Articles
Notes, Cw = Children with, DD = Developmental disabilities/developmental delays, MC = Medical conditions, and AR = At risk for poor outcomes. PR = Peer-reviewed journal articles. IJERPH = Meta-analysis of the relationships between parents’ psychological health and parenting quality prepared for the special issue of IJERPH on Parenting and Mental Health. Mothers include biological mothers, stepmothers, adoptive mothers, and foster mothers.
The relationships between the four family systems practices and the six different psychological health measures are shown in Table 2 . All of the average weighted sizes of effect differed significantly from zero, as evidenced by confidence intervals not including zero [ 66 ].
Average weighted effect sizes (r) for the relationships between the family systems practices measures and parents’ psychological health.
Family Systems Measures | k | N | r | 95%/CI |
---|---|---|---|---|
Family Needs | ||||
General Health | 4 | 376 | 0.38 | 0.25, 0.50 |
Depression | 5 | 606 | 0.39 | 0.33, 0.45 |
Stress | 5 | 858 | 0.44 | 0.17, 0.64 |
Well-Being | 6 | 573 | −0.32 | −0.16, −0.47 |
Parenting Stress | 9 | 1565 | 0.41 | 0.30, 0.52 |
Caregiving Burden | 11 | 2407 | 0.41 | 0.30, 0.51 |
Family Resources | ||||
General Health | 13 | 1429 | −0.41 | −0.33, −0.48 |
Depression | 14 | 2837 | −0.37 | −0.30, −0.44 |
Stress | 13 | 2699 | −0.38 | −0.26, −0.50 |
Well-Being | 4 | 260 | 0.47 | 0.15, 0.72 |
Parenting Stress | 20 | 4170 | −0.42 | −0.37, −0.47 |
Caregiving Burden | 8 | 1102 | −0.33 | −0.24, −0.42 |
Family Supports | ||||
General Health | 28 | 2301 | −0.20 | −0.14, −0.26 |
Depression | 30 | 2967 | −0.27 | −0.10, −0.42 |
Stress | 13 | 1022 | −0.15 | −0.03, −0.27 |
Well-Being | 18 | 1865 | 0.33 | 0.18, 0.48 |
Parenting Stress | 33 | 5064 | −0.22 | −0.20, −0.26 |
Caregiving Burden | 15 | 1253 | −0.17 | −0.09, −0.24 |
Family Strengths | ||||
General Health | 9 | 1223 | −0.41 | −0.33, −0.48 |
Depression | 8 | 825 | −0.43 | −0.30, −0.55 |
Stress | 6 | 1155 | −0.23 | −0.14, −0.32 |
Well-Being | 10 | 1693 | 0.43 | 0.34, 0.52 |
Parenting Stress | 9 | 950 | −0.42 | −0.30, −0.52 |
Caregiving Burden | 6 | 824 | −0.34 | −0.13, −0.52 |
k = Number of effect sizes, N = Number of study participants, r = Average, weighted effect size, and CI = Confidence interval.
The direction of effects was as expected. A greater number of family needs were associated with poorer general psychological health, depression, stress, caregiving burden, and parenting stress, as well as less positive psychological well-being. In contrast, the presence of more family resources, more social supports, and more family strengths was associated with attenuated poor psychological health and enhanced psychological well-being.
Inspection of the sizes of effect between the family systems practices and the psychological health measures show that effect sizes are much the same for family needs, family resources, and family strengths. In contrast, the sizes of effects between the family supports and psychological health measures are much smaller but still significantly different from zero.
Table 3 shows the sizes of effects between the four family systems practices measures and the three parenting quality measures. All four sets of average weighted sizes of effect differed significantly from zero, as evidenced by confidence intervals not including zero [ 66 ]. The direction of effects was as expected. A greater number of family needs were associated with more negative parenting beliefs, less parental involvement in children’s informal and formal learning activities, and less frequent use of positive parenting practices. In contrast, the presence of more family resources, more social supports, and more family strengths was associated with more positive parenting beliefs, more parental involvement in their children’s informal and formal learning activities, and more frequent use of positive parenting practices.
Average weighted effect sizes (r) for the relationships between the family systems practices measures and parenting quality.
Family Systems Measures | k | N | r | 95%/CI |
---|---|---|---|---|
Family Needs | ||||
Parenting Beliefs | 6 | 620 | −0.35 | −0.28, −0.41 |
Parent Involvement | 6 | 1465 | −0.21 | −0.17, −0.25 |
Parenting Practices | 5 | 1440 | −0.19 | −0.11, −0.26 |
Family Resources | ||||
Parenting Beliefs | 11 | 1039 | 0.24 | 0.12, 0.35 |
Parent Involvement | 11 | 1319 | 0.27 | 0.18, 0.36 |
Parenting Practices | 14 | 3294 | 0.29 | 0.23, 0.35 |
Family Supports | ||||
Parenting Beliefs | 13 | 1106 | 0.22 | 0.16, 0.28 |
Parent Involvement | 6 | 1421 | 0.21 | 0.15, 0.26 |
Parenting Practices | 7 | 375 | 0.17 | 0.11, 0.24 |
Family Strengths | ||||
Parenting Beliefs | 6 | 1138 | 0.44 | 0.22, 0.62 |
Parent Involvement | 7 | 661 | 0.32 | 0.21, 0.43 |
Parenting Practices | 8 | 2527 | 0.36 | 0.23, 0.48 |
Inspection of the sizes of effect for the relationships between the family systems practices and parenting quality measures shows that the effect sizes for family strengths are larger than those for the other family systems practices measures and are almost twice as large as those for family supports. These results, together with those in Table 2 , point to the relative importance of family strengths as a covariate of parents’ psychological health and parenting quality.
The relationships between the six psychological health measures and the three parenting quality measures are shown in Table 4 . The average weighted sizes of effect all differ significantly from zero, as evidenced by confidence intervals not including zero. Poorer general psychological health, depression, stress, caregiving burden, and parenting stress were related to more negative parenting beliefs, less parental involvement in children’s informal and formal learning activities, and less frequent use of positive parenting practices. In contrast, positive psychological well-being was associated with more positive parenting beliefs, more parental involvement in children’s informal and formal learning activities, and more frequent use of positive parenting practices.
Average weighted effect sizes (r) for the relationships between the psychological health measures and parenting quality.
Psychological Health Measures | k | N | r | 95%/CI |
---|---|---|---|---|
General Health | ||||
Parenting Beliefs | 7 | 943 | −0.28 | −0.24, −0.33 |
Parent Involvement | 8 | 1614 | −0.18 | −0.13, −0.22 |
Parenting Practices | 9 | 1174 | −0.31 | −0.20, −0.41 |
Depression | ||||
Parenting Beliefs | 10 | 2171 | −0.41 | −0.34, −0.47 |
Parent Involvement | 13 | 4759 | −0.18 | −0.15, −0.21 |
Parenting Practices | 20 | 3079 | −0.23 | −0.19, −0.26 |
Stress | ||||
Parenting Beliefs | 11 | 1348 | −0.40 | −0.35, −0.44 |
Parent Involvement | 7 | 2271 | −0.21 | −0.12, −0.29 |
Parenting Practices | 6 | 1037 | −0.30 | −0.14, −0.44 |
Well-Being | ||||
Parenting Beliefs | 8 | 919 | 0.42 | 0.33, 0.50 |
Parent Involvement | 5 | 2533 | 0.27 | 0.16, 0.37 |
Parenting Practices | 9 | 1548 | 0.20 | 0.11, 0.29 |
Caregiving Burden | ||||
Parenting Beliefs | 12 | 1404 | −0.34 | −0.29, −0.38 |
Parent Involvement | 6 | 398 | −0.24 | −0.17, −0.30 |
Parenting Practices | 11 | 1922 | −0.31 | −0.23, −0.38 |
Parenting Stress | ||||
Parenting Beliefs | 16 | 3454 | −0.44 | −0.39, −0.48 |
Parent Involvement | 10 | 3388 | −0.21 | −0.18, −0.24 |
Parenting Practices | 13 | 3414 | −0.30 | −0.24, −0.36 |
Inspection of the sizes of effects between the psychological health and parenting quality measures shows that the effect sizes between depression, stress, well-being, parenting stress, and parenting quality are larger for parenting beliefs compared to parental involvement and parenting practices. In contrast, the sizes of effect between general psychological health, caregiving burden, and the three parenting quality measures were much the same.
The sizes of effects between the family systems practices, psychological health, and parenting quality measures were considered the best estimates for determining if the psychological health measures mediated the relationships between the family systems practices and parenting quality measures. For each of the family systems practices measures, two sets of psychological health measures were used in the mediated analyses: the aggregated effect sizes for the four nonparent-focused measures (general health, depression, stress, and well-being) and the two parent-focused measures (parenting stress and caregiving burden). This permitted a determination of whether the targets of appraisals of the psychological health measures [ 64 ] influenced the indirect relationships between the family systems practices and parenting quality measures.
Table 5 and Table 6 show the effects decomposition for the direct, indirect (mediated), and total effects between the family systems practices and parenting quality measures mediated by the nonparent-focused and parent-focused psychological health measures, respectively. All of the mediated effects differed significantly from zero, but most accounted for only a small amount of variance in the relationships between the family systems practices and parenting quality measures. (In most cases, the standard errors for the effect sizes were very small, which resulted in the Sobel Tests yielding statistically significant effect sizes.)
Effects decomposition for the relationships between family systems practices and parenting quality mediated by the parents’ psychological health a .
Family Systems Measures | Direct Effects | Indirect Effects | Total Effects |
---|---|---|---|
Family Needs | |||
Parenting Beliefs | −0.35 | −0.15 | −0.50 |
Parent Involvement | −0.21 | −0.08 | −0.29 |
Parenting Practices | −0.19 | −0.10 | −0.29 |
Family Resources | |||
Parenting Beliefs | 0.24 | 0.15 | 0.39 |
Parent Involvement | 0.27 | 0.08 | 0.35 |
Parenting Practices | 0.29 | 0.10 | 0.39 |
Family Supports | |||
Parenting Beliefs | 0.22 | 0.09 | 0.31 |
Parent Involvement | 0.21 | 0.05 | 0.25 |
Parenting Practices | 0.17 | 0.06 | 0.23 |
Family Strengths | |||
Parenting Beliefs | 0.44 | 0.14 | 0.58 |
Parent Involvement | 0.32 | 0.08 | 0.40 |
Parenting Practices | 0.36 | 0.10 | 0.46 |
a Composite general health, depression, stress, and well-being measures.
Effects decomposition for the relationships between family systems practices and parenting quality mediated by parenting stress and caregiving burden.
Family Systems Measures | Direct Effects | Indirect Effects | Total Effects |
---|---|---|---|
Family Needs | |||
Parenting Beliefs | −0.35 | −0.16 | −0.51 |
Parent Involvement | −0.21 | −0.09 | −0.30 |
Parenting Practices | −0.19 | −0.13 | −0.32 |
Family Resources | |||
Parenting Beliefs | 0.24 | 0.15 | 0.39 |
Parent Involvement | 0.27 | 0.08 | 0.35 |
Parenting Practices | 0.29 | 0.12 | 0.41 |
Family Supports | |||
Parenting Beliefs | 0.22 | 0.08 | 0.30 |
Parent Involvement | 0.21 | 0.04 | 0.25 |
Parenting Practices | 0.17 | 0.06 | 0.23 |
Family Strengths | |||
Parenting Beliefs | 0.44 | 0.15 | 0.59 |
Parent Involvement | 0.32 | 0.08 | 0.40 |
Parenting Practices | 0.36 | 0.12 | 0.48 |
A comparison of the mediated effects in Table 5 and Table 6 shows that sizes of effect for the non-parent-focused and parent-focused psychological health measures are much the same for the relationships between family needs, family resources, family strengths, and parenting beliefs measures. The same is the case for the relationships between family needs, resources, strengths, and parenting practices measures. In contrast, the mediated effects for the relationships between the family supports measures and both parenting beliefs and parenting practices measures were notably smaller.
Examination of the total effects for the family systems measures shows that the sizes of effect for the family strengths measures are 40 or larger for all three parenting quality measures and are nearly the same for both the parent-focused and nonparent-focused psychological health measures. The only other total effect sizes that are 40 or larger are for the relationships between family needs and parenting beliefs for both the parent-focused and nonparent-focused psychological health measures, as well as for the relationship between family resources and parenting practices for the parent-focused psychological health measures.
Results from the secondary meta-analyses showed that the four family systems practices were all related to the six parents’ psychological health measures (Aim 1). The results also showed that both the family systems practices and the parents’ psychological health measures were related to the three parenting quality measures (Aims 2 and 3). These results are consistent with the foundations of the applied family systems theory that guided the conduct of meta-analyses [ 46 ]. This pattern of results is also consistent with Bronfenbrenner’s [ 41 ] assertations that parents are not able to carry out child-rearing responsibilities without adequate supports and resources that provide them the time and psychological energy to engage their children in development-enhancing learning activities and employ positive parenting practices.
The results from the mediated analyses showed that the relationships between the family systems practices and parenting quality measures were partially mediated by parents’ psychological health (Aims 4 and 5) but accounted for only small amounts of variance between measures. The comparisons between the nonparent-specific and parent-specific psychological health measures showed that caregiving burden and parenting stress mediated somewhat more of the variance for the relationships between the family systems practices and parenting quality measures than did the general psychological health measures (Aim 6). This pattern of results is similar to that found in other studies where parent-focused but not nonparent-focused parenting stress mediated the relationships between family supports and resources and parenting quality [ 103 , 104 ]. Bonds et al. [ 103 ], for example, concluded that the “path analysis indicated that the relation between…parenting support and optimal parenting was completely mediated by parenting stress and not by general psychological distress” (p. 409).
The main effects results for the relationships between both the family systems practices and psychological health measures and the three parenting quality measures inform an understanding of which family systems practices and psychological health measures are related to which dimensions of parenting as stated in the call for papers for the Special Issue of the IJERPH on Parenting and Mental Health. This can be ascertained from the results in Table 2 , Table 3 and Table 4 . First, the effect sizes between the family systems practices measures and the different dimensions of parents’ psychological health are much the same for each of the four family systems practices ( Table 2 ), although the sizes of effect for family needs, family resources, and family strengths are almost twice as large as those for family supports. Second, the family systems practices measures were found to be differentially related to the three parenting quality measures ( Table 3 ), as evidenced by the sizes of effect between measures. For example, the sizes of effects for family needs and family strengths are larger for parenting beliefs compared to parental involvement and parenting practices, whereas the sizes of effect between family resources and supports and the three parenting quality measures are nearly identical. Third, the psychological health measures were found to be differentially related to the three parenting quality measures ( Table 4 ). The sizes of effect for the relationships between general health, depression, stress, well-being, caregiving burden, parenting stress, and parenting beliefs were twice as large as those for parent involvement and parenting practices.
The mediated effects findings also provide the basis for an understanding of the mechanisms for the relationships between intervention-related measures and parenting quality, as described in the call for papers for the special issue of the IJERPH on Parenting and Mental Health. The results from the two sets of mediated analyses ( Table 5 and Table 6 ) indicated that the different types of psychological health measures tended to account for a similar amount of variance between the family systems practices and the parenting quality measures. The total amounts of variance accounted for by the main and mediated effects were also nearly identical for the two sets of mediated analyses.
The results reported in this paper, as well as findings reported elsewhere (e.g., [ 49 , 51 , 54 , 55 , 58 ]), are all consistent with the basic tenets of the applied family systems model [ 45 , 46 ] that guided the conduct of the research. The results provide support for the use of family strengths to obtain both resources and supports to achieve needs satisfaction. Applied intervention studies by the author and his colleagues, where the different family systems model components were operationalized as intervention practices, have all yielded evidence that the model is useful for strengthening family capacity to obtain needed resources and supports. For example, child [ 105 ], parent [ 106 ], and family [ 107 ] strengths have been operationalized as personal interests and abilities and used to both strengthen existing capabilities and promote the acquisition of new competencies . The same has been done with the other family systems intervention practices components.
Several limitations need to be mentioned to place the results in methodological and procedural perspective. First, the data in all of the meta-analyses are correlational where causal statements may not be warranted. The results reported in this paper simply indicate that there is covariation between the variables of interest where the findings are consistent with hypothesized relationships between the family systems measures, psychological health measures, and the parenting quality measures. Second, there is also the possibility that the obtained relationships between measures were affected by other unobserved variables or by statistical artifacts. These might have resulted in under- or over-estimation of the effect sizes between measures.
There are also limitations related to the use of meta-analysis for aggregating results from different studies. First, combining results from studies that differ for any number of reasons may have resulted in “mixing apples and oranges”. For example, the use of different scales for measuring any one of the parenting quality measures may have resulted in suppression of the strength of the relationships between measures. Second, methodological considerations that were beyond the scope of this paper, such as moderator effects, might explain differences reported in the primary studies. These types of analyses are the next step in the line of research described in this paper.
The relationships between both the family systems practices and the parents’ psychological health and parenting quality measures were almost entirely direct and independent. The relationships between the family systems practices measures and parenting quality were partially mediated by caregiving burden and parenting stress. Future research should focus on other explanatory variables that might better explain the indirect effects of family systems practices on parenting quality. Previous studies in the line of research described in this paper found that self-efficacy beliefs [ 48 ] proved to be a robust predictor of the relationships between family systems practices and parents’ psychological health, family member interactional patterns, parent provision of child learning opportunities, parent-child interactions, and positive parenting practices.
The following supporting information can be downloaded at: https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/ijerph20186723/s1 . The supplemental report includes the complete list of studies in the psychological health meta-analysis and the data for computing the weighted average effect sizes between the six different psychological health measures and the three parenting quality measures. The reference list also includes the studies included in the meta-analysis of the relationships between the family systems measures and parenting quality [ 108 , 109 , 110 , 111 , 112 , 113 , 114 , 115 , 116 , 117 , 118 , 119 , 120 , 121 , 122 , 123 , 124 , 125 , 126 , 127 , 128 , 129 , 130 , 131 , 132 , 133 , 134 , 135 , 136 , 137 , 138 , 139 , 140 , 141 , 142 , 143 , 144 , 145 , 146 , 147 , 148 , 149 , 150 , 151 , 152 , 153 , 154 , 155 , 156 , 157 , 158 , 159 , 160 , 161 , 162 , 163 , 164 , 165 , 166 , 167 , 168 , 169 , 170 , 171 , 172 , 173 , 174 , 175 , 176 , 177 , 178 , 179 , 180 , 181 , 182 , 183 , 184 , 185 , 186 , 187 , 188 , 189 , 190 , 191 , 192 , 193 , 194 , 195 , 196 , 197 , 198 , 199 , 200 , 201 , 202 , 203 , 204 , 205 , 206 , 207 , 208 , 209 , 210 , 211 , 212 , 213 , 214 , 215 , 216 , 217 , 218 , 219 , 220 , 221 , 222 , 223 , 224 , 225 , 226 , 227 , 228 , 229 , 230 , 231 , 232 , 233 , 234 , 235 , 236 , 237 , 238 , 239 , 240 ].
This research received no external funding.
Not applicable.
Data availability statement, conflicts of interest.
The author declares no conflict of interest.
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.
2202 Accesses
Bowen Family Systems Theory is an evolutionary-based theory that views both individual and family functioning from a multigenerational perspective. Information about clients and their families is assembled through a Family Diagram, bringing to life the interactional patterns and family “processes” that are passed down through the generations, contributing to the anxious functioning of members in each next generation. Based on eight interlocking concepts, Bowen Theory provides a vantage point from which to view human functioning at the micro, mezzo, and macro levels as the theory’s concepts and theoretical underpinnings apply to all systems ranging from the individual to the whole of society. This all-encompassing theory of human behavior can be effective in helping individuals manage not only minor difficulties such as work-related stressors or relationship disagreements, but also more complex problems that result in compromised functioning, extreme symptomatology, or concerns that might otherwise meet criteria for DSM-5 diagnoses. This chapter explores the case of Juliette, an individual who overused alcohol for many years resulting in the complete physical and emotional cutoff from her beloved child, and how a Bowen Family Systems theoretical approach was used to address the anxious drinking that contributed to Juliette’s depression and deterioration of family relationships.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Subscribe and save.
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Institutional subscriptions
Family therapy: an “emerging field”.
Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought & action: A social cognitive theory . Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Google Scholar
Bowen, M. (1978). Family therapy in clinical practice . Northvale, NJ: Jason Aronson, Inc.
Kerr, M. E., & Bowen, M. (1988). Family evaluation (1st ed.). New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Company.
Titelman, P. (Ed.). (2008). Triangles Bowen family systems theory perspectives . New York, NY: The Haworth Press Taylor & Francis Group. https://doi.org/10.1300/5490_01 .
Book Google Scholar
Toman, W. (1961). Family constellation (1st ed.). New York: Springer Publishing Company, Inc.
von Bertalanffy, L. (1968). General systems theory foundations, development, applications (1st ed.). New York, NY: George Braziller, Inc.
Download references
Authors and affiliations.
Geneva, IL, USA
Robin Shultz
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar
Correspondence to Robin Shultz .
Editors and affiliations.
Department of Social Work, Washburn University, Topeka, KS, USA
Rhonda Peterson Dealey
School of Social Work, Aurora University, Aurora, IL, USA
Michelle R. Evans
Reprints and permissions
© 2021 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
Shultz, R. (2021). Bowen Family Systems Theory: The Case of Juliette. In: Dealey, R.P., Evans, M.R. (eds) Discovering Theory in Clinical Practice. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57310-2_13
DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57310-2_13
Published : 30 November 2020
Publisher Name : Springer, Cham
Print ISBN : 978-3-030-57309-6
Online ISBN : 978-3-030-57310-2
eBook Packages : Behavioral Science and Psychology Behavioral Science and Psychology (R0)
Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:
Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.
Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative
Policies and ethics
Enhancing your relationships through emotional differentiation..
Posted November 13, 2023 | Reviewed by Michelle Quirk
The Bowen family systems theory, developed by psychiatrist Dr. Murray Bowen, offers profound insights into the dynamics of family relationships and how they shape our lives. This influential theory delves into the interplay among family systems, emotional fusion, and the concept of differentiation. By understanding and applying the Bowen family systems theory principles, individuals can cultivate emotional differentiation, foster healthier relationships, and navigate challenging dynamics with greater clarity and resilience . In this post, I explain the core tenets of Bowen's theory and discover how it can transform and enrich our connections.
Bowen family systems theory underscores the significance of emotional fusion and differentiation in relationships. Emotional fusion refers to a state in which individuals become enmeshed with the emotions and needs of others, leading to an unhealthy blurring of boundaries and a loss of individuality. On the other hand, differentiation involves maintaining a sense of self while remaining connected to others. By developing emotional differentiation, individuals can better manage their own emotions, communicate effectively, and make independent decisions, fostering healthier and more authentic relationships.
An example of emotional fusion might be a parent who feels anxious whenever their child is upset. The parent's mood is closely tied to their child's emotions, making it difficult for them to maintain their sense of calm and rationality when their child is distressed. Their worry might compel them to rush in and solve the child's problems rather than allowing them to develop resilience and problem-solving skills. This lack of boundary and overidentification with the child's emotions is a demonstration of emotional fusion.
Developing emotional differentiation in this scenario would involve the parent recognizing and respecting the distinction between their emotions and their child's. They might acknowledge their anxiety while also understanding that it is their child who is upset, not them. By managing their own emotional response, the parent can remain calm and supportive, allowing their child to navigate their feelings. This helps the parent maintain their emotional balance and models effective emotional management for the child. Emotional differentiation involves observing our emotions without reacting to them, fostering healthier and more balanced relationships.
Bowen's theory explores the concept of triangles, which occur when tension arises between two individuals and a third person is drawn in to alleviate the conflict. Triangulation can complicate relationships and perpetuate unhealthy dynamics. Understanding how triangles manifest and learning to navigate them with emotional intelligence can lead to more balanced and harmonious connections.
Consider the instance of a married couple experiencing tension in their relationship. Instead of addressing their issues directly with each other, they might involve a third person, like their child, sharing their grievances and seeking comfort. This is an example of a triangle, where the child is drawn into the couple's conflict, effectively reducing the tension between the couple. This is known as triangulation. However, such a scenario can cause emotional distress to the child, who may feel burdened by the parents' conflict. It can also prevent the couple from resolving their issues directly, perpetuating unhealthy dynamics within the family. Recognizing and disengaging from such triangulation can contribute toward healthier and more open communication in relationships.
Bowen's theory emphasizes the role of the multigenerational transmission process in shaping family dynamics. It highlights how behavior patterns, emotional reactivity, and relationship dynamics are passed down through generations. By recognizing and understanding these patterns, individuals can break free from unhealthy cycles and create healthier relationship dynamics for themselves and future generations.
Consider the Smith family, where the grandfather was known for his quick temper and impulsivity. This behavior pattern was seen in his son, who often reacted impulsively during stressful situations. Now, the grandson, Jack, seems to exhibit similar behaviors. Jack appears to have inherited these behavioral tendencies despite never having met his grandfather. This is an example of a multigenerational transmission process, where certain behaviors and emotional responses are passed down across generations. It illustrates the importance of recognizing these patterns to break the cycle and foster healthier coping mechanisms and behavioral responses.
Anxiety is a critical component of Bowen family systems theory, as it impacts how individuals interact within their relationships. Bowen suggests that managing anxiety is crucial for maintaining healthy emotional boundaries and promoting differentiation. By examining and understanding the underlying anxieties within family systems, individuals can minimize emotional reactivity and respond more effectively to relationship challenges.
Consider the case of Mary, a single mother of two who constantly feels overwhelmed and anxious about her ability to provide for her family. Her anxiety seeps into her relationships with her children, causing her to hover over them and micromanage their lives. This overbearing behavior stems from her deep-seated fears of failure and losing control. She often reacts in an emotionally intense manner to minor inconveniences, fostering a tense and anxious home environment. This scenario illustrates how anxiety can influence relationships within a family system and trigger emotional reactivity. Recognizing this anxiety-driven behavior is the first step toward managing it, promoting healthier emotional boundaries, and fostering a more balanced family dynamic .
The wisdom embedded within Bowen family systems theory offers a transformative approach to understanding and improving our relationships. By cultivating emotional differentiation, navigating triangles, recognizing multigenerational patterns, and managing anxiety, we can create healthier and more fulfilling connections with our loved ones. Bowen's theory provides a framework for self-reflection, growth, and enhanced communication, enabling us to build stronger bonds and break free from the limitations of our past. Embark on a journey of self-discovery, apply the Bowen family systems theory principles, and watch as your relationships flourish with newfound understanding, empathy, and resilience.
Kerr, M. E. (2000). One Family's Story: A Primer on Bowen Theory. The Bowen Center for the Study of the Family. Available at www.thebowencenter.org .
Papero, D.V. (1990). Bowen Family Systems Theory. Allyn and Bacon, Boston. ISBN 0-205-12904-6.
Bowen, M. (1978). Family Therapy in Clinical Practice. Jason Aronson, New York. ISBN 0-87668-761-3.
Ilene S. Cohen, Ph.D. , is a psychotherapist and blogger, who teaches in the Department of Counseling at Barry University.
It’s increasingly common for someone to be diagnosed with a condition such as ADHD or autism as an adult. A diagnosis often brings relief, but it can also come with as many questions as answers.
This blog contains papers written by the author on various topics related to psychology. All entries are actual papers submitted by the author & may not be copied or reproduced without proper citation and reference.
Bowen family theory and case study, no comments:, post a comment.
Note: Only a member of this blog may post a comment.
Disney’s Encanto has had family therapists buzzing ever since it came out in November 2021. Honestly, this movie just made our jobs easier. I don’t think I’ve ever had such a clear and engaging reference for talking about family systems. Lin-Manuel Miranda over and over has shown such a keen sense about how human relationships work through his lyrics and music. The way characters sing over each other, and quickly say things that you might just miss the first time if you aren’t paying close attention really brings them to life. The character expression in this movie, especially in the songs, makes them feel so alive I can easily picture this family in a therapy session together.
This blog post is one of many exploring Encanto from a family systems perspective. In this contribution, I am focusing on how each of the songs depicts a concept from the “father” of family therapy, Dr. Murray Bowen’s, original concepts. For more information about Bowenian System’s Theory, here is a brief overview from the Bowen Center for Study of the Family:
https://www.thebowencenter.org/core-concepts-diagrams
SPOILER ALERT: If you haven’t seen the movie yet, please be aware that there may be spoilers in my examples below.
Bowenian System’s Concepts Illustrated by The Songs of Encanto
Relevant to all of these Bowenian concepts illustrated in Encanto is the goal of Differentiation. Differentiation means that a person experiences a healthy balance of feeling whole as an individual and also connected to their family members. The opposite of differentiated is “undifferentiated.” Experiencing Cut-Offs or Enmeshments can both be undifferentiated because differentiation is about balance and not going to either extreme.
Genograms
A genogram is like a therapeutic combination of a family tree and a family diagnostic assessment. When depicting the family, we look at several generations. Ideally as far out, or farther, as the “identified patient’s” grandparents. Genograms show family structure, family roles, individual issues within the family, and family dynamics.
In “The Family Madrigal” we learn about the family structure, individual qualities and roles, and some dynamics such as who is close and who has conflict.
Family Projection Process
In short, the family projection process is how we talk about older generations’ values, strengths, fears, and anxieties affecting their view and behavior toward the younger generations. Depending on the view, this process can help or hurt the child. The child can either be seen disproportionately as a “problem child” or a “golden child” depending on what the older generation is projecting on to them.
In “Waiting on a Miracle,” Mirabel is reacting to the family value that you must have a magic power to help and belong in her family. Since she has no magical talent, she is seen as a problem and doesn’t feel like she belongs. As we see through the film, this projection process creates a whole system of anxiety for the family.
Family Fusion
Fusion occurs when a family member takes on the anxieties of others to the point that they lose themselves. It creates an unmanageable amount of stress for the individual and also enables disfunction in the family system.
In “Surface Pressure,” Luisa sings about the intense pressure of carrying so many family burdens. In the song’s bridge she dreams of living a more differentiated life where she could let go of family pressures and take better care of herself.
Cut-Offs can be both physical and emotional, or just emotional. They occur when the family system cannot handle the anxiety of maintaining a connection with one or more of its members, so it shuts people out. This is a reflection of the system itself and not the individual(s) it is shutting out.
In “We Don’t Talk About Bruno,” the family sings about how this member is both physically and emotionally cut off from the family to the point they (unsuccessfully) avoid even talking about him. The family sings about the anxieties this member brings up for them. As we learn, failing to resolve these issues and connect with this family member harmful effect on everyone.
Differentiation
Again, differentiation means being able to feel both whole individually and connected to your family. It means breaking free from becoming an exact replica of previous generations, molded by their values. Differentiation means you find your own unique, often creative, existence. Bowen theory recognizes that even just one person differentiating themselves can begin the healing process for the entire family system. Once someone differentiates themselves, it makes it hard for the family system to continue churning along with the same patterns of disfunction.
In “What Else Can I Do?,” Isabel breaks free of the perfectionism projected onto her by her family. She celebrates with a burst of vitality and creativity. She and her sister reconcile tension, and together stand up to dysfunctional family processes. This ultimately breaks the old dysfunctional family system so that they can build a healthier one.
Intergenerational Trauma
With intergenerational trauma, the anxiety created from the older generation’s trauma affects the younger generations. Family healing requires either the older generation to heal and make amends, or for the younger generation to recognize the challenges experienced by the older generation and work towards forgiveness, acceptance, and differentiation. When both generations can engage in healing, we have a miracle!
In “Dos Orugitas,” Abuela is able to recognize how her trauma has affected the family. She is able to make amends for the harmful pattern of behavior towards her family, especially her granddaughter, Mirabel. Mirabel expresses understanding of all that her Abuela went through, and the two experience a beautiful reconciliation.
Leave a comment cancel reply.
You must be logged in to post a comment.
Discover the world's research
IMAGES
VIDEO
COMMENTS
1 The case of Noah is a composite based on multiple cases with similar clinical presentations involving anxiety, school avoidance, and family dynamics. These cases had similar successful responses to family interventions. Using a case that is an amalgam of multiple cases, absent any identifying information, provides the reader with an authentic clinical description and "takes reasonable ...
The studies in the family systems meta-analyses are included in each of the research reports cited above and referenced in Table 1. Most of the family systems meta-analyses included between 30 and 82 studies and 3303 to 7675 participants. The parents' psychological health meta-analysis included 108 studies and 21,784 participants.
The case study examines the interplay between the evolution of the frames of reference and the augmentation of the data, which ultimately covered three generations of family history, to understand the phenomenon of observational blindness as it affected my capacity for accurate observation of human behavior and functioning.
This article presents principles of Bowen family systems theory and shows how they were applied to assessment and counseling of a clinical case that involved family secrets. Because Bowen family systems theory offers an encompassing way of viewing human behavior from a family and natural systems perspective, it is an effective framework to ...
This study focused on examining the cross-cultural validity of Bowen family systems theory (M. Bowen, 1978), namely differentiation of self for individuals of color.
The term "family systems therapy" implies that the clinical work being conducted involves more than one person in the therapy room. But when practicing from a Bowen Family Systems Theory perspective, therapy often begins with a single motivated individual seeking help with managing personal problems or dealing with "difficult" people or relationships.
This paper overviews Bowen family systems theory and its approach to family therapy. It aims to introduce this influential approach and a sample of developments in theory and practice since Bowen's first publications of his research and theory.
Bowen's theory provides a framework for self-reflection, growth, and enhanced communication. The Bowen family systems theory, developed by psychiatrist Dr. Murray Bowen, offers profound insights ...
Collaborating with parents is an important skill set for school-based mental health professionals. While school districts expect school psychologists and school counselors to facilitate family-school collaboration, most receive little training in family counseling and systems theory in their graduate programs. School psychologists and school counselors could benefit from resources that ...
Outcome and basic research supporting the application of Bowen family systems theory is reviewed. Specific clinical interventions for counseling adolescents that derive from Bowen family systems theory are provided, and a case study demonstrating these clinical interventions is presented.
This paper will give an overview of Murray Bowen's theory of family systems. It will describe the model's development and outline its core clinical components. The practice of therapy will be described as well as recent developments within the model. Some key criticisms will be raised, followed by a case example which highlights
Bowen family systems theory is a theory of human behavior that views the family as an emotional unit and uses systems thinking to describe the unit's complex interactions. It is the nature of a family that its members are intensely connected emotionally. Often people feel distant or disconnected from their families, but this is more feeling ...
Family systems theory is what sets family therapy apart from other psychotherapy approaches. Family systems theory is the foundation of the field, and it's the driver of family therapy models. For the field to remain strong, one need researchers to focus on developing and improving evidence-based practices as well as find ways to improve how one train therapists. This book outlines the science ...
Uniquely focusing on how to integrate science and theory into clinical. practice, the book provides an overview of science from multiple domains. and ties it to family systems theory through the ...
Family systems theory places primary focus on exchanges of behavior that take place in a given moment of interaction between members of the family. ... A clinical case study: Music therapy for an ...
The theory promotes a research attitude, whether studying one's own family, consulting with a family in psychotherapy, or studying other types of emotional systems. Murray Bowen developed his theory through formal and informal clinical research. Important principles guiding the original research remain crucial for Bowen theory research today.
Bowen family systems theory emphasizes the individual human behaviors that contribute to the overall family dynamic. By asserting eight different concepts, Bowen theory aids therapists to determine potential critical areas of practices that influence the complex emotional interactions of individual family members that in turn, affects the overall health of the household.
Family Systems Theory is a scientific theory of human behavior created by a psychiatrist, Dr. Murray Bowen, based on his research and work experience from 1946-1959 at the Menninger Clinic and the ...
He formulated the theory by using systems thinking to integrate knowledge of the human as a product of evolution with knowledge from family research. A core assumption is that an emotional system that evolved over several billion years governs human relationship systems. ... The Bowen Center for the Study of the Family is a 501(c)3 non-profit ...
This blog post is one of many exploring Encanto from a family systems perspective. In this contribution, I am focusing on how each of the songs depicts a concept from the "father" of family therapy, Dr. Murray Bowen's, original concepts. For more information about Bowenian System's Theory, here is a brief overview from the Bowen Center ...
Family system theory explains the causes of being undifferentiated in the concept of family relations, and it names some of the characteristics of the family that led to undifferentiation such as ...