oesophagus → small intestine → large intestine

(d) Mouth → oesophagus → stomach → small intestine → large intestine

The answer is (d) Mouth → oesophagus → stomach → small intestine → large intestine

5. If salivary amylase is lacking in the saliva, which of the following events in the mouth cavity will be affected?

(a) Proteins breaking down into amino acids

(b) Starch breaking down into sugars

(c) Fats breaking down into fatty acids and glycerol

(d) Absorption of vitamins

The answer is (b) Starch breaking down into sugars

The Salivary Amylase enzyme present in the saliva breaks down Starch into simpler sugar and helps in digesting them. Hence the breakdown of starch will be affected if salivary amylase is lacking in the saliva.

6. The inner lining of the stomach is protected by one of the following from hydrochloric acid. Choose the correct one (a) Pepsin

(c) Salivary amylase

The answer is (b) Mucus

7. Which part of the alimentary canal receives bile from the liver?

(a) Stomach

(b) Small intestine

(c) Large intestine

(d) Oesophagus

The answer is (b) Small intestine

Bile goes to the small intestine from the gall bladder through hepta pancreatic duct.

8. A few drops of iodine solution were added to rice water. The solution turned blue-black in colour. This indicates that rice water contains

(a) complex proteins

(b) simple proteins

The answer is (d) starch

Explanation

Starch is made up of two components Amylose and Amylopectin. When we add iodine to starch-containing water Amylose reacts with iodine to form a blue colour complex. Here solution gives blue-black colour on adding Iodine which confirms the presence of starch in the rice water.

9. In which part of the alimentary canal is food finally digested?

(b) Mouth cavity

(d) Small intestine

The answer is (d) Small intestine

Although the primary digestion process is conducted in mouth and stomach most of the digestion process occurs in the small intestine and large intestine digestion process will not take place.

10. Choose the function of the pancreatic juice from the following

(a) trypsin digests proteins and lipase carbohydrates

(b) trypsin digests emulsified fats and lipase proteins

(c) trypsin and lipase digest fats

(d) trypsin digests proteins and lipase emulsified fats

The answer is (d) trypsin digests proteins and lipase emulsified fats

Trypsin breaks down proteins into polypeptides and Lipase digest emulsified fat molecules into fatty acids and glycerol.

11. When air is blown from the mouth into a test-tube containing lime water, the lime water is turned milky due to the presence of

(b) carbon dioxide

(c) nitrogen

(d) water vapour

The answer is (b) carbon dioxide

Carbon dioxide reacts with lime water and turns the lime water milky.

12. The correct sequence of anaerobic reactions in yeast is

The answer is d)

In Yeast cytoplasm, Glucose is breakdown in anaerobic condition to produce Pyruvate which is further breakdown to Ethanol and carbon-di-oxide

13. Which of the following is most appropriate for aerobic respiration?

Soln: Answer is Option (B)

14. Which of the following statement(s) is (are) true about respiration?

(i) During inhalation, ribs move inward and diaphragm is raised

(ii) In the alveoli, exchange of gases takes place i.e., oxygen from alveolar air diffuses into blood and carbon dioxide from the blood into the alveolar air

(iii) Haemoglobin has a greater affinity for carbon dioxide than oxygen

(iv) Alveoli increase surface area for exchange of gases

(a) (i) and (iv)

(b) (ii) and (iii)

(c) (i) and (iii)

(d) (ii) and (iv)

The answer is (d) (ii) and (iv)

Statement i) is wrong because ribs move outward and the diaphragm is lowered during inhalation. Similarly Option iii) is wrong because Hemoglobin has greater affinity for Oxygen than CO 2.

15. Which is the correct sequence of air passage during inhalation?

(a) Nostrils →larynx →pharynx →trachea →lungs

(b) Nasal passage →trachea →pharynx →larynx →alveoli

(c) larynx →nostrils →pharynx →lungs

(d) Nostrils →pharynx →larynx →trachea →alveoli

The answer is (d) Nostrils →pharynx →larynx →trachea→alveoli

Air enter respiratory system through nostrils, passes to pharynx, larynx, trachea and then to alveoli. After inhalation diaphragm and intercoastal muscles contract along with expansion of thoracic muscles which creates enough space for the air to enter into the lungs.

16. During respiration exchange of gases take place in

(a) trachea and larynx

(b) alveoli of lungs

(c) alveoli and throat

(d) throat and larynx

The answer is (b) alveoli of lungs

Trachea, Larynx provide a passage for the movement of air. Gas exchange takes place in Alveoli of lungs. From alveoli, oxygen diffuses into blood and Carbon-di-oxide exhaled out of blood.

17. Which of the following statement (s) is (are) true about the heart?

(i) The left atrium receives oxygenated blood from different parts of the body while the right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from lungs

(ii) Left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to different body parts while right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to lungs

(iii) Left atrium transfers oxygenated blood to the right ventricle which sends it to different body parts

(iv) The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from different parts of the body while the left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to different parts of the body

(c) (ii) and (iv)

(d) (i) and (iii)

The answer is (c) (ii) and (iv)

Oxygenated blood circulates through the left part of the heart whereas deoxygenated blood circulates through the right part of the heart. Atrium receives blood and ventricle pumps the blood out of the heart.

18. What prevents backflow of blood inside the heart during contraction?

(a) Valves in heart

(b) Thick muscular walls of ventricles

(c) Thin walls of atria

(d) All of the above

The answer is (a) Valves in the heart

Walls in the heart are responsible for only pumping of the blood and they are not responsible for blocking backflow of blood inside the heart during contraction.

19. Single circulation i.e., blood flows through the heart only once during one cycle of passage through the body, is exhibited by

(a) Labeo, Chameleon, Salamander

(b) Hippocampus, Exocoetus, Anabas

(c) Hyla, Rana, Draco

(d) Whale, Dolphin, Turtle

The answer is (b) Hippocampus, Exocoetus, Anabas

In Option a) Chameleon is a reptile and Salamander is an amphibian which has 3 chambered hearts and shows partial double circulation. In Option c) all are Amphibians and they show partial double circulation. In option d) Whale is a mammal, but a turtle is a reptile hence option d) is wrong.

20. In which of the following vertebrate group/groups, the heart does not pump oxygenated blood to different parts of the body?

(a) Pisces and amphibians

(b) Amphibians and reptiles

(c) Amphibians only

(d) Pisces only

The answer is (d) Pisces only

This is because of the single circulation where deoxygenated blood from all part of the body is pumped into the heart. From the heart, it is pumped to gills where it gets oxygenated and gets transferred to all parts of the body. Hence it proves Pisces will not receive oxygenated blood.

21. Choose the correct statement that describes arteries.

(a) They have thick elastic walls, blood flows under high pressure; collect blood from different organs and bring it back to the heart

(b) They have thin walls with valves inside, blood flows under low pressure and carries blood away from the heart to various organs of the body

(c) They have thick elastic walls, blood flows under low pressure; carry blood from the heart to various organs of the body

(d) They have thick elastic walls without valves inside, blood flows under high pressure and carry blood away from the heart to different parts of the body.

The answer is (d) They have thick elastic walls without valves inside, blood flows under high pressure and carries blood away from the heart to different parts of the body.

22. The filtration units of kidneys are called

(b) urethra

(c) neurons

(d) nephrons

The answer is (d) nephrons

Nephron is called as the functional unit of the kidney. It helps in removing the waste products and excess substances from our body.

23. Oxygen liberated during photosynthesis comes from

(b) chlorophyll

(c) carbon dioxide

(d) glucose

The answer is (a) water

During photosynthesis, water molecule splits to produce Oxygen and Hydrogen Ions. Oxygen is expelled out of plants and Hydrogen is used to reduce Carbon-di-oxide to produce carbohydrates.

24. The blood leaving the tissues becomes richer in

(a) carbon dioxide

(c) haemoglobin

The answer is (a) carbon dioxide

Because of respiration Carbon-di-oxide gets accumulated in tissues. Hence blood leaving the tissues becomes richer in Carbon-di-oxide.

25. Which of the following is an incorrect statement?

(a) Organisms grow with time

(b) Organisms must repair and maintain their structure

(c) Movement of molecules does not take place among cells

(d) Energy is essential for life processes

The answer is (c) Movement of molecules does not take place among cells

Movement of molecule is a vital process. Movement of molecules in cells take place in active and passive modes such as Diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion etc.

26. The internal (cellular) energy reserve in autotrophs is

(a) glycogen

(b) protein

(d) fatty acid

The answer is (c) starch

Glycogen is the stored energy in animals, Plants stores energy in the form of Starch.

27. Which of the following equations is the summary of photosynthesis?

(a) 6CO 2 + 12H2O → C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 + 6H 2 O

(b) 6CO 2 +H 2 O + Sunlight→C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 + 6H 2 O

(c) 6CO 2 + 12H 2 O + Chlorophyll + Sunlight→ C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O2 + 6H 2 O

(d) 6CO 2 + 12H 2 O + Chlorophyll + Sunlight→ C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O

Answer is (c) 6CO 2 + 12H 2 O + Chlorophyll + Sunlight→ C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 + 6H 2 O

Option a does not show the factors responsible for photosynthesis. Option b) is not a balanced equation. Option d) is wrong as it has CO2 in the products.

28. Choose the event that does not occur in photosynthesis

(a) Absorption of light energy by chlorophyll

(b) Reduction of carbon dioxide to carbohydrates

(c) Oxidation of carbon to carbon dioxide

(d) Conversion of light energy to chemical energy

Answer is (c) Oxidation of carbon to carbon dioxide

29. The opening and closing of the stomatal pore depend upon

(b) temperature

(c) water in guard cells

(d) concentration of CO2 in stomata

The answer is (c) water in guard cells

Opening of guard cells is facilitated by the entry of water inside guard cells. This makes the guard cell turgid. The closing of guard cells is facilitated by water coming out of guard cells. This will make the guard cells flaccid.

30. Choose the forms in which most plants absorb nitrogen

(i) Proteins

(ii) Nitrates and Nitrites

(iv) Atmospheric nitrogen

(a) (i) and (ii)

(c) (iii) and (iv)

(d) (i) and (iv)

The answer is (b) (ii) and (iii)

Plants cannot absorb atmospheric Nitrogen. They can absorb Nitrogen in the form of Nitrates, Nitrites and Urea present in the soil.

31. Which is the first enzyme to mix with food in the digestive tract?

(b) Cellulase

(c) Amylase

(d) Trypsin

Answer is (c) Amylase

Amylase is secreted in mouth and acts on the starch to convert into simpler molecules. Hence Amylase is the first enzyme to mix with food in the digestive tract.

32. Which of the following statement(s) is (are) correct?

(i) Pyruvate can be converted into ethanol and carbon dioxide by yeast

(ii) Fermentation takes place in aerobic bacteria

(iii) Fermentation takes place in mitochondria

(iv) Fermentation is a form of anaerobic respiration

(a) (i) and (iii)

(b) (ii) and (iv)

(c) (i) and (iv)

(d) (ii) and (iii)

The answer is(c) (i) and (iv)

Fermentation is carried out by anaerobes in the cytoplasm. Hence option ii) and iii) are wrong.

33. Lack of oxygen in muscles often leads to cramps among cricketers. This results due to

(a) conversion of pyruvate to ethanol

(b) conversion of pyruvate to glucose

(c) non-conversion of glucose to pyruvate

(d) conversion of pyruvate to lactic acid

The answer is (d) conversion of pyruvate to lactic acid

The breakdown of Pyruvate in the presence of oxygen takes place in mitochondria leading to the formation of Lactic acid. Due to workout oxygen is used for the production of energy leading to the lack of oxygen and production of lactic acid.

34. Choose the correct path of urine in our body

(a) kidney → ureter → urethra → urinary bladder

(b) kidney → urinary bladder → urethra → ureter

(c) kidney → ureters → urinary bladder → urethra

(d) urinary bladder → kidney → ureter → urethra

Answer is (c) kidney → ureters → urinary bladder → urethra

Urine from nephron is brought to the collecting duct of kidneys where the urine enters the ureters. There are 2 ureters, each opening from one kidney into the urinary bladder. The urinary bladder stores urine and its size increases as the amount of urine collected increases. When the CNS gives a voluntary message the muscles of bladder contract and the bladder sphincter relaxes thus excreting urine out through the urethra.

35. During deficiency of oxygen in tissues of human beings, pyruvic acid is converted into lactic acid in the

(a) cytoplasm

(b) chloroplast

(c) mitochondria

(d) Golgi body

Answer is (a) cytoplasm

When there is lack of oxygen Breakdown of Pyruvate takes place in the cytoplasm of muscle cells leading to the formation of Lactic acid.

Short Answer Questions

36. Name the following

(a) The process in plants that links light energy with chemical energy

(b) Organisms that can prepare their own food

(c) The cell organelle where photosynthesis occurs

(d) Cells that surround a stomatal pore

(e) Organisms that cannot prepare their own food

(f) An enzyme secreted from gastric glands in the stomach that acts on proteins.

• Photosynthesis
• Chloroplasts
• Guard cells
• Heterotrophs

37. “All plants give out oxygen during day and carbon dioxide during the night”. Do you agree with this statement? Give reason.

The statement is wrong because plants respire every time and expel out Carbon-di-oxide every time but they give out oxygen only in the daytime as the photosynthesis process can take place only in the presence of sunlight.

38. How do the guard cells regulate the opening and closing of stomatal pores?

Opening of guard cells is facilitated by the entry of water inside guard cells. This make the guard cell turgid. The closing of guard cells is facilitated by water coming out of guard cells. This will make the guard cells flaccid.

Entry of water inside guard cells will make the cell turgid leading to the opening of stomata. Similarly, the cell becomes flaccid when water comes out of guard cells, this leads to the closing of the stomata.

39. Two green plants are kept separately in oxygen-free containers, one in the dark and the other in continuous light. Which one will live longer? Give reasons.

The plant kept in continuous light live longer because plants release CO 2 during respiration. In the case of the plant kept in the dark, CO 2 resulting in lack of oxygen and the plant will die earlier.

40. If a plant is releasing carbon dioxide and taking in oxygen during the day, does it mean that there is no photosynthesis occurring? Justify your answer.

If a plant is releasing carbon dioxide and taking in oxygen during the day means plant is respiring; it does not mean that there is no photosynthesis occurring in the plant. This is because Photosynthesis and respiration are two independent processes.

41. Why do fishes die when taken out of water?

Fishes can respire only by using dissolved oxygen. When we take fish out of the water it cannot respire due to lack of dissolved oxygen and they die.

42. Differentiate between an autotroph and a heterotroph

43. Is ‘nutrition’ a necessity for an organism? Discuss.

Nutrition is an absolute necessity for the organisms because nutrition provides energy for carrying out metabolic activities.

44. What would happen if green plants disappear from earth?

Green plants are the sources of energy for all the heterotrophs on earth. Plants convert solar and chemical energy into viable food sources. If plants get disappeared from the earth, it leads to an imbalance in the ecosystem and heterotrophs may die without food.

45. Leaves of a healthy potted plant were coated with vaseline. Will this plant remain healthy for long? Give reasons for your answer.

Coating vaseline to the leaves of a healthy plant will clog its stomata pores and stops the respiration of plants and the plants die.

46. How does aerobic respiration differ from anaerobic respiration?

47. Match the words of Column (A) with that of Column (B)

48. Differentiate between an artery and a vein.

Artery has thick walls whereas Veins has thin walls.

Arteries carry blood away from the heart but veins carry blood to the heart.

In arteries valves are absent and in veins they are present

In arteries, blood flows under pressure but in veins, there will be no pressure.

49. What are the adaptations of leaf for photosynthesis?

Adaptation of leaf for photosynthesis are as follows

• The surface of the leaf is flat to allow greater exposure of light.
• Presence of chlorophyll to trap sunlight
• Presence of stomata on the lower surface for easy transpiration

50. Why is small intestine in herbivores longer than in carnivores?

Food of herbivores contains mostly cellulose. To digest cellulose herbivores need help of certain bacteria. To accommodate the microbes and to facilitate digestion of food herbivores has longer small intestine than carnivores.

51. What will happen if the mucus is not secreted by the gastric glands?

Mucus prevent the inner lining of the stomach from HCL. Mucus prevents drying of the inner lining of the stomach. Mucus helps in easy movement of food particles through the digestive system. If the mucus is not secreted food will not easily be moved through the digestive system. HCL will damage the stomach lining and the digestion process will not take place.

52. What is the significance of the emulsification of fats?

Emulsification is a process of breakage of larger fats molecules into digestible fat globules. Emulsification aids action enzymes on fats by breaking larger fat molecules.

53. What causes movement of food inside the alimentary canal?

Peristalsis is the process that cause movement of food inside the alimentary canal.

54. Why does the absorption of digested food occur mainly in the small intestine?

Small intestine has specialized structures that facilitate the absorption of digested food. Small intestine has several folds that increase the area of absorption. Small intestine also has fingerlike projection called microvilli which are richly supplied by blood vessels.

55. Match Group (A) with Group (B)

56. Why is the rate of breathing in aquatic organisms much faster than in terrestrial organisms?

Rate of breathing in aquatic organisms much faster than in terrestrial organisms because the availability of oxygen is less in water than on land, hence to obtain required oxygen aquatic organisms has to work hard.

57. Why is blood circulation in the human heart called double circulation?

In Humans blood flow in two directions simultaneously in one cardiac cycle. Oxygenated blood comes to the heart from the lungs and at the same time, de-oxygenated blood goes from Heart towards the lungs. Because of this double movement is blood circulation in the human heart called double circulation.

58. What is the advantage of having a four-chambered heart?

Four chambered heart has the following advantages

• Clear cut division of labours among different chambers
• Segregation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood in the heart.
• Efficiency of the heart will increase.

59. Mention the major events during photosynthesis

Major events of Photosynthesis are

• Absorption of light energy by chlorophyll
• Conversion of light energy into chemical energy
• Splitting of water molecules into Hydrogen and Oxygen
• Reduction of CO2 to form carbohydrates.

60. In each of the following situations what happens to the rate of photosynthesis?

(a) Cloudy days

(b) No rainfall in the area

(c) Good manuring in the area

(d) Stomata get blocked due to dust

• Rate of photosynthesis will reduce due to the availability of sunlight.
• Rainfall will not affect the rate of Photosynthesis
• Manuring will not affect the rate of Photosynthesis
• Blockage of stomata will reduce the rate of photosynthesis because blockage will affect availability pf Carbon-di-oxide.

61. Name the energy currency in the living organisms. When and where is it produced?

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the energy currency in the living organisms. It is produced in Mitochondria during respiration.

62. What is common for Cuscuta, ticks and leeches?

These all are parasite. They live on or inside another body to obtain food from the host. In obtaining food parasites always harm their host.

63. Explain the role of the mouth in digestion of food.

Role of mouth in digestion of food.

• Ingestion of food
• Breakage of food by Mastication
• Saliva aids easy swallowing of food
• Salivary amylase breaks starch into simpler carbohydrates.

64. What are the functions of gastric glands present in the wall of the stomach?

Hydrochloric acid, pepsin and mucus are secreted by gastric gland present in the stomach. They have following functions.

HCL Kills germs present in the food and it decreases P H of the stomach which is essential for the working of digestive enzymes.

Pepsin digests protein.

Mucus protects the stomach’s inner line from HCL.

65. Match the terms in Column (A) with those in Column (B)

66. Name the correct substrates for the following enzymes

(a) Trypsin

(b) Amylase

67. Why do veins have thin walls as compared to arteries?

Blood flow through veins does not exert pressure on walls of veins hence they have thin walls. Blood flow in arteries exerts high pressure on arterial walls hence they need thick walls.

68. What will happen if platelets were absent in the blood?

Platelets are responsible for the clotting of the blood. If platelets are absent blood will not clot. In case of injuries, blood flow cannot be stopped without clotting and this may prove fatal for the person.

69. Plants have low energy needs as compared to animals. Explain.

Most of the transport in plants occurs through passive transport which does not require energy and plants standstill at one place and they will not travel in search of food Hence Plants require low energy compared to animals.

70. Why and how does water enter continuously into the root xylem?

Water should enter the root xylem continuously to assist the various process such as photosynthesis. Continuous flow of water into root xylem is due to transpiration pull.

71. Why is transpiration important for plants?

Transpiration is important for plants because of the following reasons.

(a) It creates transpiration pull to facilitate the ascent of sap.

(b) Ascent of sap is necessary to make water available for photosynthesis.

(c) It helps a plant to get rid of excess water.

72. How do leaves of plants help in excretion?

Leaves plays an important role in excretion in plants because CO 2 is expelled out through pores of stomata present in the leaf. Plants shed leaves to get rid of excretory products deposited on them.

Long Answer Questions

73. Explain the process of nutrition in Amoeba.

Amoeba shows holozoic nutrition which is comprised of Ingestion, Digestion, Absorption, Assimilation and Egestion.

Ameoba traps food particles through fingerlike projections called pseudopodia. Pseudopodia present outside its body and helps in taking food along with water

Food vacuoles are made after ingesting the food. Enzymes are released in the food vacuole for digestion.

Absorption:

After digestion, nutrients enter the cytoplasm through osmosis.

Assimilation:

Nutrients are utilized by the cell for various purposes.

Food vacuole goes near the cell membrane to empty its contents outside the cell. This results in the expulsion of waste materials from the cell.

74. Describe the alimentary canal of man.

Human Alimentary canal has the following parts

Buccal Cavity:

Generally called as mouth and it consists of tongue, teeth and salivary gland. It is the entry site for the food to the digestive system. Food is breakdown into simpler molecules by mastication in the buccal cavity and salivary amylase breaks Starch into simpler carbohydrates in the Buccal cavity.

Oesophagus:

Buccal cavity is connected to the long tube-like structure called as Oesophagus. Oesophagus connects the buccal cavity to the stomach and assists the inflow of food towards the stomach. Oesophagus has a valve to prevent backflow of food particles.

Stomach is a J Shaped organ which has gastric glands in it. Gastric glands secrets Hydrochloric acid, Pepsin and Mucus that helps in the digestion of food.

Small Intestine:

Small intestine is highly coiled long structure. Small intestine performs major of the food absorption. Small intestine has specialized structures that facilitate the absorption of digested food. Small intestine has several folds that increase the area of absorption. Small intestine also has fingerlike projection called microvilli which are richly supplied by blood vessels.

Large Intestine :

This is shorter than the small intestine and its lumen is larger than that of Small intestine. The major function of the large intestine is to absorb water from the remaining indigestible food matter and transmit the useless waste material from the body.

Large Intestine open into rectum. Waste materials and undigested food are stored in the rectum.

It is the opening at the end of the alimentary canal. Solid waste materials leave the body through Anus.

75. Explain the process of breathing in man

Breathing in Humans has two processes 1) Inhalation 2) Exhalation

Inhalation:

Inhalation is the process of taking oxygen. During this process, ribs come out and the diaphragm moves down. This increases the volume of the lungs and decreases the pressure. This will make the air move towards the lungs.

Exhalation:

Exhalation is a process of throwing out carbon-dioxide. During this process, ribs go down and the diaphragm moves up. This decreases the volume of the lungs and increases the pressure. As a result, air moves out of the lungs.

76. Explain the importance of soil for plant growth.

Soil is very important for the growth of the plant for the following reasons.

• Soil provides the base for the growth of the plants and provides a platform for the penetration of roots.
• It acts as a reservoir of the water.
• Soil has different minerals essential for the growth of the plant. Soil is the only medium from which soil obtain nutrients.
• Soil has organic materials essential for the growth of the plants.
• Soil has microorganisms that have a symbiotic relationship with the plant and these microbes assist the plant in their growth and life processes.

77. Draw the diagram of the alimentary canal of man and label the following parts. Mouth, Oesophagus, Stomach, Intestine

78. How do carbohydrates, proteins and fats get digested in human beings?

Carbohydrate Digestion

Digestion of carbohydrates starts with buccal cavity where salivary enzymes break down the starch into simple sugar molecules. Other sugar molecules are breakdown to glucose in the small intestine.

Protein digestion

Proteins are partially digested by pepsin secreted by gastric glands present in the stomach. Then Pancreatic juice secrets trypsin and chymotrypsin enzymes in the small intestine where complete digestion of proteins takes place.

Fat Digestion

Fats are digested in the small intestine. Bile juice present in the liver emulsifies the fat which breaks fats into small globules. These small fat globules are converted into glycerol and fatty acids by Lipase enzyme.

79. Explain the mechanism of photosynthesis

Photosynthesis is a process by which plants produce their own food by utilizing sunlight, CO2 and water. CO@ and water are converted to carbohydrates with the evolution of oxygen. Photosynthesis reaction can be given by the following reaction.

6CO 2  + 6H 2 O Sunlight energy C 6 H 12 O 6  + 6O 2

Process of Photosynthesis is divided into 4 processes

• Reduction of CO2 to produce carbohydrates

80. Explain the three pathways of breakdown in living organisms.

Glucose is first broken down to 3 carbon molecule called pyruvate. This process takes place in the cytoplasm of all organisms. Pyruvate is further broken down by the flowing steps.

Pyruvate is broken down in the absence of oxygen and the process is called anaerobic respiration. In yeasts, pyruvate is broken down to produce CO 2 and ethanol.

In Muscle Cells:

During rigorous physical activity, the energy demand of our muscles cells increases rapidly. This is compensated by anaerobic respiration in muscle cells. In muscle cells, pyruvate is broken down into lactic acid.

In Mitochondria:

In case of aerobic respiration( in presence of oxygen) pyruvate is broken down in mitochondria. Here Pyruvate is broken down to produce H 2 O and CO 2. Aerobic respiration is most common in most of the organisms.

81. Describe the flow of blood through the heart of human beings

• Deoxygenated blood from different organs comes to the right atrium through the vena cava.

• From the right atrium, blood goes to the right ventricle. The tricuspid valve between the right atrium and right ventricle prevents the backflow of blood.

• From the right ventricle, blood goes to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. Inside the lungs, carbon dioxide is removed from the blood and oxygen enters the blood.

• From the lungs, blood goes to the left atrium through the pulmonary vein.

• From the left atrium, blood goes to the left ventricle.

• From the left ventricle, blood is pumped into the aorta so that it can be supplied to different organs.

82. Describe the process of urine formation in kidneys

The basic filtration unit in the kidneys is a cluster of very thin-walled blood capillaries. Each capillary cluster in the kidney is associated with the cup-shaped end of a coiled tube called Bowman’s capsule that collects the filtrate (Fig. 6.14). Each kidney has large numbers of these filtration units called nephrons packed close together.

Some substances in the initial filtrate, such as glucose, amino acids, salts and a major amount of water, are selectively re-absorbed as the urine flows along the tube. The amount of water re-absorbed depends on how much

excess water is there in the body and on how much of dissolved waste there is to be excreted. The urine forming in each kidney eventually enters a long tube, the ureter, which connects the kidneys with the urinary bladder.

Urine is stored in the urinary bladder until the pressure of the expanded bladder leads to the urge to pass it out through the urethra. The bladder is muscular, so it is under nervous control.

Class 10 Science Chapter 6 Life Processes NCERT Exemplar

These Exemplars will help students gain insights into all the important chapter questions as well as develop a better understanding of each topic. Additionally, using these exemplars will enable students to study effectively and be well-prepared to answer any type of question that can be asked in the board exam.

Class 10 Science NCERT Life Process Important Topics

• What Is Life Process?
• Autotrophic Nutrition
• Heterotrophic Nutrition
• How Do Organisms Obtain Their Nutrition?
• Nutrition in Human Beings
• Respiration
• Transportation
• Excretion in Human Beings
• Excretion in Plants

NCERT Exemplar Solutions, provided on BYJU’S website, will boost your exam preparation by providing you with the additional knowledge required to understand the concepts clearly. Students are recommended to study these Exemplar Solutions and NCERT Solutions thoroughly to excel in CBSE Class 10 examination. To score good marks in the Class 10 examinations, students can access and download the study materials provided at BYJU’S in PDFs for free. To access the study material, you can visit BYJU’S website or download BYJU’S  – The Learning App.

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