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8 amazing physics projects you should try in class 11

• April 21, 2024

List of 8 Physics projects you should try in class 11

1. simple pendulum experiment, 2. young’s double slit experiment, 3. boyle’s law experiment, 4. newton’s second law experiment, 5. ohm’s law experiment, 6. photoelectric effect experiment, 7. doppler effect experiment, 8. hall effect experiment, 1. what is the photoelectric effect experiment, 2. what is the significance of the photoelectric effect experiment, 3. what is the doppler effect experiment, 4. what is the significance of the doppler effect experiment, 5. what is the hall effect experiment, 6. what is the significance of the hall effect experiment, 7. what skills can students develop by conducting these experiments, 8. what is the role of physics in our understanding of the natural world, 9. how can educators incorporate these experiments into their curricula.

Physics is a fascinating subject that deals with the study of matter, energy, and the fundamental laws that govern the behavior of the universe. Class 11 is a crucial year for physics students as it lays the foundation for their future studies. During this time, students start exploring the practical aspects of physics and apply their theoretical knowledge to real-life situations. In this article, we will delve deeper into eight amazing physics projects that class 11 students can try.

The simple pendulum experiment is a classic experiment that can be performed in class 11 physics. A simple pendulum consists of a weight suspended from a string or wire. The experiment involves measuring the time period of the pendulum’s oscillations, which is the time it takes for the pendulum to complete one full swing. This time period is affected by the length of the pendulum and the acceleration due to gravity.

The simple pendulum experiment can be conducted with a variety of materials, such as a metal bob, a wooden ball, or a plastic sphere. Additionally, the experiment can be modified to include damping effects, such as air resistance or friction, by attaching a small piece of felt or sandpaper to the string. This can cause the pendulum to slow down over time and exhibit a damping oscillation.

Furthermore, students can explore the use of simple pendulums in modern technologies, such as clocks and seismometers. Pendulum clocks use a pendulum to regulate the movement of the clock’s gears, while seismometers use a pendulum to detect earthquakes and other ground vibrations.

The Young’s double slit experiment is another classic experiment in physics that can be conducted in class 11. The experiment involves shining a beam of light through two narrow slits, creating an interference pattern on a screen placed behind the slits. This pattern is created when the waves of light from each slit interfere with each other constructively and destructively, creating bright and dark fringes on the screen.

Young’s double slit experiment can be conducted with a variety of light sources, such as lasers, LEDs, or incandescent bulbs. Additionally, the experiment can be modified to include different types of slits, such as rectangular or circular, or to use different types of screens, such as frosted glass or photographic paper.

Furthermore, students can explore the use of double slit experiments in modern technologies, such as spectroscopy and interferometry. Spectroscopy uses the interference pattern created by a double slit to measure the wavelengths of light emitted by a sample, while interferometry uses the interference pattern to make precise measurements of distance or angle.

Boyle’s law is a fundamental law of physics that describes the relationship between the pressure and volume of a gas. The law states that the pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to its volume at a constant temperature.

The Boyle’s law experiment can be conducted with a variety of gases, such as air, helium, or carbon dioxide . Additionally, the experiment can be modified to include different types of containers, such as balloons or syringes, or to use different pressure and volume sensors, such as manometers for pressure gauges.

Furthermore, students can explore the applications of gas laws in modern technologies, such as

gas turbines and refrigeration systems. Gas turbines use the expansion of gases to generate power, while refrigeration systems use the compression and expansion of gases to transfer heat and cool spaces.

Newton’s second law is a fundamental law of physics that describes the relationship between force, mass, and acceleration. The law states that the force acting on an object is equal to its mass multiplied by its acceleration.

Newton’s second law experiment can be conducted with a variety of objects, such as toy cars, carts, or weights. Additionally, the experiment can be modified to include different types of surfaces, such as frictionless or rough surfaces, or to use different types of force sensors, such as spring scales or dynamometers.

Furthermore, students can explore the applications of Newton’s second law in modern technologies, such as transportation and aerospace. Newton’s second law is used to design vehicles, rockets, and aircraft, and to calculate their performance and efficiency.

Ohm’s law is a fundamental law of physics that describes the relationship between voltage, current, and resistance in an electrical circuit. The law states that the current flowing through a conductor is directly proportional to the voltage across it and inversely proportional to its resistance.

The Ohm’s law experiment can be conducted with a variety of materials, such as wires, resistors, or light bulbs. Additionally, the experiment can be modified to include different types of circuits, such as series or parallel circuits, or to use different types of voltage and current sensors, such as multimeters or ammeters.

Furthermore, students can explore the applications of Ohm’s law in modern technologies, such as electronics and power systems. Ohm’s law is used to design and analyze circuits, to calculate the power and efficiency of electrical devices, and to ensure their safety and reliability.

The photoelectric effect is a phenomenon where electrons are emitted from a material when it is exposed to light of a certain frequency or above. The experiment involves using a vacuum tube, a photoelectric cell, and a power supply.

The Photoelectric Effect Experiment can be conducted by first setting up the vacuum tube and photoelectric cell, and then connecting them to the power supply. The vacuum tube contains a metal plate, while the photoelectric cell has a metal cathode and an anode. When light of a certain frequency is shone on the metal plate, electrons are emitted and travel to the cathode, creating a current that can be measured by the anode.

Furthermore, students can explore the applications of the photoelectric effect in other fields, such as solar energy, photocells, and photomultiplier tubes. The photoelectric effect is used to convert light energy into electrical energy and is essential for many modern technologies.

The Doppler effect is a phenomenon where the frequency of a wave appears to change when the source or observer is moving relative to each other. The effect is observed in many types of waves, such as sound, light, and radio waves, and has many practical applications, such as in radar and sonar systems.

The Doppler Effect Experiment can be conducted using a source of sound or light, such as a speaker or a laser, and a detector, such as a microphone or a photodiode. The source and detector are placed at a fixed distance from each other, and the frequency of the source is varied by changing its distance or velocity.

Furthermore, students can explore the applications of the Doppler effect in other fields, such as astronomy, medicine, and transportation. The Doppler effect is used to measure the motion and properties of celestial objects, such as stars and galaxies, and is used in medical imaging techniques, such as ultrasound and MRI. Additionally, the Doppler effect is used in speed guns and radar systems for traffic control and law enforcement.

The Hall effect is a phenomenon where a voltage is generated perpendicular to a current flow in a material when it is exposed to a magnetic field. The effect is observed in many types of materials, such as semiconductors and metals, and has many practical applications, such as in sensors and transistors.

The Hall Effect Experiment can be conducted using a sample of material, a power supply, a magnet, and a voltmeter. The sample is connected to the power supply and the voltmeter, and a magnetic field is applied perpendicular to the current flow. The voltage generated by the Hall effect can be measured by the voltmeter.

Furthermore, students can explore the applications of the Hall effect in other fields, such as automotive and aerospace engineering. The Hall effect is used in sensors for detecting magnetic fields, such as in compasses and position sensors for robotics and automotive applications. Additionally, the Hall effect is used in transistors and other electronic devices for controlling and amplifying electrical signals.

In conclusion, these eight physics projects are a great way for students in class 11 to explore and understand various concepts of physics. By conducting these experiments, students can gain hands-on experience and develop their problem-solving and analytical skills. These projects also provide an opportunity for students to explore the applications of physics in modern technology and industries.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

The Photoelectric Effect Experiment is a physics experiment that demonstrates the effect of light on the movement of electrons in a metal.

The Photoelectric Effect Experiment is significant because it helped to establish the wave-particle duality of light, and led to the development of quantum mechanics.

The Doppler Effect Experiment is a physics experiment that demonstrates the change in frequency of a wave due to the relative motion of the source and the observer.

The Doppler Effect Experiment is significant because it has practical applications in fields such as astronomy, medical imaging, and radar technology.

The Hall Effect Experiment is a physics experiment that demonstrates the effect of a magnetic field on the movement of electrons in a conductor.

The Hall Effect Experiment is significant because it has practical applications in fields such as sensing magnetic fields, robotics, and automotive engineering.

By conducting these experiments, students can develop skills such as critical thinking, problem-solving, and experimental design.

Physics helps us to understand the fundamental principles that govern the behavior of the natural world, from the smallest subatomic particles to the largest structures in the universe.

Educators can incorporate these experiments into their curricula by providing students with hands-on learning opportunities, encouraging them to ask questions and explore new ideas.

10. What is the potential impact of these experiments on students’ long-term learning and career paths?

By engaging in these experiments, students can develop a lifelong love of learning and gain exposure to exciting and rewarding career opportunities in fields such as physics, engineering, and technology.

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[Updated] CBSE Class 11 Physics Lab Manual 2024-25 Session in PDF

The CBSE Class 11 Physics Lab Manual offers students dependable and trustworthy notes to excel in their examinations. These comprehensive resources cover a range of experiments, along with the relevant theorems, laws, and numerical data, facilitating a deep understanding of the concepts. Students need to familiarize themselves with the theories and rules associated with each experiment before conducting them. To aid in this process, we offer a PDF version of the Class 11 Physics Lab Manual for practice, enabling students to achieve excellent scores in their final exams.

Before we discuss the Class 11 Lab Manual, let us check the CBSE Class 11 Summary. Below, we have mentioned the complete CBSE Class 11 Summary. The student is advised to check out to complete the summary.

Class 11 Physics Lab Manual

Below, we have mentioned the CBSE Physics Lab Manual for Class 11. Students have checked the complete Class 11 Physics Lab Manual in PDF for a great score in the final examination.

Example for Lab Manual

NOTE : The links below are for downloading the PDF Class 11 Physics Lab Manual.

Class 11 Physics Lab Manual Experiments

Class 11 Physics Lab Manual Projects

Class 11 Physics Lab Manual Practical Work

Class 11 Physics Syllabus

Check out the latest CBSE NCERT Class 11 Physics Syllabus. The syllabus is for the academic year 2024-25 sessions. First, check the CBSE Class 11 Physics Exam Pattern. Students should check the complete syllabus and exam pattern with the marking scheme.

Class 11 Physics Exam Pattern

In this Section, we have mentioned the Class 11 Physics Exam Pattern. Students can check the Class 11 Physics Exam Pattern for the academic year 2024-25.

NOTE:-  To know more information about the Class 11 Physics Syllabus

Class 11 Study Material

We have tried to bring CBSE Class 11 NCERT Study Materials like Syllabus, Worksheet, Sample Paper, NCERT Solutions, Important Books, Holiday Homework, Previous Year’s Question Papers, etc. You can visit all these important topics by clicking the links given.​

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Class 11 Physics Lab Experiments

Welcome to our comprehensive collection of Class 11 Physics Laboratory Experiments, complete with a detailed manual to guide you through each session. This curated list encompasses a range of experiments designed to provide students with hands-on experience in the fascinating realm of Physics engineering. The accompanying manual serves as an invaluable companion, offering a structured approach to each experiment, ensuring clarity in understanding the apparatus required, step-by-step procedures, meticulous observation guidelines, and a systematic recording of results.

Each experiment has been meticulously crafted to cover key concepts and principles, allowing students to apply theoretical knowledge to practical scenarios. The manual not only facilitates a smooth execution of the experiments but also includes viva questions to stimulate critical thinking and reinforce theoretical foundations. Whether you are a novice or an experienced learner, this compilation is a comprehensive resource that aims to enhance your understanding of Class 11 Physics phenomena through a structured and engaging laboratory experience.

Experiment list of Class 11 Physics Lab

• 1. Force of Limiting Friction and Normal Reaction Experiment
• 2. Simple Pendulum experiment to plot L-T graphs
• 3. Measurement of the weight of a given body (a wooden block) using the parallelogram law of vector addition
• 4. To determine mass of two different objects using a beam balance
• 5. To determine the radius of curvature of a given spherical surface by a spherometer
• 6. Screw gauge experiment to measure diameter of wire
• 7. Vernier callipers experiment to measure diameter of spherical or cylindrical body

Class 11 Physics Laboratory Programm Outcomes for the Students

This repository of Class 11 Physics lab experiments and its accompanying manual is a treasure trove for students delving into the world of Physics engineering. The manual provides a detailed roadmap for each experiment, outlining the required apparatus, step-by-step procedures, guidelines for observations, and a systematic format for recording results. The experiments cover a spectrum of topics, allowing learners to explore the intricacies of experiment fundamentals, devices, and phenomena. The inclusion of viva questions adds an interactive dimension, encouraging students to delve deeper into the theoretical underpinnings of each experiment and fostering a holistic understanding of the subject matter. Whether you are gearing up for examinations or simply seeking to deepen your practical knowledge, this collection promises a rewarding journey through the practical aspects of Physics engineering.

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Physics Practical Class 11: Get all the Necessary Help

• Physics Practicals

Expert Guidance Provided for Physics Practical Class 11 Exams

The Physics Practical Class 11 experiments for CBSE students are definitely a very important part of their academic year. The practical experiments help students to understand the concepts of physics better and develop analytical skills. CBSE has designed the physics practical syllabus to be conducted in different experiments spread across two sections.

In the first term, students learn experiments related to physical quantities and measurement, motion in one and two dimensions, laws of motion, and oscillations. The experiments in the second term are focused on waves, thermodynamics, and optics.

The practicals are conducted in a well-equipped physics laboratory under the supervision of trained teachers. The laboratory is equipped with various instruments and devices to perform the experiments. Students are encouraged to observe and record their observations and draw inferences from the results obtained. With the help of Physics Practical Class 11 Solved PDF , students will have a lot of help in going through the experiments and performing them easily.

Best Resources Available for Physics Practical Class 11

Apart from conducting the experiments, students are also expected to write lab reports based on their observations and interpretations. These lab reports help students to develop their writing skills and understand the importance of recording their observations.

Physics practicals are an integral part of the CBSE syllabus and are given equal importance as theoretical concepts. They help students to understand the practical applications of physics and develop problem-solving skills. The practical experiments also prepare students for future careers in science and engineering. Therefore, students should take the physics practicals seriously and perform them with dedication and accuracy.

Importance of Class 11 Physics Practical Book PDF from Vedantu 

The Class 11 Physics Practical Book PDF provided by Vedantu is an essential resource for students who are studying physics. The PDF provides step-by-step instructions for conducting various experiments related to the physics curriculum. Here are some of the reasons why these resources are important:

Comprehensive Coverage

The Vedantu CBSE Class 11 Physics practical manual and PDFs offer comprehensive coverage of the physics syllabus. They cover all the experiments that are part of the curriculum, providing students with a detailed understanding of the concepts.

Structured Experiments

The resources provide structured experiments that are easy to follow. They provide detailed instructions on how to set up the experiment, how to perform the experiment, and how to record the observations.

Clear and Concise

One of the best things is that the concepts and experiments explained in the PDF are clear and concise, making it easy for students to understand the concepts. They provide explanations of the underlying principles behind each experiment, making it easier for students to connect theoretical concepts with practical applications.

Easy Accessibility

The Vedantu Physics Practical Class 11 Solved PDF are easily accessible to students. They can be downloaded from the website, making it easy for students to access them at any time.

Time-Saving

The PDFs are time-saving resources for students. They provide all the necessary information and instructions for conducting experiments in one place, eliminating the need for students to search for information from different sources.

MCQs for Physics Practical Class 11 With Answers 

1. Which instrument is used to measure the diameter of a small spherical/cylindrical body?

a. Vernier callipers

b. Screw gauge

c. Spherometer

d. Beam balance

Answer: a. Vernier callipers

2. Which instrument is used to measure the diameter of a given wire?

Answer: b. Screw gauge

3. Which instrument is used to measure the volume of an irregular lamina?

4. Which instrument is used to determine the radius of curvature of a given spherical surface?

Answer: c. Spherometer

5. Which instrument is used to determine the mass of two different objects?

Answer: d. Beam balance

6. Which law is used to find the weight of a given body?

a. Newton’s first law

b. Newton’s second law

c. Newton’s third law

d. Parallelogram law of vectors

Answer: d. Parallelogram law of vectors

7. What is the purpose of using a simple pendulum in an experiment?

a. To study the conservation of energy

b. To study the variation in range of a projectile

c. To measure the diameter of a small spherical/cylindrical body

d. To find the effective length of a second’s pendulum

Answer: d. To find the effective length of a second’s pendulum

8. Which variable is changed in an experiment to study the variation of the time period of a simple pendulum of a given length?

a. Length of the pendulum

b. Mass of the bob

c. Angle of inclination

d. Force of limiting friction

Answer: b. Mass of the bob

9. Which parameter is used to find the coefficient of friction between a block and a horizontal surface?

a. Force of limiting friction

b. Normal reaction

d. Weight of the block

Answer: b. Normal reaction

10. Which parameter is studied to find the downward force along an inclined plane acting on a roller?

a. Mass of the roller

b. Angle of inclination

c. Length of the roller

d. Diameter of the roller

Answer: b. Angle of inclination

11. A cooling curve is plotted for a hot body. What is the name of the process that occurs during the time when the body cools from its initial temperature to the temperature of the surroundings?

a) Convection

b) Conduction

c) Radiation

d) Advection

Answer: c) Radiation

12. Which property of a material is determined by performing the experiment to determine Young’s modulus of elasticity of the material of a given wire?

a. Thermal conductivity

b. Electrical conductivity

c. Tensile strength

d. Hardness

Answer: c. Tensile strength

13. Which parameter is plotted against load to find the force constant of a helical spring?

b. Velocity

c. Acceleration

d. Extension

Answer: d. Extension

14. Which parameter is plotted against pressure to study the variation in volume with pressure for a sample of air at constant temperature?

b. Temperature

Answer: a. Volume

15. What is the method used to determine the surface tension of water in an experiment?

a. Screw gauge method

b. Vernier callipers method

c. Capillary rise method

d. Spherometer method

Answer: c. Capillary rise method

How Can Students Perform Well in Exams With Physical Practical Class 11 PDF?

To perform well in physics practicals, students need to prepare themselves thoroughly and follow a few guidelines. Here are some tips that can help students perform well:

Advance Preparation 

Students should be familiar with the experiment and understand the concepts thoroughly before entering the lab. They should read the lab manual and practice the experiments beforehand.

Paying Attention to Instructions 

Students should listen carefully to the teacher's instructions and follow them strictly. They should also clarify any doubts they have before starting the experiment.

Handling the Apparatus Properly: 

Physics practicals involve handling delicate and expensive equipment. Students should handle the apparatus carefully and use them only for the intended purpose.

Accurate Recording of Observations:

Students should record their observations accurately, including the readings on the instruments and any other observations made during the experiment. They should also note down any sources of error in their observations.

Drawing Graphs Neatly 

Graphs are an important part of the practicals, and students should draw them neatly and accurately. They should label the axes, use appropriate scales, and plot the points correctly.

Writing Clear Lab Reports 

Students should write lab reports in a structured and organized manner. They should include an introduction, aim, procedure, observations, results, discussion, and conclusion.

Following Safety Precautions

Students should wear lab coats and safety goggles and follow all safety precautions. They should also avoid eating or drinking in the lab and handle chemicals with caution.

Proper Time Management 

Students should manage their time effectively to complete the experiment within the given time frame. They should allocate sufficient time for each step and avoid wasting time.

Download Physics Practical Class 11 Solved Observations Right Now

Vedantu’s Physics Practical Class 11 Solved PDF is an efficient resource for students. It offers all the necessary information and instructions in one place, eliminating the need for students to search for information from multiple sources. This saves students time and allows them to focus on their experiments and studies.

FAQs on Physics Practical Class 11: Get all the Necessary Help

1. Are Vedantu CBSE Class 11 physics practical notes available in PDF format?

Yes, the CBSE Class 11 physics practical notes are available in PDF format for easy download and access. All you have to do is create an account and you will be able to access these files and download them as well.

2. How do I prepare for the practical exams using Vedantu’s Physics Practical Class 11 Solved Observations?

Students can prepare for the practical exams by first reading through the Physics Practical Class 11 Solved Observations PDF and then practising the experiments on their own. It is important to record observations accurately and understand the underlying concepts.

3. Can the Class 11 Physics Practical Book PDF help me score better in my exams?

Yes, by following the Class 11 Physics Practical Book PDF , students can obtain a deep understanding of the concepts and perform better in their practical exams. These resources provide clear explanations and solved examples to help students prepare effectively.

Simple Pendulum Experiment Class 11 | Labkafe

Using a simple pendulum, plot its L-T2 graph and use it to find the effective length of second’s pendulum.

• A Clamp With Stand
• Bob with Hook
• Stop Clock/Stop Watch
• Vernier Callipers
• Cotton Thread
• Half Meter Scale

A simple pendulum consists of a heavy metallic (brass) sphere with a hook (bob) suspended from a rigid stand, with clamp by a weightless inextensible and perfectly flexible thread through a slit cork, capable of oscillating in a single plane, without any friction, with a small amplitude (less than 150) as shown in figure 6.1 (a). There is no ideal simple pendulum. In practice, we make a simple pendulum by tying a metallic spherical bob to a fine cotton stitching thread.

               The spherical bob may be regarded by as a point mass at its centre G. The distance between the point of suspension S and the centre G of the spherical bob is to be regarded as the effective  length of the pendulum as shown in figure 6.1 (b). The effective length of a simple pendulum,  L = l + h + r.  Where  l  is the length of the thread,  h  is length of hook,  r  is radius of bob.

The simple pendulum produces Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM) as the acceleration of the pendulum bob is directly proportional to its displacement from the mean position and is always directed towards it. The time period (T) of a simple pendulum for oscillations of small amplitude, is given by the relation,

T = 2 π √ (L/g)

Where, g = value of acceleration due to gravity and L is the effective length of the pendulum.

 T2 = (4π2/g) X L             or           T2 = KL (K= constant)

               and,  g = 4π2(L/T2)

If T is plotted along the Y-axis and L along the X-axis, we should get a parabola. If T2 is plotted along the Y- axis and L along the X-axis, we should get a straight line passing through the origin.

• Find the vernier constant and zero error of the vernier callipers same as experiment 1.
• Measure the radius (r) of the bob using a vernier callipers same as experiment 1.
• Measure the length of hook (h) and note it on the table 6.1.
• Since h and r is already known, adjust the length of the thread  l  to make  L = l + h + r  an integer (say L = 80cm) and mark it as M1 with ink. Making L an integer will make the drawing easier. (You can measure the distance between the point of suspension (ink mark) and the point of contact between the hook and the bob directly. Hence you get  l + h  directly).
• Similarly mark M2, M3, M4 , M5, and  M6 on the thread as distance (L) of 90 cm, 100 cm, 110cm, 120cm and 130 cm respectively.
• Pass the thread through the two half-pieces of a split cork coming out just from the ink mark (M1).
• Tight the split cork between the clamp such that the line of separation of the two pieces of the split cork is at right angles to the line along which the pendulum oscillates.
• Fix the clamp in the stand and place it on the table such that the bob is hanging at-least 2 cm above the base of the stand.
• Mark a point A  on the table (use a chalk) just below the position of bob at rest and draw a straight line BC of 10 cm having a point A at its centre. Over this line bob will oscillate.
• Find the least count and the zero error of the stop clock/watch. Bring its hands at zero position
• Move the bob by hand to over position B on the right of A and leave. See that the bob returns over line BC. Make sure that bob is not spinning.
• Now counting oscillations, from the instant bob passes through its mean position L, where its velocity is maximum. So starting from L it traverses LL2, L2L, LL1, L1L hence, one oscillation is completed. We have to find time for 20 such oscillations.
• Now start the stop watch at the instant the bob passes through the mean position A. Go on counting the number of oscillations it completes. As soon as it completes 20 oscillations, stop the watch. Note the time t for 20 oscillations in the table 6.1.
• Repeat the measurement at least 3 times for the same length.
• Now increase the length of the thread by 10 cm or 15 cm (M2) and measure the time t for this length as explained from step 6 to 14.
• Repeat step 15 for at least 4 more different lengths.

Observations:

Vernier constant

Vernier constant of the vernier callipers, V.C. = ______________ cm

Zero error, ±e = _____________cm

Diameter of the bob and length of hook

Observe diameter of the bob:= (i) ______cm, (ii)________cm, (iii)___________cm

Mean diameter of bob, d0 = _________cm

Mean corrected diameter of bob, d = d0 ±e = __________cm

Radius of the bob, r = d/2= ____________ cm

Length of the hook, h= __________cm

Standard value acceleration due to gravity, g1 : 980 cm s-2

Least count of stop clock = ____________s

Zero error of stop clock = ___________s

Table 6.1 Determination of time-periods for different lengths of the pendulum.

Mean  = L/T2 = _______________________

Calculation:

We know ,  T = 2 π √ (L/g)

 Experimental value, g1 = 4π2(L/T2) = ______________________

So, %error = (g-g1)/g *100 = ______________________

L vs T graph

Plot the graph between L and T from the observations recorded in the table 6.1. Take L along X-axis and T along Y-axis. The L-T curve is a parabola. As shown in the figure 6.2. The origin need not be (0,0) point.

L vs T2 Graph

Plot the graph between L and T2 from the observations recorded in the table 6.1. Take L along X-axis and T2 along Y-axis. The L-T curve is a straight line passing through the (0, 0) point. So the origin of the graph should be chosen (0, 0). As shown in the figure 6.3.

Determination of length of a seconds pendulum from graph:

A second pendulum has time-period 2 s. To find the corresponding length of the pendulum from the L-T graph, draw a line parallel to the L-axis from the point Q1 (0, 2). The line interval the curve L-T at P1. So, the coordinates of P1 is (102, 2).

 Length of the seconds pendulum is _____________(102) cm.

To find the length from the L-T2 curve, we, similarly, draw a line parallel to L-axis is form a point Q2 (0, 4). The line intersects the curve at P2. P2 has coordinates (100, 4).

 Length of the seconds pendulum is _______________(100) cm.

Precautions :

• The thread should be very light and strong.
• The point of suspension should be reasonably rigid.
• The pendulum should oscillate in the vertical plane without any spin motion.
• The floor of the laboratory should not have vibration, which may cause a deviation from the regular oscillation of the pendulum.
• The amplitude of vibration should be small (less than 15) .
• The length of the pendulum should be as large as possible in the given situation.’
• Determination of time for 20 or more oscillations should be carefully taken and repeated for at least three times.
• There must not be strong wind blowing during the experiment.
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Class 11 Physics Lab Manual Work NCERT

Cbse practicals for class 11 physics lab manual work.

• To make a paper scale of given least count, e.g. 0.2cm, 0.5cm.
• To determine mass of a given body using a metre scale by principle of moments.
• To plot a graph for a given set of data, with proper choice of scales and error bars.
• To measure the force of limiting friction for rolling of a roller on a horizontal plane.
• To study the variation in range of a jet of water with angle of projection.
• To study the conservation of energy of a ball rolling down on inclined plane (using a double inclined plane).
• To observe change of state and plot a cooling curve for molten wax.
• To observe and explain the effect of heating on a bi-metallic strip.
• To note the change in level of liquid in a container on heating and interpret the observations.
• To study the effect of detergent on surface tension by observing capillary rise.
• To study the factors affecting the rate of loss of heat of a liquid.
• To study the effect of load on depression of a suitably clamped metre scale loaded (i) at its end (ii) in the middle.

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Class 11th Physics Practical Experiments and Activities

Aparna Singh ,

Mar 4, 2024

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Check out the list of experiments and activities for class 11th physics practical and know the syllabus, marking scheme, and reference books.

Physics is a challenging subject that requires clarity of concepts, memorization, and practice. Class 11th Physics practical is at a foundation level where new ideas are introduced. Therefore, students must understand the concepts thoroughly to have no problem approaching the advanced concepts in class 12th.

Class 11th Physics is divided into theoretical and practical exams, and hence, students are required to pass both examinations separately. Students must note that theory learning is part of the external assessment and practical learning is part of the internal assessment. The total of both the exams will be calculated and presented on the mark sheet.

• All about class 11th Physics practical
• Class 11th Physics practical evaluation scheme

Class 11th physics practical is a crucial paper for science students, and without clearing the practical exam, no student can pass the physics exam. The exam is not just challenging but very interesting. It is based on some of the most intriguing practical assignments and problems that aid the learners in grasping the beauty of physics or, as Richard Feynman said, its fun part. The theoretical learning of physics can be a little monotonous at times. Therefore, learning to utilize the significance of physics through different assignments can be very beneficial for the students, especially from their future point of view.

All About Class 11th Physics Practical

Class 11th Physics practical records to be submitted by the students at the time of their annual examination must include the following:

Record of at least 12 Experiments [with six from each section], to be performed by the students.

A description of at least 6 Activities [each from section A and section B], to be completed by the students.

Report on the project to be carried out by the students.

EXPERIMENTS

To measure the diameter of a small spherical/cylindrical body and measure the internal diameter and depth of a given beaker/calorimeter using Vernier Callipers and find its volume.

Measure the diameter of a given wire and thickness of a given sheet using a screw gauge.

To determine the volume of an irregular lamina using a screw gauge.

To select the radius of curvature of a given spherical surface by a spherometer.

To determine the mass of two different objects using a beam balance.

Find the weight of a given body using the parallelogram law of vectors.

Using a simple pendulum, plot its L-T2 graph and find the second pendulum's sufficient length.

To study the variation of the period of a simple pendulum of a given length by taking bobs of the same size but different masses and interpreting the result.

To study the force of limiting friction and normal reaction to find the friction coefficient between a block and a horizontal surface.

To find the downward force along an inclined plane, act on a roller due to the earth's gravitational pull and study its relationship with the angle of inclination θ by plotting a graph between force and sinθ.

To make a paper scale of given least count, e.g., 0.2cm, 0.5 cm.

To determine the mass of a given body using a meter scale by the principle of moments.

To plot a graph for a given set of data, with a proper choice of scales and error bars.

To measure the force of limiting friction for rolling a roller on a horizontal plane.

Study the variation in the range of a projectile with an angle of projection.

To study the energy conservation of a ball rolling down on an inclined plane (using a double inclined plane).

Study the dissipation of energy in a simple pendulum by plotting a graph between squares of amplitude and time.

To determine Young's modulus of elasticity of the material of a given wire.

Find the force constant of a helical spring by plotting a graph between load and extension.

Study the variation in volume with pressure for a sample of air at constant temperature by plotting graphs between P and V and between P and 1/V.

To determine the surface tension of water by capillary rise method.

To determine the viscosity of a given viscous liquid by measuring a given spherical body's terminal velocity.

Study the relationship between the temperature of a hot body and time by plotting a cooling curve.

To determine the specific heat capacity of a given solid by the method of mixtures.

Study the relationship between frequency and length of a given wire under constant tension using a sonometer.

Study the relationship between the length of a given wire and pressure for constant frequency using a sonometer.

Find sound speed in the air at room temperature using a resonance tube with two resonance positions.

Observe the change of state and plot a cooling curve for molten wax.

Observe and explain the effects of heating on a bi-metallic strip.

Note the difference in the level of liquid in the container on heating and interpret the observations.

To study the effect of detergent on the surface tension of water by observing capillary rise.

To study the factors affecting the rate of loss of heat of a liquid.

To study the effect of load on the depression of a suitably clamped meter scale loaded at (i) its end (ii) in the middle.

To observe the decrease in pressure with an increase in velocity of a fluid.

Class 11th Physics Practical Evaluation Scheme

The total time provided for the Physics practical for class 11th is three hours. Class 11th Physics practical is conducted with 30 marks which play an essential role in the marks distribution of the subject.

Class 11th Physics Reference Books

Physics comprises a wide assortment of phenomena. All qualified physicists are familiar with mechanics, electromagnetism, relativity, thermodynamics, and quantum mechanics. Some of the reference books that might help students to score good marks are:

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NCERT Exemplar Class 11 Physics Chapter 1 Units and Measurements

June 20, 2022 by Sastry CBSE

NCERT Exemplar Class 11 Physics Chapter 1 Units and Measurements are part of NCERT Exemplar Class 11 Physics . Here we have given NCERT Exemplar Class 11 Physics Chapter 1 Units and Measurements.

Single Correct Answer Type Q1. The number of significant figures in 0.06900 is (a) 5 (b) 4 (c) 2 (d) 3 Sol: (b) Key concept: Significant figures in the measured value of a physical quantity tell the number of digits in which we have confidence. Larger the number of significant figures obtained in a measurement, greater is the accuracy of the measurement. The reverse is also true. The following rules are observed in counting the number of significant figures in a given measured quantity. 1. All non-zero digits are significant. 2. A zero becomes significant figure if it appears between two non¬zero digits. 3. Leading zeros or the zeros placed to the left of the number are never significant. 4. Trailing zeros or the zeros placed to the right of the number are significant. 5. In exponential notation, the numerical portion gives the number of significant figures. Leading zeros or the zeros placed to the left of the number are never

Q3. The mass and volume of a body are 4.237 g and 2.5 cm 3 , respectively. The density of the material of the body in correct significant figures is (a) 1. 6048 g cm -3 (b) 1.69 g cm -3 (c) 1.7 g cm 3                                             (d) 1.695 g cm -3

After rounding off the number, we get density =1.7

Q4. The numbers 2.745 and 2.735 on rounding off to 3 significant figures will give (a) 2.75 and 2.74 (b) 2.74 and 2.73 (c) 2.75 and 2.73 (d) 2.74 and 2.74 Sol: (d) Key concept: While rounding off measurements, we use the following rules by convention: 1. If the digit to be dropped is less than 5, then the preceding digit is left unchanged. 2. If the digit to be dropped is more than 5, then the preceding digit is raised by one. 3. If the digit to be dropped is 5 followed by digits other than zero, then the preceding digit is raised by one. 4. If digit to be dropped is 5 or 5 followed by zeros, then preceding digit is left unchanged, if it is even. 5. If digit to be dropped is 5 or 5 followed by zeros, then the preceding digit is raised by one, if it is odd. Units and Measurements Let us round off 2.745 to 3 significant figures. Here the digit to be dropped is 5, then preceding digit is left unchanged, if it is even. Hence on rounding off 2.745, it would be 2.74. Now consider 2.737, here also the digit to be dropped is 5, then the preceding digit is raised by one, if it is odd. Hence on rounding off 2.735 to 3 significant figures, it would be 2.74.

Q9. Which of the following measurements is most precise? (a) 5.00 mm (b) 5.00 cm (c) 5.00 m (d) 5.00 km Sol: (a) Key concept: Precision is the degree to which several measurements provide answers very close to each other. It is an indicator of the scatter in the data. The lesser the scatter, higher the precision. Let us first check the units. In all the options magnitude is same but units of measurement are different. As here 5.00 mm has the smallest unit. All given measurements are correct upto two decimal places. However, the absolute error in (a) is 0.01 mm which is least of all the four. So it is most precise.

Q11. Young’s modulus of steel is 1.9 x 10 11 N/m 2 . When expressed in CGS units of dyne/cm 2 , it will be equal to (1 N = 10 5 dyne, 1 m 2 = 10 4 cm 2 )                     . (a) 1.9 xlO 10                                              (b) 1.9×10 12 (c) 1.9 xlO 12                                             (d) 1.9 xlO 13

More Than One Correct Answer Type Q13. On the basis of dimensions, decide which of the following relations for the displacement of a particle undergoing simple harmonic motion is not correct?

Q14. If P, Q, R are physical quantities, having different dimensions, which of the following combinations can never be a meaningful quantity? (a) (P-Q)/R           (b) PQ-R (c) PQ/R                                   (d) (PR-Q 2 )/R (e)(R + Q)/P Sol: (a, e) Key concept: Principle of Homogeneity of dimensions: It states that in a correct equation, the dimensions of each term added or subtracted must be same. Every correct equation must have same dimensions on both sides of the equation. According to the problem P, Q and R are having different dimensions, since, sum and difference of physical dimensions, are meaningless, i.e., (P – Q) and (R + Q) are not meaningful. So in option (b) and (c), PQ may have the same dimensions as those of R and in option (d) PR and Q 2 may have same dimensions as those of R. Hence, they cannot be added or subtracted, so we can say that (a) and (e) are not meaningful.

Q15. Photon is a quantum of radiation with energy E = hv , where v is frequency and h is Planck’s constant. The dimensions of h are the same as that of (a) Linear impulse (b) Angular impulse (c) Linear momentum                           (d) Angular momentum

Q16. If Planck’s constant (h) and speed of light in vacuum (c) are taken as two fundamental quantities, which one of the following can, in addition, be taken to express length, mass and time in terms of the three chosen fundamental quantities? (a) Mass of electron (m e )              (b) Universal gravitational constant (G) (c) Charge of electron (e)              (d) Mass of proton (m p )

Q17. Which of the following ratios express pressure? (a) Force/Area                                        (b) Energy/Volume (c) Energy/Area                                      (d) Force/Volume

Sol:  (a, b) Let us first express the relation of pressure with other physical quantities one by one with the help of dimensional analysis.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Q19. Why do we have different units for the same physical quantity? Sol:  Magnitude of any given physical quantity may vary over a wide range, therefore, different units of same physical quantity are required. For example: 1.Mass ranges from 10 -30 kg (for an electron) to 10 53 kg (for the known universe). We need different units to measure them like miligram, gram, kilogram etc. 2.The length of a pen can be easily measured in cm, the height of a tree can be measured in metres, the distance between two cities can be measured in kilometres and distance between two heavenly bodies can be measured in light year.

Q21. Name the device used for measuring the mass of atoms and molecules. Sol: A mass spectrograph is a device which is used for measuring the mass of atoms and molecules.

Q22. Express unified atomic mass unit in kg. Sol: The unified atomic mass unit is the standard unit that is used for indicating mass on an atomic or molecular scale (atomic mass). One unified atomic mass unit is approximately the mass of one nucleon (either a single proton or neutron) and is numerically equivalent to 1 g/mol. It is defined as one- twelfth of the mass of an unbound neutral atom of carbon-12 in its nuclear and electronic ground state.

Q24. Why length, mass and time are chosen as base quantities in mechanics? Sol: Normally each physical quantity requires a unit or standard for its specification, so it appears that there must be as many units as there are physical quantities. However, it is not so. It has been found that if in mechanics we choose arbitrarily units of any three physical quantities we can express the units of all other physical quantities in mechanics in terms of these. So, length, mass and time are chosen as base quantities in mechanics because (i) Length, mass and time cannot be derived from one another, that is these quantities are independent. (ii) All other quantities in mechanics can be expressed in terms of length, mass and time.

Short Answer Type Questions 25. (a) The earth-moon distance is about 60 earth radius. What will be the . diameter of the earth (approximately in degrees) as seen from the moon? (b) Moon is seen to be of (1/2)° diameter from the earth. What must be the relative size compared to the earth? (c) From parallax measurement, the sun is found to be at a distance of about 400 times the earth-moon distance. Estimate the ratio of sun-earth diameters.

Q26. Which of the following time measuring devices is most precise? (a) A wallclock                                         (b) A stop watch (c) A digital watch                                   (d) An atomic clock Given reason for your answer. Sol: Option (d) is correct because a clock can measure time correctly up to one second. A stop watch can measure time correctly up to a fraction of a second. A digital watch can measure time up to a fraction of second whereas an atomic clock is the most accurate timekeeper and is based on characteristic frequencies of radiation emitted by certain atoms having precision of about 1 second in 300,000 years. So an atomic clock can measure time most precisely as precision of this clock is about 1 s in 10 13 s.

Q27. The distance of a galaxy is of the order of 10 25 Calculate the order of magnitude of time taken by light to reach us from the galaxy. Sol: According to the problem, distance of the galaxy = 10 25 m. Speed of light = 3 x 10 8 m/s Hence, time taken by light to reach us from galaxy is

Q29. During a total solar eclipse the moon almost entirely covers the sphere of the sun. Write the relation between the distances and sizes of the sun and moon. Sol: Key point: In geometry, a solid angle (symbol: Ω or w) is the two­dimensional angle in three-dimensional space that an object subtends at a point. It is a measure of how large the object appears to an observer looking from that point. In the International System of Units (SI), a solid angle is expressed in a dimensionless unit called a steradian (symbol: sr).

Q32. Calculate the length of the arc of a circle of radius 31.0 cm which subtends an angle of π/6 at the centre.

Q35. Time for 20 oscillations of a pendulum is measured as t 1 =39.6 s; t 2 = 39.9 s and t 3 = 39.5 s. What is the precision in the measurements? What is the accuracy of the measurement? Sol: According to the problem, time for 20 oscillations of a pendulum, t 1 = 39.6 s, t 2 = 39.9 s and t 3 = 39.5 s It is quite obvious from these observations that the least count of the watch is 0.1 s. As measurements have only one decimal place. Precision in the measurement = Least count of the measuring instrument= 0.1 s Precision in 20 oscillations = 0.1

Long Answer Type Questions

Q40. If velocity of light c, Planck’s constant h and gravitational constant G are taken as fundamental quantities, then express mass, length and time in terms of dimensions of these quantities. Sol: We have to apply principle of homogeneity to solve this problem. Principle of homogeneity states that in a correct equation, the dimensions of each term added or subtracted must be same, i.e., dimensions of LHS and RHS should be equal, We know that, dimensions of

Q42. In an experiment to estimate ‘the size of a molecule of oleic acid, 1 mL of oleic acid is dissolved in 19 mL of alcohol. Then 1 mL of this solution is diluted to 20 mL by adding alcohol. Now, 1 drop of this diluted solution is placed on water in a shallow trough. The solution spreads over the surface of water forming one molecule thick layer. Now, lycopodium powder is sprinkled evenly over the film and its diameter is measured. Knowing the volume of the drop and area of the film we can calculate the thickness of the film which will give us the size of oleic acid molecule.

Read the passage carefully and answer the following questions.

• Why do we dissolve oleic acid in alcohol?
• What is the role of lycopodium powder?
• What would be the volume of oleic acid in each mL of solution prepared?
• How will you calculate the volume of n drops of this solution of oleic
• What will be the volume of oleic acid in one drop of this solution?

Sol: (a) Since Oleic acid does not dissolve in water, hence it is dissolved in alcohol.

(b)Lycopodium powder spreads on the entire surface of water when it is sprinkled evenly. When a drop of prepared solution of oleic acid and alcohol is dropped on water, oleic acid does not dissolve in water. Instead it spreads on the water surface pushing the lycopodium powder away to clear a circular area where the drop falls. We can thus be able to measure the area over which oleic acid spreads.

(c)Since 20 mL (1 mL oleic acid + 19 mL alcohol) contains 1 mL of oleic acid, oleic acid in each mL of the solution =1/20 mL. Further, as this 1 mL is diluted to 20 mL by adding alcohol. In each mL of solution prepared, volume of oleic acid = 1/20 mL x 1/20  = 1/400 mL

(d) Volume of n drops of this solution of oleic acid can be calculated by means of a burette (used to make solution in the form of countable drops) and measuring cylinder and measuring the number of drops.

(e) As 1 mL of solution contains n number of drops, then the volume of oleic acid in one drop will be = 1/(400)n mL

Q43. (a) How many astronomical units (AU) make 1 parsec? (b) Consider the sun like a star at a distance of 2 parsecs. When it is seen through a telescope with 100 magnification, what should be the angular size of the star? Sun appears to be (1/2)° from the earth. Due to atmospheric fluctuations, eye cannot resolve objects smaller than 1 arc minute. (c) Mars has approximately half of the earth’s diameter. When it is closest to the earth it is at about 1/2 AU from the earth. Calculate at what size it will appear when seen through the same telescope.

NCERT Exemplar Class 11 Physics Solutions

• Chapter 1 Units and Measurements
• Chapter 2 Motion in a Straight Line
• Chapter 3 Motion in a Plane
• Chapter 4 Laws of Motion
• Chapter 5 Work, Energy and Power
• Chapter 6 System of Particles and Rotational Motion
• Chapter 7 Gravitation
• Chapter 8 Mechanical Properties of Solids
• Chapter 9 Mechanical Properties of Fluids
• Chapter 10 Thermal Properties of Matter
• Chapter 11 Thermodynamics
• Chapter 12 Kinetic Theory
• Chapter 13 Oscillations
• Chapter 14 Waves

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