how to end a writing assignment

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How to Conclude an Essay (with Examples)

Last Updated: July 22, 2024 Fact Checked

Writing a Strong Conclusion

What to avoid, brainstorming tricks.

This article was co-authored by Jake Adams and by wikiHow staff writer, Aly Rusciano . Jake Adams is an academic tutor and the owner of Simplifi EDU, a Santa Monica, California based online tutoring business offering learning resources and online tutors for academic subjects K-College, SAT & ACT prep, and college admissions applications. With over 14 years of professional tutoring experience, Jake is dedicated to providing his clients the very best online tutoring experience and access to a network of excellent undergraduate and graduate-level tutors from top colleges all over the nation. Jake holds a BS in International Business and Marketing from Pepperdine University. There are 8 references cited in this article, which can be found at the bottom of the page. This article has been fact-checked, ensuring the accuracy of any cited facts and confirming the authority of its sources. This article has been viewed 3,218,926 times.

So, you’ve written an outstanding essay and couldn’t be more proud. But now you have to write the final paragraph. The conclusion simply summarizes what you’ve already written, right? Well, not exactly. Your essay’s conclusion should be a bit more finessed than that. Luckily, you’ve come to the perfect place to learn how to write a conclusion. We’ve put together this guide to fill you in on everything you should and shouldn’t do when ending an essay. Follow our advice, and you’ll have a stellar conclusion worthy of an A+ in no time.

Tips for Ending an Essay

• Rephrase your thesis to include in your final paragraph to bring the essay full circle.
• End your essay with a call to action, warning, or image to make your argument meaningful.
• Keep your conclusion concise and to the point, so you don’t lose a reader’s attention.
• Do your best to avoid adding new information to your conclusion and only emphasize points you’ve already made in your essay.

• “All in all”
• “Ultimately”
• “Furthermore”
• “As a consequence”
• “As a result”

• Make sure to write your main points in a new and unique way to avoid repetition.

• Let’s say this is your original thesis statement: “Allowing students to visit the library during lunch improves campus life and supports academic achievement.”
• Restating your thesis for your conclusion could look like this: “Evidence shows students who have access to their school’s library during lunch check out more books and are more likely to complete their homework.”
• The restated thesis has the same sentiment as the original while also summarizing other points of the essay.

• “When you use plastic water bottles, you pollute the ocean. Switch to using a glass or metal water bottle instead. The planet and sea turtles will thank you.”
• “The average person spends roughly 7 hours on their phone a day, so there’s no wonder cybersickness is plaguing all generations.”
• “Imagine walking on the beach, except the soft sand is made up of cigarette butts. They burn your feet but keep washing in with the tide. If we don’t clean up the ocean, this will be our reality.”
• “ Lost is not only a show that changed the course of television, but it’s also a reflection of humanity as a whole.”
• “If action isn’t taken to end climate change today, the global temperature will dangerously rise from 4.5 to 8 °F (−15.3 to −13.3 °C) by 2100.”

• Focus on your essay's most prevalent or important parts. What key points do you want readers to take away or remember about your essay?

• For instance, instead of writing, “That’s why I think that Abraham Lincoln was the best American President,” write, “That’s why Abraham Lincoln was the best American President.”
• There’s no room for ifs, ands, or buts—your opinion matters and doesn’t need to be apologized for!

• For instance, words like “firstly,” “secondly,” and “thirdly” may be great transition statements for body paragraphs but are unnecessary in a conclusion.

• For instance, say you began your essay with the idea that humanity’s small sense of sense stems from space’s vast size. Try returning to this idea in the conclusion by emphasizing that as human knowledge grows, space becomes smaller.

• For example, you could extend an essay on the television show Orange is the New Black by bringing up the culture of imprisonment in America.

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• Always review your essay after writing it for proper grammar, spelling, and punctuation, and don’t be afraid to revise. Thanks Helpful 0 Not Helpful 0

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• Have somebody else proofread your essay before turning it in. The other person will often be able to see errors you may have missed!

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• ↑ https://www.uts.edu.au/current-students/support/helps/self-help-resources/grammar/transition-signals
• ↑ https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/general_writing/common_writing_assignments/argument_papers/conclusions.html
• ↑ http://writing2.richmond.edu/writing/wweb/conclude.html
• ↑ https://writingcenter.fas.harvard.edu/pages/ending-essay-conclusions
• ↑ https://www.pittsfordschools.org/site/handlers/filedownload.ashx?moduleinstanceid=542&dataid=4677&FileName=conclusions1.pdf
• ↑ https://www.cuyamaca.edu/student-support/tutoring-center/files/student-resources/how-to-write-a-good-conclusion.pdf
• ↑ https://library.sacredheart.edu/c.php?g=29803&p=185935

About This Article

To end an essay, start your conclusion with a phrase that makes it clear your essay is coming to a close, like "In summary," or "All things considered." Then, use a few sentences to briefly summarize the main points of your essay by rephrasing the topic sentences of your body paragraphs. Finally, end your conclusion with a call to action that encourages your readers to do something or learn more about your topic. In general, try to keep your conclusion between 5 and 7 sentences long. For more tips from our English co-author, like how to avoid common pitfalls when writing an essay conclusion, scroll down! Did this summary help you? Yes No

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How to Write a Conclusion for an Assignment

Table of Contents

What Is a Conclusion?

How to write a conclusion for your essay, typical words to start a conclusion, a conclusion example for assignment, now, it’s time for this article’s conclusion….

A conclusion is a summary of the whole assignment. It should restate the thesis, summarize key ideas presented in the assignment, and leave the reader with a final idea about the topic in general to ponder further! It is the most logical way to end an assignment. Conclusion writing is not so difficult! The purpose of a conclusion is to link the thesis statement (written in the introduction) with main ideas or points (made in the main body) and provide an overall message. A conclusion provides closure and is expected in most academic related writing, including assignments, research papers, and essays. At AssignmentBro you can order assignment help online and our expert writers help with any difficulty homework.

To write an assignment conclusion, follow the 7 simple steps below!

• Start a conclusion paragraph by indenting the first line or leaving a blank line in between the last main body paragraph and the conclusion.
• Use a suitable starting word or phrase to indicate the assignment is drawing to a close, such as, ‘In summary’ or ‘With all this in mind’ (read on for further example starter words and phrases).
• Revisit your introduction to remind yourself of the thesis e.g., ‘The biggest contributor to global warming is animal agriculture’ . Then, either paraphrase or answer the thesis e.g., ‘In summary, animal agriculture is the main cause of global warming’ .
• Summarize the main point made by each paragraph in the assignment. So, if you have written 3 main body paragraphs, there should be 3 main points stated in the conclusion e.g., ‘ The animal agricultural sector causes extensive GHG emissions. As the world population grows, increasingly colossal areas of rainforest are being cleared for farmed animals, to keep up the demand for meat. Furthermore, seemingly unmeasurable amounts of animal wastes are polluting vast areas of land and water, thus ruining the biodiversity that helps to keep our planet’s GHG’s balanced’.
• Ensure you do not give the reader any new information. The conclusion is not the place for this.
• To end a paragraph, give your readers a closing sentence about the overall topic and try to encourage them to think further e.g., ‘If the world’s population continues to grow at its current rate and we do not make the shift towards a plant-based diet fast enough, we may reach a point whereby the damage to the ozone layer is beyond repair’ .
• Finally, end a conclusion, proof-read it! Do not skip this part! There is no point writing an amazing conclusion in assignment if readers cannot understand it or spot several spelling, punctuation, or grammatical errors!

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It’s important for the reader to sense the assignment is ending. Here are some useful words and phrases that can help you achieve this, and transition well into the concluding paragraph of your assignment:

• Given the circumstances
• Now that one knows
• The logical conclusion appears to be
• To summarize
• Upon consideration of the facts discussed
• After the exploration of multiple professional viewpoints
• In view of this information
• Nevertheless
• When faced with the dilemma of
• Bearing all this in mind
• It seems clear that
• Given the evidence presented
• With all aspects considered

Choose AssignmentBro for homework help . Our expert writers with academic degrees so you can trust them.

When writing a conclusion for an assignment, it can be easier to see an example:

Overall, owning a pet is a huge commitment that can span many years of one’s life. A pet will require regular feeding and day-to-day care. Many pets need large amounts of human interaction, attention, and affection which can be time-consuming. Furthermore, a pet may incur great costs by means of food, medical care and pet sitting (whenever the owner wants to go on vacation without the pet). The decision of whether to welcome a pet into your home must be considered in great depth, and at length, to prevent another potentially unwanted animal ending its life in an animal shelter. 

Ultimately, writing a concluding paragraph is simple when you refer to the introduction for the assignment , and the key points made in the main body. All the information you need is already there, but it just needs re-working to provide the reader with closure, and perhaps also get them thinking further about the points you have made!

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How to End a College Essay: Six Strategies

Gina twardosz.

• Last Updated on August 22, 2024

Table of Contents

Congratulations! You’ve reached the end of your Common App personal statement…or you’re thinking about the end of your personal statement, and that’s still a cause for celebration. 

Consider your favorite show, film, or book—how did you feel when it ended? Perhaps you were sad because you had spent so much time with the characters that they felt like close friends, or maybe you were angry at a disappointing conclusion that left more questions than answers. 

Whether we like it or not, a conclusion, good or bad, can change how we feel about a piece of media. It’s just as important as your introduction, and maybe even more important since it’s the last thing your reader will read. In this blog post, we’ll explore how to end a college essay to make a lasting impression.

Why Is the Ending Important?

When friends ask me for book or movie recommendations, I always start with the ending. “You have to watch it, the ending was so heartwarming!” I say, or, more often than not, “Don’t watch it—the ending didn’t make any sense.” 

Endings have huge cultural staying power and can even change the audience’s perception of the entire work. You don’t want to unravel your tightly wound story with a loose ending! 

And they lived happily ever after. 

This ending may be unforgettable but for the wrong reasons. Your life is not a fairy tale, so your essay can’t have such a boring, basic conclusion. The ending to your college essay should be rich with nuance and insight. 

To make a lasting impression on the reader, your conclusion should push boundaries, following the reader long after they finish reading your college essay. The end of your college essay should satisfy the reader, tying up loose ends, but a good conclusion is also active, not passive. A good ending to your college essay asks and answers the question, “What’s the point?” Why did the reader just read a 650-word story about you?

Your conclusion is, in many ways, a gift to the reader. It’s the dessert after a long meal—it completes their reading experience and makes everything that came before it worth it. 

Common Mistakes to Avoid

Before we explore the different ways to end a college essay, let’s discuss what not to do. 

The biggest mistake students make when crafting an end to their college essay is not taking the conclusion seriously. 

In essays you’ve written for class, you may have been encouraged to restate your thesis in the conclusion. While that’s a good strategy for an informative essay, a college personal essay is very different. Your college essay may not even have a clear thesis statement, and that’s okay. 

You should not summarize your essay in your conclusion either. A pointed summary of all the main points of your college essay may seem memorable, but it lacks creativity and can seem as though you’re talking down to the reader. A good ending introduces a new part of the essay, so it should stand out while remaining cohesive. 

How to End a College Essay

If you want your essay to capture attention and resonate with the reader, follow these six strategies for ending a college essay. 

Reflect 

While you should be reflecting throughout your essay, a great way to tie together any themes or lessons learned is by reflecting on your values or beliefs at the end of the essay. Have they changed since the beginning of the story by growing stronger, maybe even weaker as you’ve gained more knowledge? 

It’s important to note that reflection is not summary—you’re introducing a new way of looking at your story in the conclusion. In a way, reflection is the analysis of your story.

Reflection is a great way to show maturity and growth. While you’ll likely grow and mature even more throughout college, reflecting on your experiences shows a thoughtfulness conducive to a college education. 

If you’ve ever seen a stand-up comedian perform, then you know that sometimes they reference earlier jokes later in the set. A “callback” can seem like an inside joke between the comedian and audience, creating familiarity between performer and spectator. 

Let’s look at the essay introduction imagined in the article, “ How to Write a Good Essay Hook. ”

“Yuck!” I yelled as the pigeon pooped on my head. 

It’s safe to assume this essay will be, in part, about overcoming challenges or adversity. So, how should it end? To match the humor of the introduction, a callback can be utilized to end this college essay. 

The best advice I ever received was to stay positive. Keep looking up, because if anything, you’ll see the pigeon before it poops! 

While this essay is very humorous, your essay doesn’t have to be funny to use a callback.

Rescue Your Cliffhanger

It may be self explanatory, but if you started your essay with a cliffhanger, you’ll have to return to it at the end, saving whatever you left dangling in a move that will leave the reader both relieved, satisfied, and maybe even a little surprised. 

Ending your essay in a scene is also an active way to leave a memorable impression on the reader.

You’ve experienced a lot so far, but there is still so much for you to discover. Readers of your essay know that your big journey is just beginning, so don’t be afraid to end your essay looking toward the future. Especially if your essay is about overcoming a challenge, you’ll want to end on a positive note as you look out toward your potential. 

Just as you’re reflecting inward, look outward at the world around you. What’s next for you? Show the reader that your story is only ending on paper. 

When writing the perfect college essay, the stakes can feel overwhelming. Applying to colleges is a serious undertaking, but that doesn’t mean that you can’t allow yourself to feel excited! You’re going to college, and you’re going to do big things when you’re there, and beyond.

While you’ll likely have a chance to write about your career aspirations in one of the many short answer supplemental essays colleges require, your college essay can be a great way for you to write about your hopes and dreams. Especially if you’re writing about your identity, background, or talents, ending on your dreams can leave the reader with a memorable and heartwarming message.  

Surprise Twist! 

M. Night Shyamalan: You either love his twist endings…or you loathe them. I won’t tell you how to watch movies, but when it comes to writing, I can assure you that a surprise twist can make your college essay impossible to forget. 

It should be said that this can be one of the hardest endings to get right, and it definitely depends upon the way you’ve structured your essay. But if your essay is pretty conventional, a surprise twist can take your college essay to the next level. 

Think of your twist ending as more of a pivot into a new direction. It’s important not to stray too far from the topic of the essay—you don’t want a disjointed essay—but surprise twists can be a great way to ensure your essay doesn’t fall victim to trope. 

For example, maybe your essay is about becoming a more adventurous cook, but in the end, you end up burning Thanksgiving dinner! Things didn’t go as expected, but through this journey, you learned what truly matters is family…and takeout food. 

Life is full of twists and turns, and if you can work one into your essay, you may just take the right path toward your dream school. 

While the end of a college essay is only one part of it, it has the ability to the define the essay, so it’s important to take it seriously and write a creative ending that satisfies the reader while leaving a lasting impression. It’s not enough to simply start the race, you have to finish strong to secure your victory. One of these six strategies can help you end your college essay, ensuring that your college essay is unforgettable.

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5 Examples of Concluding Words for Essays

4-minute read

• 19th September 2022

If you’re a student writing an essay or research paper, it’s important to make sure your points flow together well. You’ll want to use connecting words (known formally as transition signals) to do this. Transition signals like thus , also , and furthermore link different ideas, and when you get to the end of your work, you need to use these to mark your conclusion. Read on to learn more about transition signals and how to use them to conclude your essays.

Transition Signals

Transition signals link sentences together cohesively, enabling easy reading and comprehension. They are usually placed at the beginning of a sentence and separated from the remaining words with a comma. There are several types of transition signals, including those to:

●  show the order of a sequence of events (e.g., first, then, next)

●  introduce an example (e.g., specifically, for instance)

●  indicate a contrasting idea (e.g., but, however, although)

●  present an additional idea (e.g., also, in addition, plus)

●  indicate time (e.g., beforehand, meanwhile, later)

●  compare (e.g., likewise, similarly)

●  show cause and effect (e.g., thus, as a result)

●  mark the conclusion – which we’ll focus on in this guide.

When you reach the end of an essay, you should start the concluding paragraph with a transition signal that acts as a bridge to the summary of your key points. Check out some concluding transition signals below and learn how you can use them in your writing.

To Conclude…

This is a particularly versatile closing statement that can be used for almost any kind of essay, including both formal and informal academic writing. It signals to the reader that you will briefly restate the main idea. As an alternative, you can begin the summary with “to close” or “in conclusion.” In an argumentative piece, you can use this phrase to indicate a call to action or opinion:

To conclude, Abraham Lincoln was the best president because he abolished slavery.

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As Has Been Demonstrated…

To describe how the evidence presented in your essay supports your argument or main idea, begin the concluding paragraph with “as has been demonstrated.” This phrase is best used for research papers or articles with heavy empirical or statistical evidence.

As has been demonstrated by the study presented above, human activities are negatively altering the climate system.

The Above Points Illustrate…

As another transitional phrase for formal or academic work, “the above points illustrate” indicates that you are reiterating your argument and that the conclusion will include an assessment of the evidence you’ve presented.

The above points illustrate that children prefer chocolate over broccoli.

In a Nutshell…

A simple and informal metaphor to begin a conclusion, “in a nutshell” prepares the reader for a summary of your paper. It can work in narratives and speeches but should be avoided in formal situations.

In a nutshell, the Beatles had an impact on musicians for generations to come.

Overall, It Can Be Said…

To recap an idea at the end of a critical or descriptive essay, you can use this phrase at the beginning of the concluding paragraph. “Overall” means “taking everything into account,” and it sums up your essay in a formal way. You can use “overall” on its own as a transition signal, or you can use it as part of a phrase.

Overall, it can be said that art has had a positive impact on humanity.

Proofreading and Editing

Transition signals are crucial to crafting a well-written and cohesive essay. For your next writing assignment, make sure you include plenty of transition signals, and check out this post for more tips on how to improve your writing. And before you turn in your paper, don’t forget to have someone proofread your work. Our expert editors will make sure your essay includes all the transition signals necessary for your writing to flow seamlessly. Send in a free 500-word sample today!

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10 Tips for Perfect Assignment Conclusion

Updated 19 Jul 2024

Table of contents

What is a conclusion, how to conclude an assignment: basic rules, strategies for writing: what to do, conclusion structure, mistakes in assignment conclusion, conclusion example for assignment.

All students, regardless of where they live or study, face the necessity to write essays. It’s an everyday task assigned by professors of all subjects, and most struggle with completing it since many intricacies are involved in this process. Usually, the majority of efforts are poured into the body as it’s the core of any paper.

Few students care much about writing a conclusion as at this point, they are exhausted and just want to be done. This is a common mistake because the conclusion could largely affect your mark. It is the last part of an essay that summarises all key ideas, refreshing your audience’s minds, proving the final value of your assignment by revealing what’s been achieved and making a final impression.

When you are told to write a conclusion, you should think about what thesis statement came before or what assignment type you have to do. A conclusion stands for summing things up in most cases, yet when you must provide your thesis paper, your final part of an assignment will talk about the outcomes that you have found. The difference here is that you should talk about whether your objectives have been achieved. For example, approaching your conclusion writer with a creative essay assignment, you should understand that it’s not a summary any longer as you have to talk about the moral lesson or explain what has happened before.

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While learning how to write a conclusion paragraph may sound frightening to most students, there are several helpful tips and structure examples that you must learn. As you might already know, the conclusion part for a successful assignment should not introduce any new ideas, yet at the same time, it should make existing ideas even clearer. The majority of college professors recommend taking a second look at your thesis statement to rewrite it differently. As you think about how to begin a conclusion, focus on what your essay has achieved or what moral lesson has been learned. After all, the conclusion is not only about summing things up but about presenting your audience with a condensed thesis. It should speak of your objectives through the lens of a finished assignment. This is exactly what your conclusion part must achieve.

When you are writing a conclusion for an assignment, you must not only know how to write a good conclusion but also see what elements have to be present there and also what rules should be maintained. Look at the list below. Remember them if you’d like to produce an efficient assignment.

Essays might be of varying length, but there is one single guideline that stretches to all of them. Conclusion should not be longer than 10% from the word count. If a paper has 900 words, conclude it in 90. If there are 3000 words, then compose about 300. This will create great harmony, preventing your readers from feeling bored or overloaded.

• Present summary but don’t copy previous sentences

The goal accomplished by the conclusion for the assignment lies in offering a paper summary. If it was long, it’s particularly important to mention relevant moments you raised in a body. Select major points from each body paragraph and briefly discuss them again. Conciseness is the main rule. Don’t just copy them, though! Express them in other words or this will be considered a serious flaw.

• Emphasise what you’ve managed to achieve

Each essay has a goal, even if it’s written on a personal subject. Show how it was completed. Dedicate several sentences to demonstrating your accomplishment: for instance, if you were researching ways of treating PTSD, list the ones you found, ensure your assignment has been effective.

• Describe the impact of your findings on the future

What makes a good conclusion? Demonstration of the use your research has. Talk about how valuable your insights could be for future experts. Following an example with PTSD, point out how your findings could assist patients.

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There is a standard assignment conclusion format that professors expect to see in students’ assignments. Fortunately, the following four strategies will show you what it is.

• Address your thesis

A thesis is a major essence of any academic essay: you keep proving it in each subsequent paragraph. Repeat it in other words, in conclusion, effectively linking it with the introduction and completing the research cycle.

• Ask yourself, “So what?”

If you doubt the efficiency of the conclusion, ask yourself a question, “And so?” Is it obvious why your work was important? If not, make these parts clearer until you could give a positive reply.

• Provide closure

Make the final sentence actually final. Explain everything, offer advice for future research, and include general, vague statements in the very end.

If there were some limitations in your research or you have faced biases, address them. Refrain from being too hard on yourself yet show you’re an objective researcher.

As you think about how to start the conclusion correctly, make sure that you understand the structure first, which will always depend on your essay type. Still, in the majority of cases, you should follow this template to learn what to include in a conclusion:

- Basic background information paragraph where you remind your readers about what you have tried to achieve or what problem has been explored.

- Restatement of your main thesis or arguments in simpler words. It should be worded differently.

- Your analysis and outcome regarding why it matters.

- If you are writing a creative essay, talk about the moral lesson by explaining or estimating the main idea.

- Offer further research ideas if applicable.

Remember that summing things up in your conclusion part is not obligatory, which means that your conclusion structure might change. Always check twice with your essay type and the grading rubric to stay safe!

Learn also: How to get professional  hnd assignment help for University students.

Working with your conclusion writing, sum up your topic sentences taken from the body paragraphs and explain them in a shorter form. Do not just list them word by word as it would be a mistake. Choosing the words to start a conclusion, do not use "to sum things up" or "in conclusion" if you can avoid it. Restate your thesis as the very first words by introducing it for your readers through the lens of achieved objectives.

There are more things students should look out for when composing the last paragraph of their essay. Some conclusions are ineffective, and to keep yours out of this list, remember the following. First, don’t give long summaries. Turn a summary into synthesis: cleverly unite main work points, linking them together. Avoid providing long lists of the same facts; be picky instead to avoid overloading your audience. Don’t introduce new facts either. Conclusion shouldn’t present any new information. Reference what was already discussed and refrain from presenting additional data because it’ll only confuse your readers, making them believe they have missed something. If you’re still hesitating about how to write a conclusion, check samples we’ve created for you.

Reading through our conclusion paragraph examples, think about the structure and do your best to format available information. As you can see, it takes a thesis help style and keeps all the filler words out. It is especially evident in the second conclusion template that we have offered for you. It has an optimal structure and contains an explanatory tone. Even if you find it challenging to learn how to write a conclusion example, follow our samples and try to write something similar just as you train yourself before an actual assignment!

Reading theory is good, but seeing what you’ve read on practice is considerably better. Look at conclusion below, on the topic “Fanfiction is a worthy branch of literature”.

As results show, fanfiction stories often feature complex plots, three-dimensional characters, and flowing writing styles that even numerous officially published authors do not have. This is a significant research finding that could break stereotypes surrounding fanfiction by offering more balanced examples along with a two-layered comparison between unofficial and official publications. It will be helpful to writers who engage in fanfiction for practice or as a hobby, giving them confidence that could birth new masterpieces for the whole literature world. While more such studies are needed, it is undeniable that talented people express themselves on a variety of mediums.

Here is another conclusion for assignment sample. This one is about an optimal length of a workweek.

There is a substantial volume of evidence showing that if people had a 4-day work week, the level of happiness would grow by minimum 75%. The majority are dissatisfied with how much time they spend at the office, revealing that they are missing numerous opportunities. If laws change, people would spend more quality time with their children, educating them better; they would also have more rest, which would make their output more efficient. Considering these facts, it is undeniable that change is required.

As a final tip, consider, what is a conclusion for you? See what to write in a conclusion by checking our guide. Ask yourself about which ones feel complete? Figure it out and emulate them. This way, you’ll succeed for sure.

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Understanding Assignments

What this handout is about.

The first step in any successful college writing venture is reading the assignment. While this sounds like a simple task, it can be a tough one. This handout will help you unravel your assignment and begin to craft an effective response. Much of the following advice will involve translating typical assignment terms and practices into meaningful clues to the type of writing your instructor expects. See our short video for more tips.

Basic beginnings

Regardless of the assignment, department, or instructor, adopting these two habits will serve you well :

• Read the assignment carefully as soon as you receive it. Do not put this task off—reading the assignment at the beginning will save you time, stress, and problems later. An assignment can look pretty straightforward at first, particularly if the instructor has provided lots of information. That does not mean it will not take time and effort to complete; you may even have to learn a new skill to complete the assignment.
• Ask the instructor about anything you do not understand. Do not hesitate to approach your instructor. Instructors would prefer to set you straight before you hand the paper in. That’s also when you will find their feedback most useful.

Assignment formats

Many assignments follow a basic format. Assignments often begin with an overview of the topic, include a central verb or verbs that describe the task, and offer some additional suggestions, questions, or prompts to get you started.

An Overview of Some Kind

The instructor might set the stage with some general discussion of the subject of the assignment, introduce the topic, or remind you of something pertinent that you have discussed in class. For example:

“Throughout history, gerbils have played a key role in politics,” or “In the last few weeks of class, we have focused on the evening wear of the housefly …”

The Task of the Assignment

Pay attention; this part tells you what to do when you write the paper. Look for the key verb or verbs in the sentence. Words like analyze, summarize, or compare direct you to think about your topic in a certain way. Also pay attention to words such as how, what, when, where, and why; these words guide your attention toward specific information. (See the section in this handout titled “Key Terms” for more information.)

“Analyze the effect that gerbils had on the Russian Revolution”, or “Suggest an interpretation of housefly undergarments that differs from Darwin’s.”

Additional Material to Think about

Here you will find some questions to use as springboards as you begin to think about the topic. Instructors usually include these questions as suggestions rather than requirements. Do not feel compelled to answer every question unless the instructor asks you to do so. Pay attention to the order of the questions. Sometimes they suggest the thinking process your instructor imagines you will need to follow to begin thinking about the topic.

“You may wish to consider the differing views held by Communist gerbils vs. Monarchist gerbils, or Can there be such a thing as ‘the housefly garment industry’ or is it just a home-based craft?”

These are the instructor’s comments about writing expectations:

“Be concise”, “Write effectively”, or “Argue furiously.”

Technical Details

These instructions usually indicate format rules or guidelines.

“Your paper must be typed in Palatino font on gray paper and must not exceed 600 pages. It is due on the anniversary of Mao Tse-tung’s death.”

The assignment’s parts may not appear in exactly this order, and each part may be very long or really short. Nonetheless, being aware of this standard pattern can help you understand what your instructor wants you to do.

Interpreting the assignment

Ask yourself a few basic questions as you read and jot down the answers on the assignment sheet:

Why did your instructor ask you to do this particular task?

Who is your audience.

• What kind of evidence do you need to support your ideas?

What kind of writing style is acceptable?

• What are the absolute rules of the paper?

Try to look at the question from the point of view of the instructor. Recognize that your instructor has a reason for giving you this assignment and for giving it to you at a particular point in the semester. In every assignment, the instructor has a challenge for you. This challenge could be anything from demonstrating an ability to think clearly to demonstrating an ability to use the library. See the assignment not as a vague suggestion of what to do but as an opportunity to show that you can handle the course material as directed. Paper assignments give you more than a topic to discuss—they ask you to do something with the topic. Keep reminding yourself of that. Be careful to avoid the other extreme as well: do not read more into the assignment than what is there.

Of course, your instructor has given you an assignment so that they will be able to assess your understanding of the course material and give you an appropriate grade. But there is more to it than that. Your instructor has tried to design a learning experience of some kind. Your instructor wants you to think about something in a particular way for a particular reason. If you read the course description at the beginning of your syllabus, review the assigned readings, and consider the assignment itself, you may begin to see the plan, purpose, or approach to the subject matter that your instructor has created for you. If you still aren’t sure of the assignment’s goals, try asking the instructor. For help with this, see our handout on getting feedback .

Given your instructor’s efforts, it helps to answer the question: What is my purpose in completing this assignment? Is it to gather research from a variety of outside sources and present a coherent picture? Is it to take material I have been learning in class and apply it to a new situation? Is it to prove a point one way or another? Key words from the assignment can help you figure this out. Look for key terms in the form of active verbs that tell you what to do.

Key Terms: Finding Those Active Verbs

Here are some common key words and definitions to help you think about assignment terms:

Information words Ask you to demonstrate what you know about the subject, such as who, what, when, where, how, and why.

• define —give the subject’s meaning (according to someone or something). Sometimes you have to give more than one view on the subject’s meaning
• describe —provide details about the subject by answering question words (such as who, what, when, where, how, and why); you might also give details related to the five senses (what you see, hear, feel, taste, and smell)
• explain —give reasons why or examples of how something happened
• illustrate —give descriptive examples of the subject and show how each is connected with the subject
• summarize —briefly list the important ideas you learned about the subject
• trace —outline how something has changed or developed from an earlier time to its current form
• research —gather material from outside sources about the subject, often with the implication or requirement that you will analyze what you have found

Relation words Ask you to demonstrate how things are connected.

• compare —show how two or more things are similar (and, sometimes, different)
• contrast —show how two or more things are dissimilar
• apply —use details that you’ve been given to demonstrate how an idea, theory, or concept works in a particular situation
• cause —show how one event or series of events made something else happen
• relate —show or describe the connections between things

Interpretation words Ask you to defend ideas of your own about the subject. Do not see these words as requesting opinion alone (unless the assignment specifically says so), but as requiring opinion that is supported by concrete evidence. Remember examples, principles, definitions, or concepts from class or research and use them in your interpretation.

• assess —summarize your opinion of the subject and measure it against something
• prove, justify —give reasons or examples to demonstrate how or why something is the truth
• evaluate, respond —state your opinion of the subject as good, bad, or some combination of the two, with examples and reasons
• support —give reasons or evidence for something you believe (be sure to state clearly what it is that you believe)
• synthesize —put two or more things together that have not been put together in class or in your readings before; do not just summarize one and then the other and say that they are similar or different—you must provide a reason for putting them together that runs all the way through the paper
• analyze —determine how individual parts create or relate to the whole, figure out how something works, what it might mean, or why it is important
• argue —take a side and defend it with evidence against the other side

More Clues to Your Purpose As you read the assignment, think about what the teacher does in class:

• What kinds of textbooks or coursepack did your instructor choose for the course—ones that provide background information, explain theories or perspectives, or argue a point of view?
• In lecture, does your instructor ask your opinion, try to prove their point of view, or use keywords that show up again in the assignment?
• What kinds of assignments are typical in this discipline? Social science classes often expect more research. Humanities classes thrive on interpretation and analysis.
• How do the assignments, readings, and lectures work together in the course? Instructors spend time designing courses, sometimes even arguing with their peers about the most effective course materials. Figuring out the overall design to the course will help you understand what each assignment is meant to achieve.

Now, what about your reader? Most undergraduates think of their audience as the instructor. True, your instructor is a good person to keep in mind as you write. But for the purposes of a good paper, think of your audience as someone like your roommate: smart enough to understand a clear, logical argument, but not someone who already knows exactly what is going on in your particular paper. Remember, even if the instructor knows everything there is to know about your paper topic, they still have to read your paper and assess your understanding. In other words, teach the material to your reader.

Aiming a paper at your audience happens in two ways: you make decisions about the tone and the level of information you want to convey.

• Tone means the “voice” of your paper. Should you be chatty, formal, or objective? Usually you will find some happy medium—you do not want to alienate your reader by sounding condescending or superior, but you do not want to, um, like, totally wig on the man, you know? Eschew ostentatious erudition: some students think the way to sound academic is to use big words. Be careful—you can sound ridiculous, especially if you use the wrong big words.
• The level of information you use depends on who you think your audience is. If you imagine your audience as your instructor and they already know everything you have to say, you may find yourself leaving out key information that can cause your argument to be unconvincing and illogical. But you do not have to explain every single word or issue. If you are telling your roommate what happened on your favorite science fiction TV show last night, you do not say, “First a dark-haired white man of average height, wearing a suit and carrying a flashlight, walked into the room. Then a purple alien with fifteen arms and at least three eyes turned around. Then the man smiled slightly. In the background, you could hear a clock ticking. The room was fairly dark and had at least two windows that I saw.” You also do not say, “This guy found some aliens. The end.” Find some balance of useful details that support your main point.

You’ll find a much more detailed discussion of these concepts in our handout on audience .

The Grim Truth

With a few exceptions (including some lab and ethnography reports), you are probably being asked to make an argument. You must convince your audience. It is easy to forget this aim when you are researching and writing; as you become involved in your subject matter, you may become enmeshed in the details and focus on learning or simply telling the information you have found. You need to do more than just repeat what you have read. Your writing should have a point, and you should be able to say it in a sentence. Sometimes instructors call this sentence a “thesis” or a “claim.”

So, if your instructor tells you to write about some aspect of oral hygiene, you do not want to just list: “First, you brush your teeth with a soft brush and some peanut butter. Then, you floss with unwaxed, bologna-flavored string. Finally, gargle with bourbon.” Instead, you could say, “Of all the oral cleaning methods, sandblasting removes the most plaque. Therefore it should be recommended by the American Dental Association.” Or, “From an aesthetic perspective, moldy teeth can be quite charming. However, their joys are short-lived.”

Convincing the reader of your argument is the goal of academic writing. It doesn’t have to say “argument” anywhere in the assignment for you to need one. Look at the assignment and think about what kind of argument you could make about it instead of just seeing it as a checklist of information you have to present. For help with understanding the role of argument in academic writing, see our handout on argument .

What kind of evidence do you need?

There are many kinds of evidence, and what type of evidence will work for your assignment can depend on several factors–the discipline, the parameters of the assignment, and your instructor’s preference. Should you use statistics? Historical examples? Do you need to conduct your own experiment? Can you rely on personal experience? See our handout on evidence for suggestions on how to use evidence appropriately.

Make sure you are clear about this part of the assignment, because your use of evidence will be crucial in writing a successful paper. You are not just learning how to argue; you are learning how to argue with specific types of materials and ideas. Ask your instructor what counts as acceptable evidence. You can also ask a librarian for help. No matter what kind of evidence you use, be sure to cite it correctly—see the UNC Libraries citation tutorial .

You cannot always tell from the assignment just what sort of writing style your instructor expects. The instructor may be really laid back in class but still expect you to sound formal in writing. Or the instructor may be fairly formal in class and ask you to write a reflection paper where you need to use “I” and speak from your own experience.

Try to avoid false associations of a particular field with a style (“art historians like wacky creativity,” or “political scientists are boring and just give facts”) and look instead to the types of readings you have been given in class. No one expects you to write like Plato—just use the readings as a guide for what is standard or preferable to your instructor. When in doubt, ask your instructor about the level of formality they expect.

No matter what field you are writing for or what facts you are including, if you do not write so that your reader can understand your main idea, you have wasted your time. So make clarity your main goal. For specific help with style, see our handout on style .

Technical details about the assignment

The technical information you are given in an assignment always seems like the easy part. This section can actually give you lots of little hints about approaching the task. Find out if elements such as page length and citation format (see the UNC Libraries citation tutorial ) are negotiable. Some professors do not have strong preferences as long as you are consistent and fully answer the assignment. Some professors are very specific and will deduct big points for deviations.

Usually, the page length tells you something important: The instructor thinks the size of the paper is appropriate to the assignment’s parameters. In plain English, your instructor is telling you how many pages it should take for you to answer the question as fully as you are expected to. So if an assignment is two pages long, you cannot pad your paper with examples or reword your main idea several times. Hit your one point early, defend it with the clearest example, and finish quickly. If an assignment is ten pages long, you can be more complex in your main points and examples—and if you can only produce five pages for that assignment, you need to see someone for help—as soon as possible.

Tricks that don’t work

Your instructors are not fooled when you:

• spend more time on the cover page than the essay —graphics, cool binders, and cute titles are no replacement for a well-written paper.
• use huge fonts, wide margins, or extra spacing to pad the page length —these tricks are immediately obvious to the eye. Most instructors use the same word processor you do. They know what’s possible. Such tactics are especially damning when the instructor has a stack of 60 papers to grade and yours is the only one that low-flying airplane pilots could read.
• use a paper from another class that covered “sort of similar” material . Again, the instructor has a particular task for you to fulfill in the assignment that usually relates to course material and lectures. Your other paper may not cover this material, and turning in the same paper for more than one course may constitute an Honor Code violation . Ask the instructor—it can’t hurt.
• get all wacky and “creative” before you answer the question . Showing that you are able to think beyond the boundaries of a simple assignment can be good, but you must do what the assignment calls for first. Again, check with your instructor. A humorous tone can be refreshing for someone grading a stack of papers, but it will not get you a good grade if you have not fulfilled the task.

Critical reading of assignments leads to skills in other types of reading and writing. If you get good at figuring out what the real goals of assignments are, you are going to be better at understanding the goals of all of your classes and fields of study.

You may reproduce it for non-commercial use if you use the entire handout and attribute the source: The Writing Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

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UMGC Effective Writing Center Assignment Analysis & Sentence Outline

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• Writing Resources

In the Effective Writing Center, we sometimes have to tell students, "Your paper is well written and interesting, but it doesn't fulfill the assignment. You've done good work, but it's not what your professor is looking for. Let's analyze this assignment closely . . . ."

Now, whose fault is this? Nobody's. Learning how to analyze academic assignments is a skill that requires practice and experience. They call it "education" for a reason--students come to college to learn things. One of the things you learn is how to use the thought patterns of academic disciplines you study before earning that coveted degree.

So in the EWC we recommend that whenever you receive a writing assignment from a professor your first step should be to analyze it--preferably with input from us at the  Effective Writing Center . In other words, let us help you break down the assignment and determine what the professor really wants so that you can be successful in the experience. In some situations like timed essay exams, you must perform this step quickly. But with formal writing assignments like this one, you have the opportunity to:

• break down the assignment into its required parts
• check your understanding of the assignment with your professor
• create an assignment map or outline before you start writing

This practice of planning out a task before starting it--and receiving feedback on that plan--is common practice in the professional workplace. Whether you share the plan with coworkers or a supervisor, your professor or an  EWC advisor , the purpose is the same: For everyone to be "on the same page."

The Basic Question 

Here is the basic question that you are trying to answer in this thread or whenever you analyze a writing assignment:

What must my paper contain in order to meet all of my professor's expectations?

Let's say that in another course you received this assignment:

Topic: "The Influence of Television Violence on Children."

What do you think is the overall effect of televised violence on children? Research this question to determine the amount of violence that the average child watches on American television, the concerns of parents and parent groups, what experts in psychology and medicine say about the effects, and what changes, if any, need to be made to safeguard our children.

You might want to limit your definition of a child to a certain age group. At the end of your paper, be sure to give your position on this issue and what actions you would take as a parent.

If you study it closely, you will see that the assignment above provides a clear indication of what your outline  must  contain:

• Title: Effects of Televised Violence on Children
• Introduction: Statistics on televised violence and age group for this paper
• Body section: Concerns of parents/parent groups
• Body section: Studies by experts
• Body section: Recommended changes
• Conclusion: My views as a parent
• Works Cited

See how a preliminary outline can ensure that you understand all assignment requirements before writing? For us at the EWC, it does not matter if your outline is formal or informal. All that matters is that you pre-plan what your paper should contain so that you provide everything the professor is expecting.

Your Assignment:

After reading your teacher's directions closely, write a starter outline and get feedback on it. When writing this outline, focus on the categories of information required in the paper and the examples provided.

The purpose of this outline is to demonstrate that you have an organized way to answer the assignment description with relevant, persuasive points. 

Assignment Analysis

When a teacher writes an assignment, the teacher has in mind a correct way for students to respond. View the Effective Writing Center's Video on Assignment Analysis.

Sentence Outline

Click through to view the Effective Writing Center's video on sentence outlines and how to use them.

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Purdue Online Writing Lab Purdue OWL® College of Liberal Arts

Understanding Writing Assignments

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How to Decipher the Paper Assignment

Many instructors write their assignment prompts differently. By following a few steps, you can better understand the requirements for the assignment. The best way, as always, is to ask the instructor about anything confusing.

• Read the prompt the entire way through once. This gives you an overall view of what is going on.
• Underline or circle the portions that you absolutely must know. This information may include due date, research (source) requirements, page length, and format (MLA, APA, CMS).
• Underline or circle important phrases. You should know your instructor at least a little by now - what phrases do they use in class? Does he repeatedly say a specific word? If these are in the prompt, you know the instructor wants you to use them in the assignment.
• Think about how you will address the prompt. The prompt contains clues on how to write the assignment. Your instructor will often describe the ideas they want discussed either in questions, in bullet points, or in the text of the prompt. Think about each of these sentences and number them so that you can write a paragraph or section of your essay on that portion if necessary.
• Rank ideas in descending order, from most important to least important. Instructors may include more questions or talking points than you can cover in your assignment, so rank them in the order you think is more important. One area of the prompt may be more interesting to you than another.
• Ask your instructor questions if you have any.

After you are finished with these steps, ask yourself the following:

• What is the purpose of this assignment? Is my purpose to provide information without forming an argument, to construct an argument based on research, or analyze a poem and discuss its imagery?
• Who is my audience? Is my instructor my only audience? Who else might read this? Will it be posted online? What are my readers' needs and expectations?
• What resources do I need to begin work? Do I need to conduct literature (hermeneutic or historical) research, or do I need to review important literature on the topic and then conduct empirical research, such as a survey or an observation? How many sources are required?
• Who - beyond my instructor - can I contact to help me if I have questions? Do you have a writing lab or student service center that offers tutorials in writing?

(Notes on prompts made in blue )

Poster or Song Analysis: Poster or Song? Poster!

Goals : To systematically consider the rhetorical choices made in either a poster or a song. She says that all the time.

Things to Consider: ah- talking points

• how the poster addresses its audience and is affected by context I'll do this first - 1.
• general layout, use of color, contours of light and shade, etc.
• use of contrast, alignment, repetition, and proximity C.A.R.P. They say that, too. I'll do this third - 3.
• the point of view the viewer is invited to take, poses of figures in the poster, etc. any text that may be present
• possible cultural ramifications or social issues that have bearing I'll cover this second - 2.
• ethical implications
• how the poster affects us emotionally, or what mood it evokes
• the poster's implicit argument and its effectiveness said that was important in class, so I'll discuss this last - 4.
• how the song addresses its audience
• lyrics: how they rhyme, repeat, what they say
• use of music, tempo, different instruments
• possible cultural ramifications or social issues that have bearing
• emotional effects
• the implicit argument and its effectiveness

These thinking points are not a step-by-step guideline on how to write your paper; instead, they are various means through which you can approach the subject. I do expect to see at least a few of them addressed, and there are other aspects that may be pertinent to your choice that have not been included in these lists. You will want to find a central idea and base your argument around that. Additionally, you must include a copy of the poster or song that you are working with. Really important!

I will be your audience. This is a formal paper, and you should use academic conventions throughout.

Length: 4 pages Format: Typed, double-spaced, 10-12 point Times New Roman, 1 inch margins I need to remember the format stuff. I messed this up last time =(

Academic Argument Essay

5-7 pages, Times New Roman 12 pt. font, 1 inch margins.

Minimum of five cited sources: 3 must be from academic journals or books

• Design Plan due: Thurs. 10/19
• Rough Draft due: Monday 10/30
• Final Draft due: Thurs. 11/9

Remember this! I missed the deadline last time

The design plan is simply a statement of purpose, as described on pages 40-41 of the book, and an outline. The outline may be formal, as we discussed in class, or a printout of an Open Mind project. It must be a minimum of 1 page typed information, plus 1 page outline.

This project is an expansion of your opinion editorial. While you should avoid repeating any of your exact phrases from Project 2, you may reuse some of the same ideas. Your topic should be similar. You must use research to support your position, and you must also demonstrate a fairly thorough knowledge of any opposing position(s). 2 things to do - my position and the opposite.

Your essay should begin with an introduction that encapsulates your topic and indicates 1 the general trajectory of your argument. You need to have a discernable thesis that appears early in your paper. Your conclusion should restate the thesis in different words, 2 and then draw some additional meaningful analysis out of the developments of your argument. Think of this as a "so what" factor. What are some implications for the future, relating to your topic? What does all this (what you have argued) mean for society, or for the section of it to which your argument pertains? A good conclusion moves outside the topic in the paper and deals with a larger issue.

You should spend at least one paragraph acknowledging and describing the opposing position in a manner that is respectful and honestly representative of the opposition’s 3 views. The counterargument does not need to occur in a certain area, but generally begins or ends your argument. Asserting and attempting to prove each aspect of your argument’s structure should comprise the majority of your paper. Ask yourself what your argument assumes and what must be proven in order to validate your claims. Then go step-by-step, paragraph-by-paragraph, addressing each facet of your position. Most important part!

Finally, pay attention to readability . Just because this is a research paper does not mean that it has to be boring. Use examples and allow your opinion to show through word choice and tone. Proofread before you turn in the paper. Your audience is generally the academic community and specifically me, as a representative of that community. Ok, They want this to be easy to read, to contain examples I find, and they want it to be grammatically correct. I can visit the tutoring center if I get stuck, or I can email the OWL Email Tutors short questions if I have any more problems.

10 Tips for Writing Assignments

Writing assignments are a cornerstone of your academic journey, and honing your assignment writing skills is paramount for your success. Whether you're embarking on your first year or a seasoned academic, the art of effective assignment writing can wield significant influence over your grades and overall educational voyage. In this comprehensive guide, we'll offer you ten invaluable tips to elevate your assignment writing prowess. These strategies, along with expert guidance from our specialized assignment help website writemyessays.com/do-my-assignment.html , will empower you to enhance your writing skills and chart a course towards academic triumph.

Tip 1: Start Early

The first rule of successful assignment writing is to start early. Procrastination is the enemy of quality work. By initiating your assignments as soon as you receive them, you'll have ample time for essential steps such as research, planning, drafting, and revisions. Starting early allows you to manage your time effectively and produce well-crafted assignments.

Tip 2: Understand the Assignment

Before you begin writing, it's essential to thoroughly understand the assignment instructions. Take the time to read and analyze what is expected of you. If any aspects are unclear, don't hesitate to seek clarification from your instructor. Understanding the assignment's requirements is fundamental to meeting them successfully.

Tip 3: Plan Your Work

Effective planning is a cornerstone of assignment writing. Develop a structured plan that includes creating a timeline for your assignment. Break down the work into smaller tasks, allocate sufficient time for research, outlining, drafting, and proofreading. A well-organized plan will keep you on track and reduce stress.

Tip 4: Utilize Campus Resources

Your university offers a wealth of resources to support your writing endeavors. Take advantage of writing centers, libraries, and academic advisors who can provide guidance and feedback on your assignments. These resources are valuable assets that can significantly improve the quality of your work.

Tip 5: Research Thoroughly

High-quality assignments require thorough research. Dive deeply into your chosen topic, utilizing a variety of credible sources such as academic journals, books, and reputable websites. Ensure that you cite your sources correctly to provide evidence for your arguments and maintain academic integrity.

Tip 6: Maintain a Good Writing Style

Developing and maintaining a clear and concise writing style is essential for effective communication in your assignments. Avoid overly complex language and prioritize clarity. Ensure that your assignments have a logical structure with a clear flow of ideas. Your goal is to make your writing accessible and easy for your reader to understand.

Tip 7: Seek Writing Assistance

If you ever find yourself struggling with assignment writing, don't hesitate to seek writing assistance. Many universities offer writing assistance programs staffed by experienced tutors who can provide guidance and feedback on your work. These services are designed to help you refine your writing skills and produce higher-quality assignments.

Tip 8: Proofread and Edit

The importance of proofreading and editing cannot be overstated. After completing your initial draft, take the time to review and edit your work. Check for grammar and punctuation errors, ensure proper formatting, and verify that your assignment aligns with the assignment guidelines. Effective editing will polish your work and enhance its overall quality.

Tip 9: Stay Safe Online

When conducting online research for your assignments, it's essential to prioritize online safety. Use reliable sources and be cautious of plagiarism. Properly cite all your references to maintain academic integrity and avoid unintentional academic misconduct.

Tip 10: Celebrate Your Achievements

Lastly, don't forget to celebrate your achievements in assignment writing. Completing assignments is a significant accomplishment on your academic journey. Reward yourself for your hard work and dedication, and acknowledge your successes. Recognizing your achievements can motivate you to excel in future assignments.

Dos and Don'ts

To summarize, here are some dos and don'ts for successful assignment writing:

• Start early and plan your work effectively.
• Thoroughly understand the assignment instructions.
• Utilize available campus resources for support and guidance.
• Conduct in-depth research using credible sources.
• Maintain a clear and concise writing style for accessibility.
• Seek writing assistance when facing challenges.
• Commit to thorough proofreading and editing.
• Stay safe and ethical when conducting online research.
• Celebrate your achievements and milestones.
• Procrastinate on your assignments; start early instead.
• Overlook or misinterpret assignment instructions.
• Miss out on utilizing valuable campus resources.
• Skimp on research quality or rely on unreliable sources.
• Engage in overly complex writing that hinders clarity.
• Hesitate to seek assistance when facing challenges.
• Neglect the critical steps of proofreading and editing.
• Plagiarize or compromise on academic integrity.
• Forget to acknowledge and celebrate your accomplishments.

Frequently Asked Questions

Here are some common questions related to assignment writing:

1. How can I improve my writing style?

Improving your writing style is a gradual process. Consider taking writing courses, seeking feedback from professors or writing tutors, and practicing regularly to refine your skills.

2. Is it okay to use online sources for research?

Yes, it's acceptable to use online sources for research, but ensure that they are reliable and properly cited in your assignments to maintain academic credibility.

Final Thoughts

Writing assignments may seem challenging at times, but with the right approach and these ten tips, you can excel in your academic journey. Remember that assignment writing is a skill that improves with practice and dedication. By following these guidelines and continuously honing your writing skills, you'll be well-equipped to tackle assignments successfully and achieve academic excellence. Go to website

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One of the best ways for students to determine what they know, think, and believe about a given subject is to write about it. To support students in their writing, it is important to provide them with a meaningful writing task, one that has an authentic purpose, clear guidelines, and engages students in their learning. In this section, you can read about key principles of assignment design, review examples of effective writing assignments, and use a checklist to guide your own designs. You can also consult with a Writing Across the Curriculum Program team member . We’re happy to think with you about your writing assignment, whether it is in the inkling stage or undergoing a few minor tweaks.

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Meaningful tasks. A task is given meaning by its relevance to and alignment with the learning aims in the course. What counts as meaningful in one course context might not be meaningful in another. As Eodice, Geller, and Lerner (2016) have shown, meaningful writing assignments do occur across all disciplines and they are typically ones that “offer students opportunities to engage with instructors, peers, and texts and are relevant to past experiences and passions as well as to future aspirations and identities.”

Maximized learning time. As Linda Suskie argues, effectiveness is determined by the “learning payoff,” not by size of the assignment. Will students learn four times as much on an assignment that takes 20 hours outside of class than one that takes 5? Longer research-based assignments and elaborate class activities (mock conferences, debates, poster sessions, etc.) can greatly maximize learning, but there must be an appropriate level of writing and learning time built into the task. Term papers are much more effective when students have time to draft and revise stages of the assignment, rather than turning in one final product at the end.

Logical sequencing. A writing task that includes discrete stages (research, drafting, review, revising, etc.) is more likely to be an effective learning experience than one that only specifies the final product. Furthermore, these stages are more effective when they are scaffolded so simpler tasks precede more complex tasks. For example, a well-sequenced 10-12 page essay assignment might involve discrete segments where students generate a central inquiry question, draft and workshop a thesis statement, produce a first draft of the essay, give and receive feedback on drafts, and submit a revision. Read more about sequencing assignments . 

Clear criteria will help students connect an assignment’s relevance to larger scale course outcomes. The literature on assignment design strongly encourages instructors to make the grading criteria explicit to students before the assignment is collected and assessed. A grading scheme or rubric that is handed out along with the assignment can provide students with a clear understanding of the weighted expectations and, thus help them decide what to focus on in the assignment. It becomes a teaching tool, not just an assessment tool.

Forward-thinking activities more than backward-thinking activities. Forward-thinking activities and assignments ask students to apply their learning rather than simply repeat it. The orientation of many writing prompts is often backward, asking students to show they learned X, Y, and Z. As L. Dee Fink (2013) points out, forward-thinking assignments and activities look ahead to what students will be able to do in the future having learned about X, Y, and Z. Such assignments often utilize real-world and scenario-based problems, requiring students to apply their learning to a new situation. For Grant Wiggins (1998) , questions, problems, tests, and assignments that are forward-thinking often:

• Require judgment and innovation. Students have to use knowledge and skills to solve unstructured problems, not just plug in a routine.
• Ask students to do the subject. Beyond recitation and replication, these tasks require students to carry out explorations, inquiry, and work within specific disciplines.
• Replicate workplace and civic contexts. These tasks provide specific constraints, purposes, and audiences that students will face in work and societal contexts.
• Involve a repertoire of skills and abilities rather than the isolation of individual skills. 

Feel free to use this assignment checklist , which draws on the principles and research described on this page.

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How to Write an Email to a Professor (With Examples)

By Hannah Yang

Table of Contents

How to email a professor in 7 steps, email to professor examples.

Emailing your professor can be a daunting task.

Writing professional emails is never easy, but composing an email to a professor can feel especially nerve-racking. After all, your professors have a lot of control over your academic success and your future career, so you don't want to make a mistake.

So, how exactly do you write a successful email to a professor?

In this article, we’ll give you a step-by-step guide for how to write an email to your professor, plus a set of email templates you can use.

We’ve broken the process of emailing your professor into seven simple steps.

Step 1: How to Write the Subject Line

Start by writing a clear, concise subject line for your email.

Your subject line should be specific to your situation. Ideally, your professor should understand why you’re emailing them without even having to open the body of your message.

For example, if you’re emailing to request an extension for a research paper, you can use the subject line “Research paper deadline extension.” Or, if you’re emailing to ask for a clarification about the syllabus, you can use the subject line “Question about class syllabus.”

Step 2: How to Address a Professor in an Email

You should start your email with a formal salutation.

You can use formal greetings, such as “Dear” or “Hi,” followed by your teacher’s preferred title, whether that’s “Professor [Last Name],” “Mr. [Last Name],” “Ms. [Last Name],” or simply “[First Name].”

If you’re not sure about your professor’s title, “Dear Professor [Last Name]” is always a safe bet.

Step 3: How to Start an Email to a Teacher

Start your email by introducing yourself and explaining which class you’re in. For example, you might write, “My name is Hannah, and I’m a freshman in your ENGL 453 class.”

It’s common for professors to teach multiple classes, especially at large universities, so they don’t always know all their students by name. If you’re emailing from your academic account, they’ll likely be able to see your full name in the system, but it’s still better to be safe than sorry.  

Of course, if you’ve already established a working relationship with your professor, and they know who you are, you don’t have to introduce yourself. Instead, you can start your email with a friendly greeting, such as “I hope your week is going well” or “Happy Friday!”

Good writing = better grades

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Step 4: How to Explain Your Request

Now that you’ve finished your introduction, it’s time to explain all the essential information about why you’re writing this message.

Professors lead busy lives, so try to keep the body of your email as concise as possible. Don’t use a whole paragraph when a single sentence would do.

Try to keep a professional tone while you explain your request. You don’t need to sound overly stiff, but you should generally avoid using slang or making jokes.

If you’re writing about an issue that includes personal details, such as a health issue or the loss of a loved one, it’s okay to be vague when explaining your reasons. Don’t feel pressure to include details about your personal life that you’re not comfortable sharing.

Finally, be specific about what kind of follow-up action you’re requesting from your professor, if any. For example, you can write, “Please let me know if it would be possible to extend the deadline,” or “Please send me your feedback on this draft at your earliest convenience.”  

Step 5: How to End an Email to a Professor

You can end the body of your email with a simple expression of gratitude. You can write something like, “Thank you for your understanding and support,” or simply “Thanks for your time.”

Step 6: How to Sign Off an Email

Sign off your email with a simple closing salutation, followed by your first name.

Keep it simple and polite. Popular choices include “Best,” “Thanks,” “Sincerely,” and “Regards.”

Step 7: Edit Your Email with ProWritingAid

You don’t want to send your professor an email riddled with grammar mistakes, especially if it’s your English professor! And even if they teach a different subject, like math or biology, you still want to make sure you’re putting your best foot forward.

Editing your email with ProWritingAid can help you avoid mistakes. Our editing tool will correct grammar errors, spelling typos, and weak word choices.

You can even ask the tool to help you ensure you’re using a formal tone so your email doesn’t come across as casual or unprofessional.

Now that we’ve gone over the seven steps for writing an email to a professor, let’s look at some examples.

Here are some email templates you can use, depending on your specific situation.  

Sick Email to Professor Example

Subject line: Missing class today

Dear Professor [Last Name],

My name is [your name], and I’m a student in your class [class name]. I’m writing to let you know that I won’t be able to make it to class today, due to health issues. [Insert details if needed].

Please let me know what material we’ll be covering so I can make it up before the next class.

[Your name]

Sample Email to Professor Asking for Help

Subject line: Help with [class name]

My name is [your name]. I’ve been really struggling with your class [class name] this semester, and I’m having a hard time understanding [details].

Would you have time to sit down with me and help me better understand the material? I would welcome any support you can offer.

Thank you in advance! I look forward to hearing from you.

How to Email a Professor About a Grade

Subject line: My grade for [assignment/exam name]

I hope your week is off to a good start!

I recently received my grade for [assignment/exam name], and it was lower than I expected. Could you please tell me where I lost points?

I know you have a busy schedule, but I would really appreciate more details, since I’m sure that information could also help me improve my grades in the future.

Thank you so much for your time!

Sample Email to Professor for Research

Subject line: Research opportunities in your lab

I hope you’re doing well!

My name is [your name], and I’m a [year, major]. I’m writing to ask about research opportunities in your lab next semester.

I’m really interested in the topic you’re researching because [details], and I have experience conducting research with [previous experience, if any].

Please let me know if you have any openings that might be suitable for me. I look forward to hearing from you!

How to Write an Apology Email for Missing a Class

Subject line: Missing class yesterday

I hope your week is going well.

I’m writing to apologize for missing your class [class name] yesterday. I was unable to attend because [details].

I know it was an important class and that I shouldn’t have missed it. I’ll do my best to ensure this doesn’t happen again. Thank you for your support and understanding.

Extension Email to Professor Example

Subject line: Extension for [Assignment Name]

My name is [your name], and I’m a student in your class [class name]. I’m writing to request an extension for our assignment about [assignment details].

I’ve been struggling to complete the assignment in time because of [reasons]. I would really appreciate it if you could extend the deadline to [new deadline date], due to my situation.

Please let me know if that would be okay. Thank you so much for your flexibility.

Thanks again,

How to Write a Follow-Up Email to a Professor

Subject line: Follow-up re: [subject]

I recently emailed you about [topic].

I’m just writing to follow up on my previous email and make sure you’ve received it. If you have, please let me know when I can expect a reply.

Thank you again for your time!

Warm regards,

How to Email a Professor About Getting Into Their Class

Subject line: Joining your class [class name]

My name is [your name], and I’m a [year, major] at [school name]. I’m interested in joining your class [class name]. I’m really fascinated by [topic] because [reasons], and I’ve heard that your class is a must-take class for students interested in [topic].

I don’t know how much demand there is for the class, but I’m curious if there’s anything I should do in advance to increase my chances of getting into the class.

Thank you for your consideration! I look forward to hearing from you.  

There you have it—our guide for composing a clear and professional email to a professor.

Good luck, and happy writing!

Hannah Yang

Hannah is a speculative fiction writer who loves all things strange and surreal. She holds a BA from Yale University and lives in Colorado. When she’s not busy writing, you can find her painting watercolors, playing her ukulele, or hiking in the Rockies. Follow her work on hannahyang.com or on Twitter at @hannahxyang.

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Writing Burnout: How Tired Writers Can Overcome It and Reignite Their Passion

As your once-vibrant words wither on the page, gasping for the breath of inspiration, you realize it’s time to rescue your passion from the clutches of burnout. Writing burnout is a pervasive issue that plagues many writers, from novices to seasoned professionals. It’s a state of physical, emotional, and mental exhaustion that can significantly impact a writer’s creativity, productivity, and overall well-being. Understanding and addressing burnout is crucial for maintaining a sustainable and fulfilling writing career.

Writing burnout is more than just a temporary creative block or a fleeting moment of frustration. It’s a prolonged state of disengagement and exhaustion that can leave writers feeling drained, unmotivated, and disconnected from their craft. The prevalence of burnout among writers is alarmingly high, with many struggling to maintain their passion and productivity in the face of mounting pressures and demands.

Addressing burnout is not just important; it’s essential for the longevity of a writer’s career and personal well-being. Burnout Prevention: Embracing Engagement and Thriving in Your Personal and Professional Life is crucial for maintaining creativity, productivity, and overall job satisfaction. By recognizing the signs of burnout early and implementing effective strategies to combat it, writers can protect their passion and continue to produce meaningful work.

Recognizing the Signs of Writer Burnout

Identifying the symptoms of burnout is the first step towards recovery. Here are some common signs that you may be experiencing writer burnout:

1. Lack of motivation and creativity: You find yourself staring at a blank page for hours, unable to generate ideas or find the motivation to start writing.

2. Decreased productivity and quality of work: Your output has significantly decreased, and the quality of your writing may have suffered.

3. Physical and emotional exhaustion: You feel constantly tired, both physically and mentally, even after a full night’s sleep.

4. Procrastination and avoidance of writing tasks: You find yourself putting off writing assignments or avoiding them altogether, often engaging in other activities to distract yourself.

5. Negative attitudes towards writing: You may start to resent or dread writing, a task that once brought you joy and fulfillment.

These signs can manifest differently for each writer, but the overall impact on your work and well-being is undeniable. Lack of Motivation: Burnout or Laziness? Decoding the Difference can help you distinguish between temporary slumps and more serious burnout symptoms.

Common Causes of Writing Burnout

Understanding the root causes of burnout can help you identify and address the issues contributing to your exhaustion. Some common factors include:

1. Unrealistic deadlines and workload: Constantly pushing yourself to meet tight deadlines or taking on more work than you can handle can lead to chronic stress and eventual burnout.

2. Perfectionism and self-criticism: Setting impossibly high standards for your work and engaging in harsh self-criticism can create a cycle of dissatisfaction and exhaustion.

3. Lack of work-life balance: Neglecting personal relationships, hobbies, and self-care in favor of writing can lead to an unsustainable lifestyle and eventual burnout.

4. Financial pressures and unstable income: The uncertainty of freelance writing or the pressure to produce consistently to maintain a steady income can create significant stress.

5. Creative block and repetitive tasks: Feeling stuck creatively or engaging in monotonous writing tasks can drain your enthusiasm and lead to burnout.

Recognizing these factors in your own writing life is crucial for developing effective strategies to combat burnout.

Strategies to Prevent Writing Burnout

Prevention is always better than cure when it comes to burnout. Here are some strategies to help you maintain your writing passion and avoid burnout:

1. Establishing a sustainable writing routine: Create a consistent schedule that allows for regular breaks and respects your natural energy cycles.

2. Setting realistic goals and expectations: Break larger projects into manageable tasks and set achievable deadlines to avoid overwhelming yourself.

3. Prioritizing self-care and mental health: Make time for activities that nourish your body and mind, such as exercise, meditation, or hobbies unrelated to writing. Self-Care Journal for Overcoming Burnout: Nurturing Your Well-Being can be an excellent tool for maintaining your mental health.

4. Diversifying writing projects and skills: Engage in different types of writing or learn new skills to keep your work interesting and challenging.

5. Building a support network of fellow writers: Connect with other writers who can offer encouragement, advice, and a sense of community.

Implementing these strategies can help create a more balanced and sustainable writing practice, reducing the risk of burnout.

Techniques for Recovering from Writer Burnout

If you find yourself already in the throes of burnout, don’t despair. There are several effective techniques for recovery:

1. Taking a strategic break from writing: Sometimes, stepping away from writing for a short period can help you recharge and regain perspective.

2. Engaging in creative activities outside of writing: Explore other forms of creativity, such as painting, music, or crafts, to stimulate your imagination in new ways.

3. Practicing mindfulness and stress-reduction techniques: Incorporate meditation, deep breathing exercises, or yoga into your daily routine to manage stress and improve focus.

4. Seeking professional help when necessary: Don’t hesitate to consult a therapist or counselor if burnout is significantly impacting your mental health and well-being.

5. Gradually reintroducing writing activities: Start with small, enjoyable writing tasks and slowly build back up to your regular workload.

50 Journaling Prompts to Overcome Burnout and Reignite Your Passion can be an excellent resource for easing back into writing and processing your emotions during recovery.

Maintaining Long-term Writing Motivation

Recovering from burnout is just the beginning. To maintain your writing motivation in the long term, consider the following strategies:

1. Cultivating a growth mindset: Embrace challenges as opportunities for learning and improvement rather than viewing them as threats.

2. Celebrating small victories and milestones: Acknowledge and reward yourself for progress, no matter how small, to maintain a positive outlook.

3. Continuously learning and improving writing skills: Attend workshops, read widely, and seek feedback to keep growing as a writer.

4. Finding purpose and meaning in writing projects: Connect your writing to your values and passions to maintain intrinsic motivation.

5. Balancing personal and professional writing endeavors: Make time for personal writing projects that fuel your creativity alongside your professional commitments.

Burnout Recovery: 50 Journal Prompts to Reignite Your Passion and Purpose can be a valuable tool for maintaining motivation and exploring your relationship with writing.

Addressing Specific Types of Burnout

It’s important to recognize that burnout can manifest in various forms, depending on your specific writing niche or life circumstances. For instance:

1. Activist writers may experience Activist Fatigue: Understanding, Recognizing, and Overcoming ‘Woke Burnout’ when constantly engaging with challenging social issues.

2. Educators and frequent conference attendees might face Seminar Burnout: Strategies for Educators and Attendees to Overcome Fatigue from constant information overload.

3. Relationship advice columnists or romance writers could encounter Pursuer Burnout in Relationships: Causes, Solutions, and Strategies for Thriving when constantly exploring emotional themes.

4. Seasonal writers, such as those focusing on holiday content, might struggle with Christmas Burnout: How to Enjoy the Holiday Season Without Stress when faced with repetitive themes and tight deadlines.

5. Sports or fitness writers should be aware of Overtraining Syndrome: Recognizing the Cycle and Preventing Burnout which can apply to both physical and mental exertion.

Understanding these specific types of burnout can help you tailor your prevention and recovery strategies to your unique situation.

The Importance of Self-Reflection and Adaptation

As you navigate the challenges of writing burnout, it’s crucial to engage in regular self-reflection. Take time to assess your current state, identify potential triggers, and evaluate the effectiveness of your coping strategies. This ongoing process of self-awareness and adaptation is key to maintaining a healthy relationship with your writing practice.

Consider keeping a journal dedicated to tracking your writing experiences, emotions, and energy levels. This can help you identify patterns and early warning signs of burnout, allowing you to take proactive measures before exhaustion sets in.

Remember that your needs and circumstances may change over time. What works for you now may need to be adjusted in the future. Be open to experimenting with different techniques and routines to find what best supports your writing practice and overall well-being.

Embracing the Writer’s Journey

Writing is not just a profession or a hobby; it’s a journey of self-discovery and expression. Burnout, while challenging, can be an opportunity for growth and transformation. By facing and overcoming burnout, you can develop resilience, deepen your understanding of your craft, and ultimately become a stronger, more authentic writer.

As you implement strategies to prevent and recover from burnout, remember to be patient and kind to yourself. Recovery is not always linear, and setbacks are a normal part of the process. Celebrate your progress, no matter how small, and trust in your ability to reconnect with your passion for writing.

In conclusion, overcoming writing burnout requires a multifaceted approach that addresses both the symptoms and root causes of exhaustion. By recognizing the signs early, implementing preventive strategies, and adopting recovery techniques, you can protect your passion and continue to thrive as a writer. Remember that your well-being is just as important as your output, and taking care of yourself is an essential part of sustaining a fulfilling writing career.

Stay persistent in your efforts to maintain balance and find joy in your writing. With time, patience, and the right strategies, you can reignite your creativity and continue to share your unique voice with the world. The journey of a writer is filled with challenges, but it’s also rich with opportunities for growth, discovery, and the profound satisfaction of bringing your ideas to life on the page.

References:

1. Maslach, C., & Leiter, M. P. (2016). Understanding the burnout experience: recent research and its implications for psychiatry. World Psychiatry, 15(2), 103-111.

2. King, S. (2000). On Writing: A Memoir of the Craft. Scribner.

3. Cameron, J. (2002). The Artist’s Way: A Spiritual Path to Higher Creativity. TarcherPerigee.

4. Pressfield, S. (2002). The War of Art: Break Through the Blocks and Win Your Inner Creative Battles. Black Irish Entertainment LLC.

5. Gilbert, E. (2015). Big Magic: Creative Living Beyond Fear. Riverhead Books.

6. Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2008). Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience. Harper Perennial Modern Classics.

7. Duckworth, A. (2016). Grit: The Power of Passion and Perseverance. Scribner.

8. Dweck, C. S. (2006). Mindset: The New Psychology of Success. Random House.

9. Newport, C. (2016). Deep Work: Rules for Focused Success in a Distracted World. Grand Central Publishing.

10. Clear, J. (2018). Atomic Habits: An Easy & Proven Way to Build Good Habits & Break Bad Ones. Avery.

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• A step-by-step guide to the writing process

The Writing Process | 5 Steps with Examples & Tips

Published on April 24, 2020 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on December 8, 2023.

Good academic writing requires effective planning, drafting, and revision.

The writing process looks different for everyone, but there are five basic steps that will help you structure your time when writing any kind of text.

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Table of contents

Step 1: prewriting, step 2: planning and outlining, step 3: writing a first draft, step 4: redrafting and revising, step 5: editing and proofreading, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions about the writing process.

Before you start writing, you need to decide exactly what you’ll write about and do the necessary research.

Coming up with a topic

If you have to come up with your own topic for an assignment, think of what you’ve covered in class— is there a particular area that intrigued, interested, or even confused you? Topics that left you with additional questions are perfect, as these are questions you can explore in your writing.

The scope depends on what type of text you’re writing—for example, an essay or a research paper will be less in-depth than a dissertation topic . Don’t pick anything too ambitious to cover within the word count, or too limited for you to find much to say.

Narrow down your idea to a specific argument or question. For example, an appropriate topic for an essay might be narrowed down like this:

Doing the research

Once you know your topic, it’s time to search for relevant sources and gather the information you need. This process varies according to your field of study and the scope of the assignment. It might involve:

• Searching for primary and secondary sources .
• Reading the relevant texts closely (e.g. for literary analysis ).
• Collecting data using relevant research methods (e.g. experiments , interviews or surveys )

From a writing perspective, the important thing is to take plenty of notes while you do the research. Keep track of the titles, authors, publication dates, and relevant quotations from your sources; the data you gathered; and your initial analysis or interpretation of the questions you’re addressing.

Especially in academic writing , it’s important to use a logical structure to convey information effectively. It’s far better to plan this out in advance than to try to work out your structure once you’ve already begun writing.

Creating an essay outline is a useful way to plan out your structure before you start writing. This should help you work out the main ideas you want to focus on and how you’ll organize them. The outline doesn’t have to be final—it’s okay if your structure changes throughout the writing process.

Use bullet points or numbering to make your structure clear at a glance. Even for a short text that won’t use headings, it’s useful to summarize what you’ll discuss in each paragraph.

An outline for a literary analysis essay might look something like this:

• Describe the theatricality of Austen’s works
• Outline the role theater plays in Mansfield Park
• Introduce the research question: How does Austen use theater to express the characters’ morality in Mansfield Park ?
• Discuss Austen’s depiction of the performance at the end of the first volume
• Discuss how Sir Bertram reacts to the acting scheme
• Introduce Austen’s use of stage direction–like details during dialogue
• Explore how these are deployed to show the characters’ self-absorption
• Discuss Austen’s description of Maria and Julia’s relationship as polite but affectionless
• Compare Mrs. Norris’s self-conceit as charitable despite her idleness
• Summarize the three themes: The acting scheme, stage directions, and the performance of morals
• Answer the research question
• Indicate areas for further study

Once you have a clear idea of your structure, it’s time to produce a full first draft.

This process can be quite non-linear. For example, it’s reasonable to begin writing with the main body of the text, saving the introduction for later once you have a clearer idea of the text you’re introducing.

To give structure to your writing, use your outline as a framework. Make sure that each paragraph has a clear central focus that relates to your overall argument.

Hover over the parts of the example, from a literary analysis essay on Mansfield Park , to see how a paragraph is constructed.

The character of Mrs. Norris provides another example of the performance of morals in Mansfield Park . Early in the novel, she is described in scathing terms as one who knows “how to dictate liberality to others: but her love of money was equal to her love of directing” (p. 7). This hypocrisy does not interfere with her self-conceit as “the most liberal-minded sister and aunt in the world” (p. 7). Mrs. Norris is strongly concerned with appearing charitable, but unwilling to make any personal sacrifices to accomplish this. Instead, she stage-manages the charitable actions of others, never acknowledging that her schemes do not put her own time or money on the line. In this way, Austen again shows us a character whose morally upright behavior is fundamentally a performance—for whom the goal of doing good is less important than the goal of seeming good.

When you move onto a different topic, start a new paragraph. Use appropriate transition words and phrases to show the connections between your ideas.

The goal at this stage is to get a draft completed, not to make everything perfect as you go along. Once you have a full draft in front of you, you’ll have a clearer idea of where improvement is needed.

Give yourself a first draft deadline that leaves you a reasonable length of time to revise, edit, and proofread before the final deadline. For a longer text like a dissertation, you and your supervisor might agree on deadlines for individual chapters.

Now it’s time to look critically at your first draft and find potential areas for improvement. Redrafting means substantially adding or removing content, while revising involves making changes to structure and reformulating arguments.

Evaluating the first draft

It can be difficult to look objectively at your own writing. Your perspective might be positively or negatively biased—especially if you try to assess your work shortly after finishing it.

It’s best to leave your work alone for at least a day or two after completing the first draft. Come back after a break to evaluate it with fresh eyes; you’ll spot things you wouldn’t have otherwise.

When evaluating your writing at this stage, you’re mainly looking for larger issues such as changes to your arguments or structure. Starting with bigger concerns saves you time—there’s no point perfecting the grammar of something you end up cutting out anyway.

Right now, you’re looking for:

• Arguments that are unclear or illogical.
• Areas where information would be better presented in a different order.
• Passages where additional information or explanation is needed.
• Passages that are irrelevant to your overall argument.

For example, in our paper on Mansfield Park , we might realize the argument would be stronger with more direct consideration of the protagonist Fanny Price, and decide to try to find space for this in paragraph IV.

For some assignments, you’ll receive feedback on your first draft from a supervisor or peer. Be sure to pay close attention to what they tell you, as their advice will usually give you a clearer sense of which aspects of your text need improvement.

Redrafting and revising

Once you’ve decided where changes are needed, make the big changes first, as these are likely to have knock-on effects on the rest. Depending on what your text needs, this step might involve:

• Making changes to your overall argument.
• Reordering the text.
• Cutting parts of the text.
• Adding new text.

You can go back and forth between writing, redrafting and revising several times until you have a final draft that you’re happy with.

Think about what changes you can realistically accomplish in the time you have. If you are running low on time, you don’t want to leave your text in a messy state halfway through redrafting, so make sure to prioritize the most important changes.

Editing focuses on local concerns like clarity and sentence structure. Proofreading involves reading the text closely to remove typos and ensure stylistic consistency. You can check all your drafts and texts in minutes with an AI proofreader .

Editing for grammar and clarity

When editing, you want to ensure your text is clear, concise, and grammatically correct. You’re looking out for:

• Grammatical errors.
• Ambiguous phrasings.
• Redundancy and repetition .

In your initial draft, it’s common to end up with a lot of sentences that are poorly formulated. Look critically at where your meaning could be conveyed in a more effective way or in fewer words, and watch out for common sentence structure mistakes like run-on sentences and sentence fragments:

• Austen’s style is frequently humorous, her characters are often described as “witty.” Although this is less true of Mansfield Park .
• Austen’s style is frequently humorous. Her characters are often described as “witty,” although this is less true of Mansfield Park .

To make your sentences run smoothly, you can always use a paraphrasing tool to rewrite them in a clearer way.

Proofreading for small mistakes and typos

When proofreading, first look out for typos in your text:

• Spelling errors.
• Missing words.
• Confused word choices .
• Punctuation errors .
• Missing or excess spaces.

Use a grammar checker , but be sure to do another manual check after. Read through your text line by line, watching out for problem areas highlighted by the software but also for any other issues it might have missed.

For example, in the following phrase we notice several errors:

• Mary Crawfords character is a complicate one and her relationships with Fanny and Edmund undergoes several transformations through out the novel.
• Mary Crawford’s character is a complicated one, and her relationships with both Fanny and Edmund undergo several transformations throughout the novel.

Proofreading for stylistic consistency

There are several issues in academic writing where you can choose between multiple different standards. For example:

• Whether you use the serial comma .
• Whether you use American or British spellings and punctuation (you can use a punctuation checker for this).
• Where you use numerals vs. words for numbers.
• How you capitalize your titles and headings.

Unless you’re given specific guidance on these issues, it’s your choice which standards you follow. The important thing is to consistently follow one standard for each issue. For example, don’t use a mixture of American and British spellings in your paper.

Additionally, you will probably be provided with specific guidelines for issues related to format (how your text is presented on the page) and citations (how you acknowledge your sources). Always follow these instructions carefully.

If you want to know more about AI for academic writing, AI tools, or fallacies make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples or go directly to our tools!

• Ad hominem fallacy
• Post hoc fallacy
• Appeal to authority fallacy
• False cause fallacy
• Sunk cost fallacy
• Deep learning
• Generative AI
• Machine learning
• Reinforcement learning
• Supervised vs. unsupervised learning

 (AI) Tools

• Grammar Checker
• Paraphrasing Tool
• Text Summarizer
• AI Detector
• Plagiarism Checker
• Citation Generator

Revising, proofreading, and editing are different stages of the writing process .

• Revising is making structural and logical changes to your text—reformulating arguments and reordering information.
• Editing refers to making more local changes to things like sentence structure and phrasing to make sure your meaning is conveyed clearly and concisely.
• Proofreading involves looking at the text closely, line by line, to spot any typos and issues with consistency and correct them.

Whether you’re publishing a blog, submitting a research paper , or even just writing an important email, there are a few techniques you can use to make sure it’s error-free:

• Take a break : Set your work aside for at least a few hours so that you can look at it with fresh eyes.
• Proofread a printout : Staring at a screen for too long can cause fatigue – sit down with a pen and paper to check the final version.
• Use digital shortcuts : Take note of any recurring mistakes (for example, misspelling a particular word, switching between US and UK English , or inconsistently capitalizing a term), and use Find and Replace to fix it throughout the document.

If you want to be confident that an important text is error-free, it might be worth choosing a professional proofreading service instead.

If you’ve gone over the word limit set for your assignment, shorten your sentences and cut repetition and redundancy during the editing process. If you use a lot of long quotes , consider shortening them to just the essentials.

If you need to remove a lot of words, you may have to cut certain passages. Remember that everything in the text should be there to support your argument; look for any information that’s not essential to your point and remove it.

To make this process easier and faster, you can use a paraphrasing tool . With this tool, you can rewrite your text to make it simpler and shorter. If that’s not enough, you can copy-paste your paraphrased text into the summarizer . This tool will distill your text to its core message.

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How to End an E-Mail: 21 Professional and Personal Sign-Offs

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You just wrote the perfect e-mail , and now you're searching for the best way to close that message you've stared at for the past hour — don't worry, we've all been there. The good thing is that you're mindful of it because knowing how to end an e-mail is vital.

Even if it is just a word or short phrase, the right closing, followed by your full name and signature (more on that later), is the cherry on top of a well-written email sign-off. It's also the last thing the recipient reads.

But before we go through closings that never fail, here are some you should definitely avoid.

Consider the Recipient

How to end a professional e-mail, how to end a personal e-mail, avoid these e-mail closings in certain situations, add a signature to your e-mail, check your punctuation.

Knowing your audience is key when writing any communication — and that also applies to e-mails . If your message is business-related or for a job search, avoid using unprofessional language when closing out your e-mail and wrap things up with a professional closing line.

On the other hand, if you're writing to an old college roommate, it's fine to use a more casual sign-off. When shooting your sibling or spouse a quick message, you might skip a closer altogether and end with a hyphen followed by your name.

Remember, context is key.

A polished and professional closing can leave a lasting positive impression on your recipient, showcasing your attention to detail and communication skills.

• Best regards : This closing conveys a polite and neutral tone. It is suitable for most professional e-mails, especially when you have a cordial relationship with the recipient.
• Sincerely : This conveys formality and respect. It is ideal for formal e-mails such as job applications, cover letters or communication with someone you don't know well.
• Kind regards : This has a slightly warmer tone than "Best regards." It is appropriate for professional but friendly correspondence, such as with colleagues or business partners.
• Best wishes : This conveys a friendly and warm tone. It is suitable for semiformal e-mails, especially when you want to convey a bit of warmth, like to a client or a colleague you know well.
• Thank you : This closer expresses gratitude and appreciation. It is perfect for e-mails where you are requesting something, receiving help or acknowledging assistance.
• Regards : This neutral closer is arguably the most common way to end an e-mail professionally. It is a versatile closing suitable for most professional interactions, maintaining a formal tone without being too distant.
• With appreciation : This expresses sincere gratitude and respect. It is ideal for e-mails where you are expressing gratitude or acknowledging someone's efforts or assistance.
• Respectfully : This conveys high respect and formality. It is suitable for a very formal business correspondence, especially when writing to someone in a significantly higher position or authority.
• Warm regards : This conveys a friendly and warm tone with a touch of formality. It is good for a professional communication where you want to convey a bit more warmth, such as with long-term clients or colleagues you have a good rapport with.

Ending a personal or casual e-mail might seem straightforward, but the right closing can add a friendly touch and convey your personality. Whether you're writing to a friend, family member or a casual acquaintance, choosing an appropriate sign-off can make your e-mail feel more engaging and personable.

• Best : This is a simple and versatile sign-off that works well for most casual situations.
• Take care : This is a warm and caring way to end an e-mail, showing that you care about the recipient's well-being.
• Cheers : This is a friendly and informal closing, often used in British English. Bonus points if you're holding a cup of tea while typing it.
• Talk soon : This casual and open-ended sign-off suggests continued communication. Because, let's be honest, you're probably not done talking yet.
• All the best : This is a friendly and supportive way to close an e-mail. Perfect for when you want to sound like you're waving a tiny invisible flag of goodwill.
• See you soon : This is a good choice if you expect to see the person in the near future — or if you just really hope they'll finally come to visit you.
• Later : This is a casual and relaxed way to end an e-mail, suitable for close friends or family. Think of it as the e-mail equivalent of a head nod.
• Best wishes : This is a friendly sign-off that conveys good intentions (great for when you want to end on a high note).
• Ciao : This is an informal and stylish way to say goodbye, borrowed from Italian. This would be a perfectly acceptable closing for someone with whom you have a casual relationship.
• Take it easy : This is a relaxed and friendly closing, suggesting the recipient should take care and not stress. Basically, it's like sending them a virtual hammock.
• Have a great weekend : This is a friendly and timely closing, best used towards the end of the week when you want to wish the recipient a pleasant weekend. It adds a personal touch while remaining professional.
• Happy holidays : This is a warm and considerate closing, suitable during the holiday season. It's an excellent way to convey festive cheer and well-wishes while maintaining a professional yet friendly tone.

While there are many great ways to end an e-mail, some common closers are situation-dependent. Here are a few sign-offs you might want to skip.

• Love : This is too intimate for most professional or casual e-mails unless you're writing to a close family member or significant other. Save the love for your personal life.
• Yours truly : This sign-off is overly formal and sounds like you're ending a letter from the 19th century.
• Sent from my iPhone : While this can be an automatic signature, it suggests you didn't bother to customize your sign-off. Plus, it screams, "I might have made typos."
• Have a blessed day : This closing line is generally suitable in personal or informal settings but might be seen as inappropriate or overly familiar in professional contexts.
• Regards : It can seem too formal or cold in casual settings but is suitable for work e-mails.
• Take care : Depending on the context, this can feel a bit too personal or even condescending. It's like your e-mail is giving unsolicited life advice.
• Thanks in advance : This assumes the recipient will do what you ask and can feel presumptive or pushy. Also, it's a bit like saying, "You have no choice." A popular alternative is "looking forward to hearing from you," a popular call to action in a corporate setting.
• Warmest regards : This can seem overly sentimental unless you're writing to your grandmother. Are you sending an e-mail or a Hallmark card?
• Respectfully yours : This is overly formal and sounds like you're signing off on a legal document. Keep it simple.
• Cheers : While friendly in British English, it can be confusing or overly casual in American business contexts.
• TTYL (talk to you later) : This is too informal and text-speak-y. Avoid using acronyms unless you're texting a relative, spouse or close acquaintance.

Now that you've chosen the right closer, it's time to add a professional email signature to finish things off. This should include your contact information — name, title, e-mail, phone number, etc. — so the recipient can easily connect without digging for your information elsewhere. For example:

Marketing Professional

(555) 123-4567

[email protected]

You might also include links to your professional social media profiles, like LinkedIn, or a personal portfolio website if you have one:

Software Engineer

(555) 987-6543

[email protected]

LinkedIn Profile

Portfolio Website

Like a cover letter and resume , a well-crafted signature helps make a good impression, showcasing your professionalism and attention to detail. Creating a thoughtful signature can enhance your communication and leave a lasting positive impression on your recipients.

One last thing before you hit send: When ending an e-mail, proper punctuation is essential to maintain professionalism. Always place a comma after the closing phrase, followed by your name on the next line. This small detail helps your e-mail appear polished and respectful.

You can also use an exclamation point in closings like "Thank you!" to convey enthusiasm and friendliness. This punctuation adds a touch of warmth and can make your message feel more personable and engaging. However, use it sparingly to maintain the right balance of professionalism.

In addition to proper punctuation, the way you close your e-mail can demonstrate your attention to detail and reflect your overall communication skills. It can influence how the recipient perceives your message and you as a professional. Neglecting this can make your e-mail appear rushed or careless, potentially impacting the effectiveness of your communication.

And remember, punctuation can make all the difference. After all, there's a big difference between "Let's finish this project" and "Let's finish this project!" One sounds like a task; the other sounds like a pep rally!

This article was updated in conjunction with AI technology, then fact-checked and edited by a HowStuffWorks editor.

Ray Tomlinson is considered the inventor of email, which he developed in 1971. He used the @ sign to link a user name with a destination server, sending the first mail between users on different hosts across the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET), initially used to link computers at Pentagon-funded research institutions over telephone lines.

Please copy/paste the following text to properly cite this HowStuffWorks.com article:

When Is It Okay to Not Finish a Book?

How to decide to put down a book—without all the angst

Produced by ElevenLabs and News Over Audio (NOA) using AI narration.

Book lovers have all inevitably found themselves slogging through arid prose that stretches on endlessly. Sometimes the culprit is a popular novel whose obnoxious characters you’re desperate to run away from; at other moments, it’s a plot so ludicrous, you can’t suspend disbelief for another page. At some point, even the most dedicated readers may look up and realize that there’s no comprehension quiz holding them hostage and no grade being given for completion. For adults who have finished school, reading is no longer an obligation. But that means the decision of whether to finish a book you’re not enjoying is entirely yours—and, for some people, extremely fraught.

So how does a conscientious person decide when to give up and when to stick it out to the end? The debate is much older than the internet, but in online reading communities such as Goodreads, or on the literary sides of Instagram or TikTok, the acronym “DNF,” for “Did Not Finish,” abounds—as do arguments about when doing so is appropriate. There are those who strongly believe that no matter how badly you want to abandon a book, you should always finish it, and plenty of others adamant that life is too short to ever read something you’re not thoroughly thrilled with.

For those of us who don’t subscribe to a one-size-fits-all approach, articulating a personal, intentional philosophy about when to walk away might be the best we can do. I worked in publishing for a decade and strive to be purposeful in my reading practice while routinely finishing several dozen new books a year and putting down countless others. I spoke with similarly committed writers, teachers, editors, and bookworms about their philosophies in the hopes of creating a guide for others to decide where their limits are—and when they should quit a book.

Tune in to your underlying reaction.

Before dropping a book, you need to figure out what’s motivating you to stop reading it. Is the writing truly bad, or is the author experimenting in a creative way that might push you as a reader?

And if you hate something enough for it to elicit a huge emotional response, it might be worth sticking with it to better understand why. Mariel VanLandingham, a high-school English teacher in New Jersey, told me via email, “I love when a student comes into class railing about an assigned reading they hated: getting them to define why they feel so strongly and getting other students to react to them is a worthwhile experience for everyone. I would rather them power through something they hate and have big feelings about it than not read at all or be apathetic.”

Still, if the prose is lacking, the plot is dragging, and you feel like falling asleep every time you pick it up, it’s probably all right to move along.

Consider stretching yourself.

Reading has been linked to increased empathy and is one of the best opportunities we have to digest experiences and opinions we may not have otherwise considered.

“Perspectives, writing styles, and voices different from our own make our worlds bigger,” Emily Kinard, a reader in Washington, D.C., told me over X. “I’m going to give the very unpopular opinion that you should finish books you don’t enjoy. I can also name books whose entire thesis/point I wholeheartedly disagree with that I have loved.”

Books can bring up challenging feelings, and a thoughtful individual will be alert for when their own biases might stand in the way of engagement with what they’re reading. It’s one thing to put down a breezy rom-com that’s boring you to tears and another to quit Matthew Desmond’s Evicted because you’re “just not that into it.” Some of the most valuable experiences lead to edification, not necessarily enjoyment.

Recognize the limits of time.

For lots of busy people, reading time is a luxury. If you’re only able to scarf down 30 pages on Sunday afternoons or squeeze in one novel on vacation, of course you want to maximally enjoy the experience. There will be moments in life when you’re more mentally equipped to push through a book anticipating that the challenging literary experience will pay off, and others when you should search for something that will really draw you in.

“If—after 50 pages—I’m not enjoying [a] book, I move on,” said the writer and book blogger Lucy Pearson , who told me over email that completing every novel on the Big Read’s top-100 list––compiled from a 2003 BBC national survey to discover Britain’s most loved novel––made her realize that “life is far too short for bad books.”

Read: How to keep your book club from becoming a wine club

Stop gamifying reading.

Bragging is not a 21st-century phenomenon, but social media has made it easier than ever to get attention for reading a lot , incentivizing some people to push through to the last page just for the sake of finishing. Leah Vann, a sports journalist in Texas, told me over email that she used to complete every book she started just for the satisfaction of adding it to her public Goodreads page, but that she has since abandoned the practice. “I realized: reading is not a sport, and there’s nothing to gain from reading a book I don’t enjoy,” she said. “There are too many books on my list to suffer through one!”

Tear through 200 books a year if it brings you joy, but remember that the validation of posting about a title online should not be the driving force behind your time spent reading.

Read: Against counting the books you read

Keep going if you want to be a hater.

I spoke with several people who read to the end specifically so they can critique a work with full authority. “If you want to read regularly, you should quit books you hate right away. Unless it’s massively trendy. Then you should absolutely finish the book for bitching fodder,” Maggie Q. Thompson, the news editor at The Austin Chronicle , told me . “The slump risk is a nonissue here. The hatred will fuel you.”

The fun of panning a trendy book aside, it is true that not finishing a story weakens your ability to properly assess it—especially in public or on social media, where quick takes based on first impressions abound. You may not reach a tepid thriller’s mind-bending last-page twist, for example, or you may end up unfairly dismissing a novel whose characters need 400 pages to be fully realized. It’s fine to abandon a title, but if you do, keep the strong opinions to a minimum.

Don’t let completism stop you from reading.

For a lot of people, the act of spending time with literature is more important than finishing any one book, and not wanting to return to what you’re currently working through is the surest way to guarantee that you’ll instead reach for your phone or the remote when given the choice.

“If I notice I haven’t been reading for a while, it means I’m not reaching for this particular book, and that’s the death knell,” Jay Venables, a writer and an audio producer, told me. “My goal is to keep reading, not read everything . I try my best to see the worth in the books I choose to read, but sometimes they’re not what I’m looking for at the given moment.”

Like others I spoke with, Venables recommends putting those books back into your to-read pile and returning to them later. A story that isn’t resonating with you today might change your life a few years from now.

Lean on the library.

If the prospect of abandoning the hardcover you spent $32 on at your local bookstore is especially torturous, march right over to your local library, where it costs $0 to check out a novel (or three). Five out of five librarians at the Boston Public Library who weighed in on this subject told me they regularly do not finish what they’re reading. “There are too many books on my ever-growing ‘To Read’ list for me to justify finishing one that hasn’t sold me after ~70 pages,” Anna Cappello, a senior library assistant, told me over email.

Using the library can not only make you feel less guilty about quitting a book; it can also help you push yourself to try new genres, authors, or formats. (And don’t worry: The author still gets paid.)

For some of us, abandoning a book will always tug at our conscience, but there’s nothing wrong with walking away. Personal awareness and the ability to keep an open mind in the future go a lot further toward making you a “good reader” than trudging through every book you’ve ever been inclined to cast aside.

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Presentation 101: How to Conclude Your Presentation with a Strong End

What do you do when you're ready to close a presentation? Maybe you'll just summarize the main points to end the topic, or make a call to launch an initiative, or play a video related to the topic, and so on. Typically, there are many methods to have a strong ending in presentation. Different presenters can have different methods. Overall, presenters should end their presentation with a strong end to motivate their audience. In this blog post, we’ll dive into the benefits of a strong end in presentation and the methods to conclude a presentation well.

What are the benefits of a good ending in presentation?

1.Leave a deep impression on the audience. At the end of the presentation, we can summarize the content of the presentation, emphasize the key points, or use a vivid metaphor to summarize the whole text, so that the audience has a clear impression of the content of the presentation, which can make the audience remember our presentation more deeply.

2.Enhance the persuasive power of the presentation. At the end of the speech, we can re-emphasize our own position and point of view, or use some thought-provoking words to impress the audience, so that they will resonate with our point of view, to enhance the persuasive power of the presentation.

3.Leave the audience with good feelings. At the end of the presentation, we can use some warm words to thank the audience for listening and support, or to express our good wishes for the future, so that the audience will still be immersed in a good emotion when they leave the presentation.

4.Add a sense of completeness to the presentation. At the end of the presentation, we can summarize the whole presentation, review the key content of the presentation, so that the whole presentation presents a complete structure, so that the audience feels that the content of the presentation is clear and logical, so as to increase the attractiveness of the presentation.

5.Provide a strong call to action: A well-crafted ending can prompt your audience to take action, whether it's to implement your suggestions, support your cause, or purchase your product or service

Seven Tips for have a strong end in your presentation:

1.Call to Action. At the end of the speech, he used his profound understanding and unique insights to offer hope and appeal to the audience. This kind of ending can inspire the audience's enthusiasm and make the audience take action.

E.g. "Now that we've discussed the importance of saving water resource, I urge each of you to commit to one small change in your daily lives to reduce water pollution. Whether repeatedly use water or reduce bath time, every action counts towards a more sustainable future."

2.Reiteration of Key Points. This is the most common way to end. Generally speaking, restating a point can help the audience review the speech and deepen their memory and understanding.

E.g. "In conclusion, our three main strategies for improving customer satisfaction are proactive communication, personalized service, and swift issue resolution. By implementing these strategies consistently, we can strengthen our relationships with customers and drive long-term loyalty."

3.Quotations or Anecdotes. This method uses a poem or a famous quote to summarize the key points. It not only makes the speech dramatic but also better conveys the speaker's emotions.

E.g. "As Lao Tzu said, ‘The journey of a thousand miles begins with one step.’ Let's remember these words as we are going to implement our plan.”

4.Visuals or Demonstrations. Using tools such as video at the end of a speech can better capture the audience's attention, increase the visual impact of the speech, and convey the message more vividly.

E.g. "Before we conclude, let me show you a brief video showcasing the impact of protect the marine environment. the beautiful sight of the sea serves as a powerful reminder of why our work is so important."

5.Open-Ended Questions. By using open-ended questions to elicit responses from your audience, you can effectively engage your audience and make your presentation more memorable.

E.g. "Finally, I'd like to leave you with a question: What role can each of us play in promoting diversity and inclusion within our organization? I encourage you to reflect on this question and share your thoughts with your colleagues."

6.Give a Storytelling. Sharing a story at the end is equivalent to responding to the speech with an example. This not only attracts the audience's interest, but also emphasizes the content of the speech.

E.g. "Let me share a story with you. Years ago, a small team of passionate individuals set out to change the world with nothing but an idea and a relentless drive to succeed. Today, that idea has transformed into a global movement, touching the lives of millions. Remember, it all started with a vision and the courage to pursue it."

7.Inspiring or Motivational Statements. This method can directly express the speaker's ideas. Give the audience a powerful attraction.

E.g. "As we conclude today's presentation, I want to leave you with this thought: No matter how daunting the challenges may seem, never underestimate the power of perseverance and innovation. Together, we have the ability to overcome any obstacle and create a brighter future for generations to come."

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