how to write conclusions and recommendations in research

How to Write a Conclusion for Research Papers (with Examples)

The conclusion of a research paper is a crucial section that plays a significant role in the overall impact and effectiveness of your research paper. However, this is also the section that typically receives less attention compared to the introduction and the body of the paper. The conclusion serves to provide a concise summary of the key findings, their significance, their implications, and a sense of closure to the study. Discussing how can the findings be applied in real-world scenarios or inform policy, practice, or decision-making is especially valuable to practitioners and policymakers. The research paper conclusion also provides researchers with clear insights and valuable information for their own work, which they can then build on and contribute to the advancement of knowledge in the field.

The research paper conclusion should explain the significance of your findings within the broader context of your field. It restates how your results contribute to the existing body of knowledge and whether they confirm or challenge existing theories or hypotheses. Also, by identifying unanswered questions or areas requiring further investigation, your awareness of the broader research landscape can be demonstrated.

Remember to tailor the research paper conclusion to the specific needs and interests of your intended audience, which may include researchers, practitioners, policymakers, or a combination of these.

Table of Contents

What is a conclusion in a research paper, summarizing conclusion, editorial conclusion, externalizing conclusion, importance of a good research paper conclusion, how to write a conclusion for your research paper, research paper conclusion examples.

• How to write a research paper conclusion with Paperpal? 

Frequently Asked Questions

A conclusion in a research paper is the final section where you summarize and wrap up your research, presenting the key findings and insights derived from your study. The research paper conclusion is not the place to introduce new information or data that was not discussed in the main body of the paper. When working on how to conclude a research paper, remember to stick to summarizing and interpreting existing content. The research paper conclusion serves the following purposes: 1

• Warn readers of the possible consequences of not attending to the problem.
• Recommend specific course(s) of action.
• Restate key ideas to drive home the ultimate point of your research paper.
• Provide a “take-home” message that you want the readers to remember about your study.

Types of conclusions for research papers

In research papers, the conclusion provides closure to the reader. The type of research paper conclusion you choose depends on the nature of your study, your goals, and your target audience. I provide you with three common types of conclusions:

A summarizing conclusion is the most common type of conclusion in research papers. It involves summarizing the main points, reiterating the research question, and restating the significance of the findings. This common type of research paper conclusion is used across different disciplines.

An editorial conclusion is less common but can be used in research papers that are focused on proposing or advocating for a particular viewpoint or policy. It involves presenting a strong editorial or opinion based on the research findings and offering recommendations or calls to action.

An externalizing conclusion is a type of conclusion that extends the research beyond the scope of the paper by suggesting potential future research directions or discussing the broader implications of the findings. This type of conclusion is often used in more theoretical or exploratory research papers.

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The conclusion in a research paper serves several important purposes:

• Offers Implications and Recommendations : Your research paper conclusion is an excellent place to discuss the broader implications of your research and suggest potential areas for further study. It’s also an opportunity to offer practical recommendations based on your findings.
• Provides Closure : A good research paper conclusion provides a sense of closure to your paper. It should leave the reader with a feeling that they have reached the end of a well-structured and thought-provoking research project.
• Leaves a Lasting Impression : Writing a well-crafted research paper conclusion leaves a lasting impression on your readers. It’s your final opportunity to leave them with a new idea, a call to action, or a memorable quote.

Writing a strong conclusion for your research paper is essential to leave a lasting impression on your readers. Here’s a step-by-step process to help you create and know what to put in the conclusion of a research paper: 2

• Research Statement : Begin your research paper conclusion by restating your research statement. This reminds the reader of the main point you’ve been trying to prove throughout your paper. Keep it concise and clear.
• Key Points : Summarize the main arguments and key points you’ve made in your paper. Avoid introducing new information in the research paper conclusion. Instead, provide a concise overview of what you’ve discussed in the body of your paper.
• Address the Research Questions : If your research paper is based on specific research questions or hypotheses, briefly address whether you’ve answered them or achieved your research goals. Discuss the significance of your findings in this context.
• Significance : Highlight the importance of your research and its relevance in the broader context. Explain why your findings matter and how they contribute to the existing knowledge in your field.
• Implications : Explore the practical or theoretical implications of your research. How might your findings impact future research, policy, or real-world applications? Consider the “so what?” question.
• Future Research : Offer suggestions for future research in your area. What questions or aspects remain unanswered or warrant further investigation? This shows that your work opens the door for future exploration.
• Closing Thought : Conclude your research paper conclusion with a thought-provoking or memorable statement. This can leave a lasting impression on your readers and wrap up your paper effectively. Avoid introducing new information or arguments here.
• Proofread and Revise : Carefully proofread your conclusion for grammar, spelling, and clarity. Ensure that your ideas flow smoothly and that your conclusion is coherent and well-structured.

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Remember that a well-crafted research paper conclusion is a reflection of the strength of your research and your ability to communicate its significance effectively. It should leave a lasting impression on your readers and tie together all the threads of your paper. Now you know how to start the conclusion of a research paper and what elements to include to make it impactful, let’s look at a research paper conclusion sample.

How to write a research paper conclusion with Paperpal?

A research paper conclusion is not just a summary of your study, but a synthesis of the key findings that ties the research together and places it in a broader context. A research paper conclusion should be concise, typically around one paragraph in length. However, some complex topics may require a longer conclusion to ensure the reader is left with a clear understanding of the study’s significance. Paperpal, an AI writing assistant trusted by over 800,000 academics globally, can help you write a well-structured conclusion for your research paper. 

• Sign Up or Log In: Create a new Paperpal account or login with your details.  
• Navigate to Features : Once logged in, head over to the features’ side navigation pane. Click on Templates and you’ll find a suite of generative AI features to help you write better, faster.  
• Generate an outline: Under Templates, select ‘Outlines’. Choose ‘Research article’ as your document type.  
• Select your section: Since you’re focusing on the conclusion, select this section when prompted.  
• Choose your field of study: Identifying your field of study allows Paperpal to provide more targeted suggestions, ensuring the relevance of your conclusion to your specific area of research. 
• Provide a brief description of your study: Enter details about your research topic and findings. This information helps Paperpal generate a tailored outline that aligns with your paper’s content. 
• Generate the conclusion outline: After entering all necessary details, click on ‘generate’. Paperpal will then create a structured outline for your conclusion, to help you start writing and build upon the outline.  
• Write your conclusion: Use the generated outline to build your conclusion. The outline serves as a guide, ensuring you cover all critical aspects of a strong conclusion, from summarizing key findings to highlighting the research’s implications. 
• Refine and enhance: Paperpal’s ‘Make Academic’ feature can be particularly useful in the final stages. Select any paragraph of your conclusion and use this feature to elevate the academic tone, ensuring your writing is aligned to the academic journal standards. 

By following these steps, Paperpal not only simplifies the process of writing a research paper conclusion but also ensures it is impactful, concise, and aligned with academic standards. Sign up with Paperpal today and write your research paper conclusion 2x faster .  

The research paper conclusion is a crucial part of your paper as it provides the final opportunity to leave a strong impression on your readers. In the research paper conclusion, summarize the main points of your research paper by restating your research statement, highlighting the most important findings, addressing the research questions or objectives, explaining the broader context of the study, discussing the significance of your findings, providing recommendations if applicable, and emphasizing the takeaway message. The main purpose of the conclusion is to remind the reader of the main point or argument of your paper and to provide a clear and concise summary of the key findings and their implications. All these elements should feature on your list of what to put in the conclusion of a research paper to create a strong final statement for your work.

A strong conclusion is a critical component of a research paper, as it provides an opportunity to wrap up your arguments, reiterate your main points, and leave a lasting impression on your readers. Here are the key elements of a strong research paper conclusion: 1. Conciseness : A research paper conclusion should be concise and to the point. It should not introduce new information or ideas that were not discussed in the body of the paper. 2. Summarization : The research paper conclusion should be comprehensive enough to give the reader a clear understanding of the research’s main contributions. 3 . Relevance : Ensure that the information included in the research paper conclusion is directly relevant to the research paper’s main topic and objectives; avoid unnecessary details. 4 . Connection to the Introduction : A well-structured research paper conclusion often revisits the key points made in the introduction and shows how the research has addressed the initial questions or objectives. 5. Emphasis : Highlight the significance and implications of your research. Why is your study important? What are the broader implications or applications of your findings? 6 . Call to Action : Include a call to action or a recommendation for future research or action based on your findings.

The length of a research paper conclusion can vary depending on several factors, including the overall length of the paper, the complexity of the research, and the specific journal requirements. While there is no strict rule for the length of a conclusion, but it’s generally advisable to keep it relatively short. A typical research paper conclusion might be around 5-10% of the paper’s total length. For example, if your paper is 10 pages long, the conclusion might be roughly half a page to one page in length.

In general, you do not need to include citations in the research paper conclusion. Citations are typically reserved for the body of the paper to support your arguments and provide evidence for your claims. However, there may be some exceptions to this rule: 1. If you are drawing a direct quote or paraphrasing a specific source in your research paper conclusion, you should include a citation to give proper credit to the original author. 2. If your conclusion refers to or discusses specific research, data, or sources that are crucial to the overall argument, citations can be included to reinforce your conclusion’s validity.

The conclusion of a research paper serves several important purposes: 1. Summarize the Key Points 2. Reinforce the Main Argument 3. Provide Closure 4. Offer Insights or Implications 5. Engage the Reader. 6. Reflect on Limitations

Remember that the primary purpose of the research paper conclusion is to leave a lasting impression on the reader, reinforcing the key points and providing closure to your research. It’s often the last part of the paper that the reader will see, so it should be strong and well-crafted.

• Makar, G., Foltz, C., Lendner, M., & Vaccaro, A. R. (2018). How to write effective discussion and conclusion sections. Clinical spine surgery, 31(8), 345-346.
• Bunton, D. (2005). The structure of PhD conclusion chapters.  Journal of English for academic purposes ,  4 (3), 207-224.

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Writing Effective Conclusions and Recommendations in a Thesis

Table of Contents

Have you ever experienced the triumphant moment of finishing a jigsaw puzzle , only to find that the final piece doesn’t quite fit? Such is the challenge when writing the conclusion and recommendations in your thesis . This final section isn’t just an endnote; it’s your opportunity to make your research resonate. Let’s explore how to craft a compelling conclusion that not only summarizes your findings but also sets the stage for future inquiry.

Understanding the weight of conclusions and recommendations

In the grand scheme of your thesis, the conclusion is your final act, your closing argument. It is here that you revisit your research objectives to demonstrate how your findings address them. But it’s not just a rehash of your research; it’s your chance to interpret the implications of your work and persuade your audience of its significance.

The art of summarizing findings

Begin by revisiting the questions you posed at the start of your journey. Summarize the answers you’ve uncovered, concisely distilling the essence of your research. This isn’t a place for exhaustive detail—that’s what the body of your thesis is for. Instead, think of it as the highlight reel, showcasing the most significant insights.

Drawing insightful conclusions

Conclusions are the thoughtful deductions you’ve drawn from your research. Linking back to your objectives, ask yourself: What have I learned? How have my findings contributed to the field? This is where you can shine a light on the larger implications of your work, the ‘so what?’ of your thesis.

Outlining clear and actionable recommendations

Your recommendations are your legacy, the path you lay for future research ers or practitioners. They should be clear, specific, and grounded in your findings. Think of them as a call to action—what should be done in light of your research? Whether it’s suggesting areas for further study or recommending changes to practice, your recommendations should inspire action.

Linking conclusions to research objectives

To ensure your conclusions are meaningful, they must be tethered to your research objectives. This alignment reinforces the relevance of your work and ensures you’re answering the questions you set out to explore.

Reflecting on research questions

Revisit your research questions or hypotheses . How have your findings addressed them? This reflection ensures your conclusions are directly tied to your initial inquiry, creating a cohesive narrative from start to finish.

Emphasizing the impact of your findings

Highlight the impact of your research. Have you filled a gap in knowledge? Challenged existing theories? Applied your findings to practice? Your conclusions should underscore the value of your work and its ripple effect in your field.

Formulating recommendations with purpose

Recommendations should never be an afterthought. They are your opportunity to influence the future, to suggest how the knowledge you’ve generated can be used to better understand or improve upon a particular issue.

Grounding recommendations in evidence

Ensure your recommendations are evidence-based . They should flow naturally from the conclusions you’ve drawn, each one supported by the data you’ve collected.

Keeping recommendations achievable

Make your recommendations achievable. Pie-in-the-sky ideas might be inspirational, but they’re less helpful than practical, attainable suggestions that can be realistically implemented.

Setting the stage for future research

Use your recommendations to set the stage for future research. What questions have emerged from your study? Where are the knowledge gaps ? Propel the academic conversation forward by identifying the next steps.

Writing with clarity and conviction

The best conclusions and recommendations are those written with clarity and conviction. You’ve spent countless hours on your research—now’s the time to confidently present your findings and their implications.

Using precise language

Be precise in your language. Avoid ambiguity and make every word count. This precision not only makes your writing clearer but also reinforces the authority of your conclusions and recommendations.

Ensuring cohesiveness

Your conclusion should feel like a natural culmination of your thesis, not a separate entity. Ensure that it flows logically from the body of your work, with each part reinforcing the other.

Engaging the reader’s imagination

Engage your reader’s imagination by painting a picture of what could be. Use your recommendations to inspire visions of future possibilities, grounded in the solid foundation of your research.

In conclusion, remember that the final sections of your thesis are not mere formalities but the bridge between your research and its potential impact on the world. The conclusions and recommendations you write are your scholarly legacy , a testament to the hard work you’ve poured into your research. Approach them with the same rigor , creativity, and dedication as the rest of your thesis, and you’ll leave a lasting mark on your field.

What do you think? How do you approach writing conclusions and recommendations, and what strategies do you find most effective? Are there particular challenges you’ve faced in this part of the thesis-writing process?

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Research Methodology

1 Introduction to Research in General

• Research in General
• Research Circle
• Tools of Research
• Methods: Quantitative or Qualitative
• The Product: Research Report or Papers

2 Original Unity of Philosophy and Science

• Myth Philosophy and Science: Original Unity
• The Myth: A Spiritual Metaphor
• Myth Philosophy and Science
• The Greek Quest for Unity
• The Ionian School
• Towards a Grand Unification Theory or Theory of Everything
• Einstein’s Perennial Quest for Unity

3 Evolution of the Distinct Methods of Science

• Definition of Scientific Method
• The Evolution of Scientific Methods
• Theory-Dependence of Observation
• Scope of Science and Scientific Methods
• Prevalent Mistakes in Applying the Scientific Method

4 Relation of Scientific and Philosophical Methods

• Definitions of Scientific and Philosophical method
• Philosophical method
• Scientific method
• The relation
• The Importance of Philosophical and scientific methods

5 Dialectical Method

• Introduction and a Brief Survey of the Method
• Types of Dialectics
• Dialectics in Classical Philosophy
• Dialectics in Modern Philosophy
• Critique of Dialectical Method

6 Rational Method

• Understanding Rationalism
• Rational Method of Investigation
• Descartes’ Rational Method
• Leibniz’ Aim of Philosophy
• Spinoza’ Aim of Philosophy

7 Empirical Method

• Common Features of Philosophical Method
• Empirical Method
• Exposition of Empiricism
• Locke’s Empirical Method
• Berkeley’s Empirical Method
• David Hume’s Empirical Method

8 Critical Method

• Basic Features of Critical Theory
• On Instrumental Reason
• Conception of Society
• Human History as Dialectic of Enlightenment
• Substantive Reason
• Habermasian Critical Theory
• Habermas’ Theory of Society
• Habermas’ Critique of Scientism
• Theory of Communicative Action
• Discourse Ethics of Habermas

9 Phenomenological Method (Western and Indian)

• Phenomenology in Philosophy
• Phenomenology as a Method
• Phenomenological Analysis of Knowledge
• Phenomenological Reduction
• Husserl’s Triad: Ego Cogito Cogitata
• Intentionality
• Understanding ‘Consciousness’
• Phenomenological Method in Indian Tradition
• Phenomenological Method in Religion

10 Analytical Method (Western and Indian)

• Analysis in History of Philosophy
• Conceptual Analysis
• Analysis as a Method
• Analysis in Logical Atomism and Logical Positivism
• Analytic Method in Ethics
• Language Analysis
• Quine’s Analytical Method
• Analysis in Indian Traditions

11 Hermeneutical Method (Western and Indian)

• The Power (Sakti) to Convey Meaning
• Three Meanings
• Pre-understanding
• The Semantic Autonomy of the Text
• Towards a Fusion of Horizons
• The Hermeneutical Circle
• The True Scandal of the Text
• Literary Forms

12 Deconstructive Method

• The Seminal Idea of Deconstruction in Heidegger
• Deconstruction in Derrida
• Structuralism and Post-structuralism
• Sign Signifier and Signified
• Writing and Trace
• Deconstruction as a Strategic Reading
• The Logic of Supplement
• No Outside-text

13 Method of Bibliography

• Preparing to Write
• Writing a Paper
• The Main Divisions of a Paper
• Writing Bibliography in Turabian and APA
• Sample Bibliography

14 Method of Footnotes

• Citations and Notes
• General Hints for Footnotes
• Writing Footnotes
• Examples of Footnote or Endnote
• Example of a Research Article

15 Method of Notes Taking

• Methods of Note-taking
• Note Book Style
• Note taking in a Computer
• Types of Note-taking
• Notes from Field Research
• Errors to be Avoided

16 Method of Thesis Proposal and Presentation

• Preliminary Section
• Presenting the Problem of the Thesis
• Design of the Study
• Main Body of the Thesis
• Conclusion Summary and Recommendations
• Reference Material

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• Dissertation

How to Write a Thesis or Dissertation Conclusion

Published on September 6, 2022 by Tegan George and Shona McCombes. Revised on November 20, 2023.

The conclusion is the very last part of your thesis or dissertation . It should be concise and engaging, leaving your reader with a clear understanding of your main findings, as well as the answer to your research question .

In it, you should:

• Clearly state the answer to your main research question
• Summarize and reflect on your research process
• Make recommendations for future work on your thesis or dissertation topic
• Show what new knowledge you have contributed to your field
• Wrap up your thesis or dissertation

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Table of contents

Discussion vs. conclusion, how long should your conclusion be, step 1: answer your research question, step 2: summarize and reflect on your research, step 3: make future recommendations, step 4: emphasize your contributions to your field, step 5: wrap up your thesis or dissertation, full conclusion example, conclusion checklist, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions about conclusion sections.

While your conclusion contains similar elements to your discussion section , they are not the same thing.

Your conclusion should be shorter and more general than your discussion. Instead of repeating literature from your literature review , discussing specific research results , or interpreting your data in detail, concentrate on making broad statements that sum up the most important insights of your research.

As a rule of thumb, your conclusion should not introduce new data, interpretations, or arguments.

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Depending on whether you are writing a thesis or dissertation, your length will vary. Generally, a conclusion should make up around 5–7% of your overall word count.

An empirical scientific study will often have a short conclusion, concisely stating the main findings and recommendations for future research. A humanities dissertation topic or systematic review , on the other hand, might require more space to conclude its analysis, tying all the previous sections together in an overall argument.

Your conclusion should begin with the main question that your thesis or dissertation aimed to address. This is your final chance to show that you’ve done what you set out to do, so make sure to formulate a clear, concise answer.

• Don’t repeat a list of all the results that you already discussed
• Do synthesize them into a final takeaway that the reader will remember.

An empirical thesis or dissertation conclusion may begin like this:

A case study –based thesis or dissertation conclusion may begin like this:

In the second example, the research aim is not directly restated, but rather added implicitly to the statement. To avoid repeating yourself, it is helpful to reformulate your aims and questions into an overall statement of what you did and how you did it.

Your conclusion is an opportunity to remind your reader why you took the approach you did, what you expected to find, and how well the results matched your expectations.

To avoid repetition , consider writing more reflectively here, rather than just writing a summary of each preceding section. Consider mentioning the effectiveness of your methodology , or perhaps any new questions or unexpected insights that arose in the process.

You can also mention any limitations of your research, but only if you haven’t already included these in the discussion. Don’t dwell on them at length, though—focus on the positives of your work.

• While x limits the generalizability of the results, this approach provides new insight into y .
• This research clearly illustrates x , but it also raises the question of y .

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You may already have made a few recommendations for future research in your discussion section, but the conclusion is a good place to elaborate and look ahead, considering the implications of your findings in both theoretical and practical terms.

• Based on these conclusions, practitioners should consider …
• To better understand the implications of these results, future studies could address …
• Further research is needed to determine the causes of/effects of/relationship between …

When making recommendations for further research, be sure not to undermine your own work. Relatedly, while future studies might confirm, build on, or enrich your conclusions, they shouldn’t be required for your argument to feel complete. Your work should stand alone on its own merits.

Just as you should avoid too much self-criticism, you should also avoid exaggerating the applicability of your research. If you’re making recommendations for policy, business, or other practical implementations, it’s generally best to frame them as “shoulds” rather than “musts.” All in all, the purpose of academic research is to inform, explain, and explore—not to demand.

Make sure your reader is left with a strong impression of what your research has contributed to the state of your field.

Some strategies to achieve this include:

• Returning to your problem statement to explain how your research helps solve the problem
• Referring back to the literature review and showing how you have addressed a gap in knowledge
• Discussing how your findings confirm or challenge an existing theory or assumption

Again, avoid simply repeating what you’ve already covered in the discussion in your conclusion. Instead, pick out the most important points and sum them up succinctly, situating your project in a broader context.

The end is near! Once you’ve finished writing your conclusion, it’s time to wrap up your thesis or dissertation with a few final steps:

• It’s a good idea to write your abstract next, while the research is still fresh in your mind.
• Next, make sure your reference list is complete and correctly formatted. To speed up the process, you can use our free APA citation generator .
• Once you’ve added any appendices , you can create a table of contents and title page .
• Finally, read through the whole document again to make sure your thesis is clearly written and free from language errors. You can proofread it yourself , ask a friend, or consider Scribbr’s proofreading and editing service .

Here is an example of how you can write your conclusion section. Notice how it includes everything mentioned above:

V. Conclusion

The current research aimed to identify acoustic speech characteristics which mark the beginning of an exacerbation in COPD patients.

The central questions for this research were as follows: 1. Which acoustic measures extracted from read speech differ between COPD speakers in stable condition and healthy speakers? 2. In what ways does the speech of COPD patients during an exacerbation differ from speech of COPD patients during stable periods?

All recordings were aligned using a script. Subsequently, they were manually annotated to indicate respiratory actions such as inhaling and exhaling. The recordings of 9 stable COPD patients reading aloud were then compared with the recordings of 5 healthy control subjects reading aloud. The results showed a significant effect of condition on the number of in- and exhalations per syllable, the number of non-linguistic in- and exhalations per syllable, and the ratio of voiced and silence intervals. The number of in- and exhalations per syllable and the number of non-linguistic in- and exhalations per syllable were higher for COPD patients than for healthy controls, which confirmed both hypotheses.

However, the higher ratio of voiced and silence intervals for COPD patients compared to healthy controls was not in line with the hypotheses. This unpredicted result might have been caused by the different reading materials or recording procedures for both groups, or by a difference in reading skills. Moreover, there was a trend regarding the effect of condition on the number of syllables per breath group. The number of syllables per breath group was higher for healthy controls than for COPD patients, which was in line with the hypothesis. There was no effect of condition on pitch, intensity, center of gravity, pitch variability, speaking rate, or articulation rate.

This research has shown that the speech of COPD patients in exacerbation differs from the speech of COPD patients in stable condition. This might have potential for the detection of exacerbations. However, sustained vowels rarely occur in spontaneous speech. Therefore, the last two outcome measures might have greater potential for the detection of beginning exacerbations, but further research on the different outcome measures and their potential for the detection of exacerbations is needed due to the limitations of the current study.

Checklist: Conclusion

I have clearly and concisely answered the main research question .

I have summarized my overall argument or key takeaways.

I have mentioned any important limitations of the research.

I have given relevant recommendations .

I have clearly explained what my research has contributed to my field.

I have  not introduced any new data or arguments.

You've written a great conclusion! Use the other checklists to further improve your dissertation.

If you want to know more about AI for academic writing, AI tools, or research bias, make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples or go directly to our tools!

Research bias

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• Self-serving bias
• Availability heuristic
• Halo effect
• Hindsight bias
• Deep learning
• Generative AI
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• Reinforcement learning
• Supervised vs. unsupervised learning

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In a thesis or dissertation, the discussion is an in-depth exploration of the results, going into detail about the meaning of your findings and citing relevant sources to put them in context.

The conclusion is more shorter and more general: it concisely answers your main research question and makes recommendations based on your overall findings.

While it may be tempting to present new arguments or evidence in your thesis or disseration conclusion , especially if you have a particularly striking argument you’d like to finish your analysis with, you shouldn’t. Theses and dissertations follow a more formal structure than this.

All your findings and arguments should be presented in the body of the text (more specifically in the discussion section and results section .) The conclusion is meant to summarize and reflect on the evidence and arguments you have already presented, not introduce new ones.

For a stronger dissertation conclusion , avoid including:

• Important evidence or analysis that wasn’t mentioned in the discussion section and results section
• Generic concluding phrases (e.g. “In conclusion …”)
• Weak statements that undermine your argument (e.g., “There are good points on both sides of this issue.”)

Your conclusion should leave the reader with a strong, decisive impression of your work.

The conclusion of your thesis or dissertation shouldn’t take up more than 5–7% of your overall word count.

The conclusion of your thesis or dissertation should include the following:

• A restatement of your research question
• A summary of your key arguments and/or results
• A short discussion of the implications of your research

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• Paragraph Development
• Research Process Video Series
• Executive Summary
• The C.A.R.S. Model
• Background Information
• The Research Problem/Question
• Theoretical Framework
• Citation Tracking
• Content Alert Services
• Evaluating Sources
• Primary Sources
• Secondary Sources
• Tiertiary Sources
• Scholarly vs. Popular Publications
• Qualitative Methods
• Quantitative Methods
• Insiderness
• Using Non-Textual Elements
• Limitations of the Study
• Common Grammar Mistakes
• Writing Concisely
• Avoiding Plagiarism
• Footnotes or Endnotes?
• Further Readings
• Generative AI and Writing
• USC Libraries Tutorials and Other Guides
• Bibliography

The conclusion is intended to help the reader understand why your research should matter to them after they have finished reading the paper. A conclusion is not merely a summary of the main topics covered or a re-statement of your research problem, but a synthesis of key points derived from the findings of your study and, if applicable based on your analysis, explain new areas for future research. For most college-level research papers, two or three well-developed paragraphs is sufficient for a conclusion, although in some cases, more paragraphs may be required in describing the key findings and highlighting their significance.

Conclusions. The Writing Center. University of North Carolina; Conclusions. The Writing Lab and The OWL. Purdue University.

Importance of a Good Conclusion

A well-written conclusion provides important opportunities to demonstrate to the reader your understanding of the research problem. These include:

• Presenting the last word on the issues you raised in your paper . Just as the introduction gives a first impression to your reader, the conclusion offers a chance to leave a lasting impression. Do this, for example, by highlighting key findings in your analysis that advance new understanding about the research problem, that are unusual or unexpected, or that have important implications applied to practice.
• Summarizing your thoughts and conveying the larger significance of your study . The conclusion is an opportunity to succinctly re-emphasize  your answer to the "So What?" question by placing the study within the context of how your research advances past studies about the topic.
• Identifying how a gap in the literature has been addressed . The conclusion can be where you describe how a previously identified gap in the literature [first identified in your literature review section] has been addressed by your research and why this contribution is significant.
• Demonstrating the importance of your ideas . Don't be shy. The conclusion offers an opportunity to elaborate on the impact and significance of your findings. This is particularly important if your study approached examining the research problem from an unusual or innovative perspective.
• Introducing possible new or expanded ways of thinking about the research problem . This does not refer to introducing new information [which should be avoided], but to offer new insight and creative approaches for framing or contextualizing the research problem based on the results of your study.

Bunton, David. “The Structure of PhD Conclusion Chapters.” Journal of English for Academic Purposes 4 (July 2005): 207–224; Conclusions. The Writing Center. University of North Carolina; Kretchmer, Paul. Twelve Steps to Writing an Effective Conclusion. San Francisco Edit, 2003-2008; Conclusions. The Writing Lab and The OWL. Purdue University; Assan, Joseph. "Writing the Conclusion Chapter: The Good, the Bad and the Missing." Liverpool: Development Studies Association (2009): 1-8.

Structure and Writing Style

I.  General Rules

The general function of your paper's conclusion is to restate the main argument . It reminds the reader of your main argument(s) strengths and reiterates the most important evidence supporting those argument(s). Do this by clearly summarizing the context, background, and the necessity of examining the research problem in relation to an issue, controversy, or a gap found in the literature. However, make sure that your conclusion is not simply a repetitive summary of the findings. This reduces the impact of the argument(s) you have developed in your paper.

When writing the conclusion to your paper, follow these general rules:

• Present your conclusions in clear, concise language. Re-state the purpose of your study, then describe how your findings differ or support those of other studies and why [i.e., describe what were the unique, new, or crucial contributions your study made to the overall research about your topic].
• Do not simply reiterate your findings or the discussion of your results. Provide a synthesis of arguments presented in the paper to show how these converge to address the research problem and the overall objectives of your study.
• Indicate opportunities for future research if you haven't already done so in the discussion section of your paper. Highlighting the need for further research provides the reader with evidence that you have an in-depth awareness of the research problem but that further analysis should take place beyond the scope of your investigation.

Consider the following points to help ensure your conclusion is presented well:

• If the argument or purpose of your paper is complex, you may need to summarize the argument for your reader.
• If, prior to your conclusion, you have not yet explained the significance of your findings or if you are proceeding inductively, use the end of your paper to describe your main points and explain their significance.
• Move from a detailed to a general level of consideration that returns the topic to the context provided by the introduction or within a new context that emerges from the data [this is opposite of the introduction, which begins with general discussion of the context and ends with a detailed description of the research problem]. 

The conclusion also provides a place for you to persuasively and succinctly restate the research problem, given that the reader has now been presented with all the information about the topic . Depending on the discipline you are writing in, the concluding paragraph may contain your reflections on the evidence presented. However, the nature of being introspective about the research you have conducted will depend on the topic and whether your professor wants you to express your observations in this way. If asked to think introspectively about the topic, do not delve into idle speculation. Being introspective means looking within yourself as an author to try and understand an issue more deeply, not to guess at possible outcomes or make up scenarios not supported by the evidence.

II.  Developing a Compelling Conclusion

Although an effective conclusion needs to be clear and succinct, it does not need to be written passively or lack a compelling narrative. Strategies to help you move beyond merely summarizing the key points of your research paper may include any of the following:

• If your paper addresses a critical, contemporary problem, warn readers of the possible consequences of not attending to the problem proactively based on the evidence presented in your study.
• Recommend a specific course or courses of action that, if adopted, could address a specific problem in practice or in the development of new knowledge leading to positive change.
• Cite a relevant quotation or expert opinion already noted in your paper in order to lend authority and support to the conclusion(s) you have reached [a good source would be from a source cited in your literature review].
• Explain the consequences of your research in a way that elicits action or demonstrates urgency in seeking change.
• Restate a key statistic, fact, or visual image to emphasize the most important finding of your paper.
• If your discipline encourages personal reflection, illustrate your concluding point by drawing from your own life experiences.
• Return to an anecdote, an example, or a quotation that you presented in your introduction, but add further insight derived from the findings of your study; use your interpretation of results from your study to recast it in new or important ways.
• Provide a "take-home" message in the form of a succinct, declarative statement that you want the reader to remember about your study.

III. Problems to Avoid

Failure to be concise Your conclusion section should be concise and to the point. Conclusions that are too lengthy often have unnecessary information in them. The conclusion is not the place for details about your methodology or results. Although you should give a summary of what was learned from your research, this summary should be relatively brief, since the emphasis in the conclusion is on the implications, evaluations, insights, and other forms of analysis that you make. Strategies for writing concisely can be found here .

Failure to comment on larger, more significant issues In the introduction, your task was to move from the general [topic studied within the field of study] to the specific [the research problem]. However, in the conclusion, your task is to move the discussion from specific [your research problem] back to a general discussion framed around the implications and significance of your findings [i.e., how your research contributes new understanding or fills an important gap in the literature]. In short, the conclusion is where you should place your research within a larger context [visualize the structure of your paper as an hourglass--start with a broad introduction and review of the literature, move to the specific method of analysis and the discussion, conclude with a broad summary of the study's implications and significance].

Failure to reveal problems and negative results Negative aspects of the research process should never be ignored. These are problems, deficiencies, or challenges encountered during your study. They should be summarized as a way of qualifying your overall conclusions. If you encountered negative or unintended results [i.e., findings that are validated outside the research context in which they were generated], you must report them in the results section and discuss their implications in the discussion section of your paper. In the conclusion, use negative or surprising results as an opportunity to explain their possible significance and/or how they may form the basis for future research.

Failure to provide a clear summary of what was learned In order to discuss how your research fits within your field of study [and possibly the world at large], you need to summarize briefly and succinctly how it contributes to new knowledge or a new understanding about the research problem. This element of your conclusion may be only a few sentences long, but it often represents the key takeaway for your reader.

Failure to match the objectives of your research Often research objectives in the social and behavioral sciences change while the research is being carried out due to unforeseen factors or unanticipated variables. This is not a problem unless you forget to go back and refine the original objectives in your introduction. As these changes emerge they must be documented so that they accurately reflect what you were trying to accomplish in your research [not what you thought you might accomplish when you began].

Resist the urge to apologize If you've immersed yourself in studying the research problem, you presumably should know a good deal about it [perhaps even more than your professor!]. Nevertheless, by the time you have finished writing, you may be having some doubts about what you have produced. Repress those doubts! Don't undermine your authority as a researcher by saying something like, "This is just one approach to examining this problem; there may be other, much better approaches that...." The overall tone of your conclusion should convey confidence to the reader concerning the validity and realiability of your research.

Assan, Joseph. "Writing the Conclusion Chapter: The Good, the Bad and the Missing." Liverpool: Development Studies Association (2009): 1-8; Concluding Paragraphs. College Writing Center at Meramec. St. Louis Community College; Conclusions. The Writing Center. University of North Carolina; Conclusions. The Writing Lab and The OWL. Purdue University; Freedman, Leora  and Jerry Plotnick. Introductions and Conclusions. The Lab Report. University College Writing Centre. University of Toronto; Leibensperger, Summer. Draft Your Conclusion. Academic Center, the University of Houston-Victoria, 2003; Make Your Last Words Count. The Writer’s Handbook. Writing Center. University of Wisconsin Madison; Miquel, Fuster-Marquez and Carmen Gregori-Signes. “Chapter Six: ‘Last but Not Least:’ Writing the Conclusion of Your Paper.” In Writing an Applied Linguistics Thesis or Dissertation: A Guide to Presenting Empirical Research . John Bitchener, editor. (Basingstoke,UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010), pp. 93-105; Tips for Writing a Good Conclusion. Writing@CSU. Colorado State University; Kretchmer, Paul. Twelve Steps to Writing an Effective Conclusion. San Francisco Edit, 2003-2008; Writing Conclusions. Writing Tutorial Services, Center for Innovative Teaching and Learning. Indiana University; Writing: Considering Structure and Organization. Institute for Writing Rhetoric. Dartmouth College.

Writing Tip

Don't Belabor the Obvious!

Avoid phrases like "in conclusion...," "in summary...," or "in closing...." These phrases can be useful, even welcome, in oral presentations. But readers can see by the tell-tale section heading and number of pages remaining that they are reaching the end of your paper. You'll irritate your readers if you belabor the obvious.

Assan, Joseph. "Writing the Conclusion Chapter: The Good, the Bad and the Missing." Liverpool: Development Studies Association (2009): 1-8.

Another Writing Tip

New Insight, Not New Information!

Don't surprise the reader with new information in your conclusion that was never referenced anywhere else in the paper. This is why the conclusion rarely has citations to sources that haven't been referenced elsewhere in your paper. If you have new information to present, add it to the discussion or other appropriate section of the paper. Note that, although no new information is introduced, the conclusion, along with the discussion section, is where you offer your most "original" contributions in the paper; the conclusion is where you describe the value of your research, demonstrate that you understand the material that you have presented, and position your findings within the larger context of scholarship on the topic, including describing how your research contributes new insights to that scholarship.

Assan, Joseph. "Writing the Conclusion Chapter: The Good, the Bad and the Missing." Liverpool: Development Studies Association (2009): 1-8; Conclusions. The Writing Center. University of North Carolina.

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How to Write a Conclusion for a Research Paper

• 3-minute read
• 29th August 2023

If you’re writing a research paper, the conclusion is your opportunity to summarize your findings and leave a lasting impression on your readers. In this post, we’ll take you through how to write an effective conclusion for a research paper and how you can:

·   Reword your thesis statement

·   Highlight the significance of your research

·   Discuss limitations

·   Connect to the introduction

·   End with a thought-provoking statement

Rewording Your Thesis Statement

Begin your conclusion by restating your thesis statement in a way that is slightly different from the wording used in the introduction. Avoid presenting new information or evidence in your conclusion. Just summarize the main points and arguments of your essay and keep this part as concise as possible. Remember that you’ve already covered the in-depth analyses and investigations in the main body paragraphs of your essay, so it’s not necessary to restate these details in the conclusion.

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Highlighting the Significance of Your Research

The conclusion is a good place to emphasize the implications of your research . Avoid ambiguous or vague language such as “I think” or “maybe,” which could weaken your position. Clearly explain why your research is significant and how it contributes to the broader field of study.

Here’s an example from a (fictional) study on the impact of social media on mental health:

Discussing Limitations

Although it’s important to emphasize the significance of your study, you can also use the conclusion to briefly address any limitations you discovered while conducting your research, such as time constraints or a shortage of resources. Doing this demonstrates a balanced and honest approach to your research.

Connecting to the Introduction

In your conclusion, you can circle back to your introduction , perhaps by referring to a quote or anecdote you discussed earlier. If you end your paper on a similar note to how you began it, you will create a sense of cohesion for the reader and remind them of the meaning and significance of your research.

Ending With a Thought-Provoking Statement

Consider ending your paper with a thought-provoking and memorable statement that relates to the impact of your research questions or hypothesis. This statement can be a call to action, a philosophical question, or a prediction for the future (positive or negative). Here’s an example that uses the same topic as above (social media and mental health):

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• How to Write Recommendations in Research | Examples & Tips

How to Write Recommendations in Research | Examples & Tips

Published on 15 September 2022 by Tegan George .

Recommendations in research are a crucial component of your discussion section and the conclusion of your thesis , dissertation , or research paper .

As you conduct your research and analyse the data you collected , perhaps there are ideas or results that don’t quite fit the scope of your research topic . Or, maybe your results suggest that there are further implications of your results or the causal relationships between previously-studied variables than covered in extant research.

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Table of contents

What should recommendations look like, building your research recommendation, how should your recommendations be written, recommendation in research example, frequently asked questions about recommendations.

Recommendations for future research should be:

• Concrete and specific
• Supported with a clear rationale
• Directly connected to your research

Overall, strive to highlight ways other researchers can reproduce or replicate your results to draw further conclusions, and suggest different directions that future research can take, if applicable.

Relatedly, when making these recommendations, avoid:

• Undermining your own work, but rather offer suggestions on how future studies can build upon it
• Suggesting recommendations actually needed to complete your argument, but rather ensure that your research stands alone on its own merits
• Using recommendations as a place for self-criticism, but rather as a natural extension point for your work

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There are many different ways to frame recommendations, but the easiest is perhaps to follow the formula of research question   conclusion  recommendation. Here’s an example.

Conclusion An important condition for controlling many social skills is mastering language. If children have a better command of language, they can express themselves better and are better able to understand their peers. Opportunities to practice social skills are thus dependent on the development of language skills.

As a rule of thumb, try to limit yourself to only the most relevant future recommendations: ones that stem directly from your work. While you can have multiple recommendations for each research conclusion, it is also acceptable to have one recommendation that is connected to more than one conclusion.

These recommendations should be targeted at your audience, specifically toward peers or colleagues in your field that work on similar topics to yours. They can flow directly from any limitations you found while conducting your work, offering concrete and actionable possibilities for how future research can build on anything that your own work was unable to address at the time of your writing.

See below for a full research recommendation example that you can use as a template to write your own.

The current study can be interpreted as a first step in the research on COPD speech characteristics. However, the results of this study should be treated with caution due to the small sample size and the lack of details regarding the participants’ characteristics.

Future research could further examine the differences in speech characteristics between exacerbated COPD patients, stable COPD patients, and healthy controls. It could also contribute to a deeper understanding of the acoustic measurements suitable for e-health measurements.

While it may be tempting to present new arguments or evidence in your thesis or disseration conclusion , especially if you have a particularly striking argument you’d like to finish your analysis with, you shouldn’t. Theses and dissertations follow a more formal structure than this.

All your findings and arguments should be presented in the body of the text (more specifically in the discussion section and results section .) The conclusion is meant to summarize and reflect on the evidence and arguments you have already presented, not introduce new ones.

The conclusion of your thesis or dissertation should include the following:

• A restatement of your research question
• A summary of your key arguments and/or results
• A short discussion of the implications of your research

For a stronger dissertation conclusion , avoid including:

• Generic concluding phrases (e.g. “In conclusion…”)
• Weak statements that undermine your argument (e.g. “There are good points on both sides of this issue.”)

Your conclusion should leave the reader with a strong, decisive impression of your work.

In a thesis or dissertation, the discussion is an in-depth exploration of the results, going into detail about the meaning of your findings and citing relevant sources to put them in context.

The conclusion is more shorter and more general: it concisely answers your main research question and makes recommendations based on your overall findings.

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How to write an excellent thesis conclusion [with examples]

Restate the thesis

Review or reiterate key points of your work, explain why your work is relevant, a take-away for the reader, more resources on writing thesis conclusions, frequently asked questions about writing an excellent thesis conclusion, related articles.

At this point in your writing, you have most likely finished your introduction and the body of your thesis, dissertation, or research paper . While this is a reason to celebrate, you should not underestimate the importance of your conclusion. The conclusion is the last thing that your reader will see, so it should be memorable.

A good conclusion will review the key points of the thesis and explain to the reader why the information is relevant, applicable, or related to the world as a whole. Make sure to dedicate enough of your writing time to the conclusion and do not put it off until the very last minute.

This article provides an effective technique for writing a conclusion adapted from Erika Eby’s The College Student's Guide to Writing a Good Research Paper: 101 Easy Tips & Tricks to Make Your Work Stand Out .

While the thesis introduction starts out with broad statements about the topic, and then narrows it down to the thesis statement , a thesis conclusion does the same in the opposite order.

• Restate the thesis.
• Review or reiterate key points of your work.
• Explain why your work is relevant.
• Include a core take-away message for the reader.

Tip: Don’t just copy and paste your thesis into your conclusion. Restate it in different words.

The best way to start a conclusion is simply by restating the thesis statement. That does not mean just copying and pasting it from the introduction, but putting it into different words.

You will need to change the structure and wording of it to avoid sounding repetitive. Also, be firm in your conclusion just as you were in the introduction. Try to avoid sounding apologetic by using phrases like "This paper has tried to show..."

The conclusion should address all the same parts as the thesis while making it clear that the reader has reached the end. You are telling the reader that your research is finished and what your findings are.

I have argued throughout this work that the point of critical mass for biopolitical immunity occurred during the Romantic period because of that era's unique combination of post-revolutionary politics and innovations in smallpox prevention. In particular, I demonstrated that the French Revolution and the discovery of vaccination in the 1790s triggered a reconsideration of the relationship between bodies and the state.

Tip: Try to reiterate points from your introduction in your thesis conclusion.

The next step is to review the main points of the thesis as a whole. Look back at the body of of your project and make a note of the key ideas. You can reword these ideas the same way you reworded your thesis statement and then incorporate that into the conclusion.

You can also repeat striking quotations or statistics, but do not use more than two. As the conclusion represents your own closing thoughts on the topic , it should mainly consist of your own words.

In addition, conclusions can contain recommendations to the reader or relevant questions that further the thesis. You should ask yourself:

• What you would ideally like to see your readers do in reaction to your paper?
• Do you want them to take a certain action or investigate further?
• Is there a bigger issue that your paper wants to draw attention to?

Also, try to reference your introduction in your conclusion. You have already taken a first step by restating your thesis. Now, check whether there are other key words, phrases or ideas that are mentioned in your introduction that fit into your conclusion. Connecting the introduction to the conclusion in this way will help readers feel satisfied.

I explored how Mary Wollstonecraft, in both her fiction and political writings, envisions an ideal medico-political state, and how other writers like William Wordsworth and Mary Shelley increasingly imagined the body politic literally, as an incorporated political collective made up of bodies whose immunity to political and medical ills was essential to a healthy state.

Tip: Make sure to explain why your thesis is relevant to your field of research.

Although you can encourage readers to question their opinions and reflect on your topic, do not leave loose ends. You should provide a sense of resolution and make sure your conclusion wraps up your argument. Make sure you explain why your thesis is relevant to your field of research and how your research intervenes within, or substantially revises, existing scholarly debates.

This project challenged conventional ideas about the relationship among Romanticism, medicine, and politics by reading the unfolding of Romantic literature and biopolitical immunity as mutual, co-productive processes. In doing so, this thesis revises the ways in which biopolitics has been theorized by insisting on the inherent connections between Romantic literature and the forms of biopower that characterize early modernity.

Tip: If you began your thesis with an anecdote or historical example, you may want to return to that in your conclusion.

End your conclusion with something memorable, such as:

• a call to action
• a recommendation
• a gesture towards future research
• a brief explanation of how the problem or idea you covered remains relevant

Ultimately, you want readers to feel more informed, or ready to act, as they read your conclusion.

Yet, the Romantic period is only the beginning of modern thought on immunity and biopolitics. Victorian writers, doctors, and politicians upheld the Romantic idea that a "healthy state" was a literal condition that could be achieved by combining politics and medicine, but augmented that idea through legislation and widespread public health measures. While many nineteenth-century efforts to improve citizens' health were successful, the fight against disease ultimately changed course in the twentieth century as global immunological threats such as SARS occupied public consciousness. Indeed, as subsequent public health events make apparent, biopolitical immunity persists as a viable concept for thinking about the relationship between medicine and politics in modernity.

Need more advice? Read our 5 additional tips on how to write a good thesis conclusion.

The conclusion is the last thing that your reader will see, so it should be memorable. To write a great thesis conclusion you should:

The basic content of a conclusion is to review the main points from the paper. This part represents your own closing thoughts on the topic. It should mainly consist of the outcome of the research in your own words.

The length of the conclusion will depend on the length of the whole thesis. Usually, a conclusion should be around 5-7% of the overall word count.

End your conclusion with something memorable, such as a question, warning, or call to action. Depending on the topic, you can also end with a recommendation.

In Open Access: Theses and Dissertations you can find thousands of completed works. Take a look at any of the theses or dissertations for real-life examples of conclusions that were already approved.

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How to write a strong conclusion for your research paper

Last updated

17 February 2024

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Writing a research paper is a chance to share your knowledge and hypothesis. It's an opportunity to demonstrate your many hours of research and prove your ability to write convincingly.

Ideally, by the end of your research paper, you'll have brought your readers on a journey to reach the conclusions you've pre-determined. However, if you don't stick the landing with a good conclusion, you'll risk losing your reader’s trust.

Writing a strong conclusion for your research paper involves a few important steps, including restating the thesis and summing up everything properly.

Find out what to include and what to avoid, so you can effectively demonstrate your understanding of the topic and prove your expertise.

• Why is a good conclusion important?

A good conclusion can cement your paper in the reader’s mind. Making a strong impression in your introduction can draw your readers in, but it's the conclusion that will inspire them.

• What to include in a research paper conclusion

There are a few specifics you should include in your research paper conclusion. Offer your readers some sense of urgency or consequence by pointing out why they should care about the topic you have covered. Discuss any common problems associated with your topic and provide suggestions as to how these problems can be solved or addressed.

The conclusion should include a restatement of your initial thesis. Thesis statements are strengthened after you’ve presented supporting evidence (as you will have done in the paper), so make a point to reintroduce it at the end.

Finally, recap the main points of your research paper, highlighting the key takeaways you want readers to remember. If you've made multiple points throughout the paper, refer to the ones with the strongest supporting evidence.

• Steps for writing a research paper conclusion

Many writers find the conclusion the most challenging part of any research project . By following these three steps, you'll be prepared to write a conclusion that is effective and concise.

• Step 1: Restate the problem

Always begin by restating the research problem in the conclusion of a research paper. This serves to remind the reader of your hypothesis and refresh them on the main point of the paper. 

When restating the problem, take care to avoid using exactly the same words you employed earlier in the paper.

• Step 2: Sum up the paper

After you've restated the problem, sum up the paper by revealing your overall findings. The method for this differs slightly, depending on whether you're crafting an argumentative paper or an empirical paper.

Argumentative paper: Restate your thesis and arguments

Argumentative papers involve introducing a thesis statement early on. In crafting the conclusion for an argumentative paper, always restate the thesis, outlining the way you've developed it throughout the entire paper.

It might be appropriate to mention any counterarguments in the conclusion, so you can demonstrate how your thesis is correct or how the data best supports your main points.

Empirical paper: Summarize research findings

Empirical papers break down a series of research questions. In your conclusion, discuss the findings your research revealed, including any information that surprised you.

Be clear about the conclusions you reached, and explain whether or not you expected to arrive at these particular ones.

• Step 3: Discuss the implications of your research

Argumentative papers and empirical papers also differ in this part of a research paper conclusion. Here are some tips on crafting conclusions for argumentative and empirical papers.

Argumentative paper: Powerful closing statement

In an argumentative paper, you'll have spent a great deal of time expressing the opinions you formed after doing a significant amount of research. Make a strong closing statement in your argumentative paper's conclusion to share the significance of your work.

You can outline the next steps through a bold call to action, or restate how powerful your ideas turned out to be.

Empirical paper: Directions for future research

Empirical papers are broader in scope. They usually cover a variety of aspects and can include several points of view.

To write a good conclusion for an empirical paper, suggest the type of research that could be done in the future, including methods for further investigation or outlining ways other researchers might proceed.

If you feel your research had any limitations, even if they were outside your control, you could mention these in your conclusion.

After you finish outlining your conclusion, ask someone to read it and offer feedback. In any research project you're especially close to, it can be hard to identify problem areas. Having a close friend or someone whose opinion you value read the research paper and provide honest feedback can be invaluable. Take note of any suggested edits and consider incorporating them into your paper if they make sense.

• Things to avoid in a research paper conclusion

Keep these aspects to avoid in mind as you're writing your conclusion and refer to them after you've created an outline.

Dry summary

Writing a memorable, succinct conclusion is arguably more important than a strong introduction. Take care to avoid just rephrasing your main points, and don't fall into the trap of repeating dry facts or citations.

You can provide a new perspective for your readers to think about or contextualize your research. Either way, make the conclusion vibrant and interesting, rather than a rote recitation of your research paper’s highlights.

Clichéd or generic phrasing

Your research paper conclusion should feel fresh and inspiring. Avoid generic phrases like "to sum up" or "in conclusion." These phrases tend to be overused, especially in an academic context and might turn your readers off.

The conclusion also isn't the time to introduce colloquial phrases or informal language. Retain a professional, confident tone consistent throughout your paper’s conclusion so it feels exciting and bold.

New data or evidence

While you should present strong data throughout your paper, the conclusion isn't the place to introduce new evidence. This is because readers are engaged in actively learning as they read through the body of your paper.

By the time they reach the conclusion, they will have formed an opinion one way or the other (hopefully in your favor!). Introducing new evidence in the conclusion will only serve to surprise or frustrate your reader.

Ignoring contradictory evidence

If your research reveals contradictory evidence, don't ignore it in the conclusion. This will damage your credibility as an expert and might even serve to highlight the contradictions.

Be as transparent as possible and admit to any shortcomings in your research, but don't dwell on them for too long.

Ambiguous or unclear resolutions

The point of a research paper conclusion is to provide closure and bring all your ideas together. You should wrap up any arguments you introduced in the paper and tie up any loose ends, while demonstrating why your research and data are strong.

Use direct language in your conclusion and avoid ambiguity. Even if some of the data and sources you cite are inconclusive or contradictory, note this in your conclusion to come across as confident and trustworthy.

• Examples of research paper conclusions

Your research paper should provide a compelling close to the paper as a whole, highlighting your research and hard work. While the conclusion should represent your unique style, these examples offer a starting point:

Ultimately, the data we examined all point to the same conclusion: Encouraging a good work-life balance improves employee productivity and benefits the company overall. The research suggests that when employees feel their personal lives are valued and respected by their employers, they are more likely to be productive when at work. In addition, company turnover tends to be reduced when employees have a balance between their personal and professional lives. While additional research is required to establish ways companies can support employees in creating a stronger work-life balance, it's clear the need is there.

Social media is a primary method of communication among young people. As we've seen in the data presented, most young people in high school use a variety of social media applications at least every hour, including Instagram and Facebook. While social media is an avenue for connection with peers, research increasingly suggests that social media use correlates with body image issues. Young girls with lower self-esteem tend to use social media more often than those who don't log onto social media apps every day. As new applications continue to gain popularity, and as more high school students are given smartphones, more research will be required to measure the effects of prolonged social media use.

What are the different kinds of research paper conclusions?

There are no formal types of research paper conclusions. Ultimately, the conclusion depends on the outline of your paper and the type of research you’re presenting. While some experts note that research papers can end with a new perspective or commentary, most papers should conclude with a combination of both. The most important aspect of a good research paper conclusion is that it accurately represents the body of the paper.

Can I present new arguments in my research paper conclusion?

Research paper conclusions are not the place to introduce new data or arguments. The body of your paper is where you should share research and insights, where the reader is actively absorbing the content. By the time a reader reaches the conclusion of the research paper, they should have formed their opinion. Introducing new arguments in the conclusion can take a reader by surprise, and not in a positive way. It might also serve to frustrate readers.

How long should a research paper conclusion be?

There's no set length for a research paper conclusion. However, it's a good idea not to run on too long, since conclusions are supposed to be succinct. A good rule of thumb is to keep your conclusion around 5 to 10 percent of the paper's total length. If your paper is 10 pages, try to keep your conclusion under one page.

What should I include in a research paper conclusion?

A good research paper conclusion should always include a sense of urgency, so the reader can see how and why the topic should matter to them. You can also note some recommended actions to help fix the problem and some obstacles they might encounter. A conclusion should also remind the reader of the thesis statement, along with the main points you covered in the paper. At the end of the conclusion, add a powerful closing statement that helps cement the paper in the mind of the reader.

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• > How to Do Research
• > Draw conclusions and make recommendations

Book contents

• Frontmatter
• Acknowledgements
• Introduction: Types of research
• Part 1 The research process
• 1 Develop the research objectives
• 2 Design and plan the study
• 3 Write the proposal
• 4 Obtain financial support for the research
• 5 Manage the research
• 6 Draw conclusions and make recommendations
• 7 Write the report
• 8 Disseminate the results
• Part 2 Methods
• Appendix The market for information professionals: A proposal from the Policy Studies Institute

6 - Draw conclusions and make recommendations

from Part 1 - The research process

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 June 2018

This is the point everything has been leading up to. Having carried out the research and marshalled all the evidence, you are now faced with the problem of making sense of it all. Here you need to distinguish clearly between three different things: results, conclusions and recommendations.

Results are what you have found through the research. They are more than just the raw data that you have collected. They are the processed findings of the work – what you have been analysing and striving to understand. In total, the results form the picture that you have uncovered through your research. Results are neutral. They clearly depend on the nature of the questions asked but, given a particular set of questions, the results should not be contentious – there should be no debate about whether or not 63 per cent of respondents said ‘yes’ to question 16.

When you consider the results you can draw conclusions based on them. These are less neutral as you are putting your interpretation on the results and thus introducing a degree of subjectivity. Some research is simply descriptive – the final report merely presents the results. In most cases, though, you will want to interpret them, saying what they mean for you – drawing conclusions.

These conclusions might arise from a comparison between your results and the findings of other studies. They will, almost certainly, be developed with reference to the aim and objectives of the research. While there will be no debate over the results, the conclusions could well be contentious. Someone else might interpret the results differently, arriving at different conclusions. For this reason you need to support your conclusions with structured, logical reasoning.

Having drawn your conclusions you can then make recommendations. These should flow from your conclusions. They are suggestions about action that might be taken by people or organizations in the light of the conclusions that you have drawn from the results of the research. Like the conclusions, the recommendations may be open to debate. You may feel that, on the basis of your conclusions, the organization you have been studying should do this, that or the other.

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• Draw conclusions and make recommendations
• Book: How to Do Research
• Online publication: 09 June 2018
• Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.29085/9781856049825.007

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How To Write The Conclusion Chapter

A Simple Explainer With Examples + Free Template

By: Jenna Crossley (PhD) | Reviewed By: Dr. Eunice Rautenbach | September 2021

So, you’ve wrapped up your results and discussion chapters, and you’re finally on the home stretch – the conclusion chapter . In this post, we’ll discuss everything you need to know to craft a high-quality conclusion chapter for your dissertation or thesis project.

Overview: The Conclusion Chapter

• What the thesis/dissertation conclusion chapter is
• What to include in your conclusion
• How to structure and write up your conclusion
• A few tips  to help you ace the chapter
• FREE conclusion template

What is the conclusion chapter?

The conclusion chapter is typically the final major chapter of a dissertation or thesis. As such, it serves as a concluding summary of your research findings and wraps up the document. While some publications such as journal articles and research reports combine the discussion and conclusion sections, these are typically separate chapters in a dissertation or thesis. As always, be sure to check what your university’s structural preference is before you start writing up these chapters.

So, what’s the difference between the discussion and the conclusion chapter?

Well, the two chapters are quite similar , as they both discuss the key findings of the study. However, the conclusion chapter is typically more general and high-level in nature. In your discussion chapter, you’ll typically discuss the intricate details of your study, but in your conclusion chapter, you’ll take a   broader perspective, reporting on the main research outcomes and how these addressed your research aim (or aims) .

A core function of the conclusion chapter is to synthesise all major points covered in your study and to tell the reader what they should take away from your work. Basically, you need to tell them what you found , why it’s valuable , how it can be applied , and what further research can be done.

Whatever you do, don’t just copy and paste what you’ve written in your discussion chapter! The conclusion chapter should not be a simple rehash of the discussion chapter. While the two chapters are similar, they have distinctly different functions.  

What should I include in the conclusion chapter?

To understand what needs to go into your conclusion chapter, it’s useful to understand what the chapter needs to achieve. In general, a good dissertation conclusion chapter should achieve the following:

• Summarise the key findings of the study
• Explicitly answer the research question(s) and address the research aims
• Inform the reader of the study’s main contributions
• Discuss any limitations or weaknesses of the study
• Present recommendations for future research

Therefore, your conclusion chapter needs to cover these core components. Importantly, you need to be careful not to include any new findings or data points. Your conclusion chapter should be based purely on data and analysis findings that you’ve already presented in the earlier chapters. If there’s a new point you want to introduce, you’ll need to go back to your results and discussion chapters to weave the foundation in there.

In many cases, readers will jump from the introduction chapter directly to the conclusions chapter to get a quick overview of the study’s purpose and key findings. Therefore, when you write up your conclusion chapter, it’s useful to assume that the reader hasn’t consumed the inner chapters of your dissertation or thesis. In other words, craft your conclusion chapter such that there’s a strong connection and smooth flow between the introduction and conclusion chapters, even though they’re on opposite ends of your document.

Need a helping hand?

How to write the conclusion chapter

Now that you have a clearer view of what the conclusion chapter is about, let’s break down the structure of this chapter so that you can get writing. Keep in mind that this is merely a typical structure – it’s not set in stone or universal. Some universities will prefer that you cover some of these points in the discussion chapter , or that you cover the points at different levels in different chapters.

Step 1: Craft a brief introduction section

As with all chapters in your dissertation or thesis, the conclusions chapter needs to start with a brief introduction. In this introductory section, you’ll want to tell the reader what they can expect to find in the chapter, and in what order . Here’s an example of what this might look like:

This chapter will conclude the study by summarising the key research findings in relation to the research aims and questions and discussing the value and contribution thereof. It will also review the limitations of the study and propose opportunities for future research.

Importantly, the objective here is just to give the reader a taste of what’s to come (a roadmap of sorts), not a summary of the chapter. So, keep it short and sweet – a paragraph or two should be ample.

Step 2: Discuss the overall findings in relation to the research aims

The next step in writing your conclusions chapter is to discuss the overall findings of your study , as they relate to the research aims and research questions . You would have likely covered similar ground in the discussion chapter, so it’s important to zoom out a little bit here and focus on the broader findings – specifically, how these help address the research aims .

In practical terms, it’s useful to start this section by reminding your reader of your research aims and research questions, so that the findings are well contextualised. In this section, phrases such as, “This study aimed to…” and “the results indicate that…” will likely come in handy. For example, you could say something like the following:

This study aimed to investigate the feeding habits of the naked mole-rat. The results indicate that naked mole rats feed on underground roots and tubers. Further findings show that these creatures eat only a part of the plant, leaving essential parts to ensure long-term food stability.

Be careful not to make overly bold claims here. Avoid claims such as “this study proves that” or “the findings disprove existing the existing theory”. It’s seldom the case that a single study can prove or disprove something. Typically, this is achieved by a broader body of research, not a single study – especially not a dissertation or thesis which will inherently have significant  limitations . We’ll discuss those limitations a little later.

Step 3: Discuss how your study contributes to the field

Next, you’ll need to discuss how your research has contributed to the field – both in terms of theory and practice . This involves talking about what you achieved in your study, highlighting why this is important and valuable, and how it can be used or applied.

In this section you’ll want to:

• Mention any research outputs created as a result of your study (e.g., articles, publications, etc.)
• Inform the reader on just how your research solves your research problem , and why that matters
• Reflect on gaps in the existing research and discuss how your study contributes towards addressing these gaps
• Discuss your study in relation to relevant theories . For example, does it confirm these theories or constructively challenge them?
• Discuss how your research findings can be applied in the real world . For example, what specific actions can practitioners take, based on your findings?

Be careful to strike a careful balance between being firm but humble in your arguments here. It’s unlikely that your one study will fundamentally change paradigms or shake up the discipline, so making claims to this effect will be frowned upon . At the same time though, you need to present your arguments with confidence, firmly asserting the contribution your research has made, however small that contribution may be. Simply put, you need to keep it balanced .

Step 4: Reflect on the limitations of your study

Now that you’ve pumped your research up, the next step is to critically reflect on the limitations and potential shortcomings of your study. You may have already covered this in the discussion chapter, depending on your university’s structural preferences, so be careful not to repeat yourself unnecessarily.

There are many potential limitations that can apply to any given study. Some common ones include:

• Sampling issues that reduce the generalisability of the findings (e.g., non-probability sampling )
• Insufficient sample size (e.g., not getting enough survey responses ) or limited data access
• Low-resolution data collection or analysis techniques
• Researcher bias or lack of experience
• Lack of access to research equipment
• Time constraints that limit the methodology (e.g. cross-sectional vs longitudinal time horizon)
• Budget constraints that limit various aspects of the study

Discussing the limitations of your research may feel self-defeating (no one wants to highlight their weaknesses, right), but it’s a critical component of high-quality research. It’s important to appreciate that all studies have limitations (even well-funded studies by expert researchers) – therefore acknowledging these limitations adds credibility to your research by showing that you understand the limitations of your research design .

That being said, keep an eye on your wording and make sure that you don’t undermine your research . It’s important to strike a balance between recognising the limitations, but also highlighting the value of your research despite those limitations. Show the reader that you understand the limitations, that these were justified given your constraints, and that you know how they can be improved upon – this will get you marks.

Next, you’ll need to make recommendations for future studies. This will largely be built on the limitations you just discussed. For example, if one of your study’s weaknesses was related to a specific data collection or analysis method, you can make a recommendation that future researchers undertake similar research using a more sophisticated method.

Another potential source of future research recommendations is any data points or analysis findings that were interesting or surprising , but not directly related to your study’s research aims and research questions. So, if you observed anything that “stood out” in your analysis, but you didn’t explore it in your discussion (due to a lack of relevance to your research aims), you can earmark that for further exploration in this section.

Essentially, this section is an opportunity to outline how other researchers can build on your study to take the research further and help develop the body of knowledge. So, think carefully about the new questions that your study has raised, and clearly outline these for future researchers to pick up on.

Step 6: Wrap up with a closing summary

Tips for a top-notch conclusion chapter

Now that we’ve covered the what , why and how of the conclusion chapter, here are some quick tips and suggestions to help you craft a rock-solid conclusion.

• Don’t ramble . The conclusion chapter usually consumes 5-7% of the total word count (although this will vary between universities), so you need to be concise. Edit this chapter thoroughly with a focus on brevity and clarity.
• Be very careful about the claims you make in terms of your study’s contribution. Nothing will make the marker’s eyes roll back faster than exaggerated or unfounded claims. Be humble but firm in your claim-making.
• Use clear and simple language that can be easily understood by an intelligent layman. Remember that not every reader will be an expert in your field, so it’s important to make your writing accessible. Bear in mind that no one knows your research better than you do, so it’s important to spell things out clearly for readers.

Hopefully, this post has given you some direction and confidence to take on the conclusion chapter of your dissertation or thesis with confidence. If you’re still feeling a little shaky and need a helping hand, consider booking a free initial consultation with a friendly Grad Coach to discuss how we can help you with hands-on, private coaching.

Psst... there’s more!

This post was based on one of our popular Research Bootcamps . If you're working on a research project, you'll definitely want to check this out ...

17 Comments

Really you team are doing great!

Your guide on writing the concluding chapter of a research is really informative especially to the beginners who really do not know where to start. Im now ready to start. Keep it up guys

Really your team are doing great!

Very helpful guidelines, timely saved. Thanks so much for the tips.

This post was very helpful and informative. Thank you team.

A very enjoyable, understandable and crisp presentation on how to write a conclusion chapter. I thoroughly enjoyed it. Thanks Jenna.

This was a very helpful article which really gave me practical pointers for my concluding chapter. Keep doing what you are doing! It meant a lot to me to be able to have this guide. Thank you so much.

Nice content dealing with the conclusion chapter, it’s a relief after the streneous task of completing discussion part.Thanks for valuable guidance

Thanks for your guidance

I get all my doubts clarified regarding the conclusion chapter. It’s really amazing. Many thanks.

Very helpful tips. Thanks so much for the guidance

Thank you very much for this piece. It offers a very helpful starting point in writing the conclusion chapter of my thesis.

It’s awesome! Most useful and timely too. Thanks a million times

Bundle of thanks for your guidance. It was greatly helpful.

Wonderful, clear, practical guidance. So grateful to read this as I conclude my research. Thank you.

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Home » Research Recommendations – Examples and Writing Guide

Research Recommendations – Examples and Writing Guide

Table of Contents

Research Recommendations

Definition:

Research recommendations refer to suggestions or advice given to someone who is looking to conduct research on a specific topic or area. These recommendations may include suggestions for research methods, data collection techniques, sources of information, and other factors that can help to ensure that the research is conducted in a rigorous and effective manner. Research recommendations may be provided by experts in the field, such as professors, researchers, or consultants, and are intended to help guide the researcher towards the most appropriate and effective approach to their research project.

Parts of Research Recommendations

Research recommendations can vary depending on the specific project or area of research, but typically they will include some or all of the following parts:

• Research question or objective : This is the overarching goal or purpose of the research project.
• Research methods : This includes the specific techniques and strategies that will be used to collect and analyze data. The methods will depend on the research question and the type of data being collected.
• Data collection: This refers to the process of gathering information or data that will be used to answer the research question. This can involve a range of different methods, including surveys, interviews, observations, or experiments.
• Data analysis : This involves the process of examining and interpreting the data that has been collected. This can involve statistical analysis, qualitative analysis, or a combination of both.
• Results and conclusions: This section summarizes the findings of the research and presents any conclusions or recommendations based on those findings.
• Limitations and future research: This section discusses any limitations of the study and suggests areas for future research that could build on the findings of the current project.

How to Write Research Recommendations

Writing research recommendations involves providing specific suggestions or advice to a researcher on how to conduct their study. Here are some steps to consider when writing research recommendations:

• Understand the research question: Before writing research recommendations, it is important to have a clear understanding of the research question and the objectives of the study. This will help to ensure that the recommendations are relevant and appropriate.
• Consider the research methods: Consider the most appropriate research methods that could be used to collect and analyze data that will address the research question. Identify the strengths and weaknesses of the different methods and how they might apply to the specific research question.
• Provide specific recommendations: Provide specific and actionable recommendations that the researcher can implement in their study. This can include recommendations related to sample size, data collection techniques, research instruments, data analysis methods, or other relevant factors.
• Justify recommendations : Justify why each recommendation is being made and how it will help to address the research question or objective. It is important to provide a clear rationale for each recommendation to help the researcher understand why it is important.
• Consider limitations and ethical considerations : Consider any limitations or potential ethical considerations that may arise in conducting the research. Provide recommendations for addressing these issues or mitigating their impact.
• Summarize recommendations: Provide a summary of the recommendations at the end of the report or document, highlighting the most important points and emphasizing how the recommendations will contribute to the overall success of the research project.

Example of Research Recommendations

Example of Research Recommendations sample for students:

• Further investigate the effects of X on Y by conducting a larger-scale randomized controlled trial with a diverse population.
• Explore the relationship between A and B by conducting qualitative interviews with individuals who have experience with both.
• Investigate the long-term effects of intervention C by conducting a follow-up study with participants one year after completion.
• Examine the effectiveness of intervention D in a real-world setting by conducting a field study in a naturalistic environment.
• Compare and contrast the results of this study with those of previous research on the same topic to identify any discrepancies or inconsistencies in the findings.
• Expand upon the limitations of this study by addressing potential confounding variables and conducting further analyses to control for them.
• Investigate the relationship between E and F by conducting a meta-analysis of existing literature on the topic.
• Explore the potential moderating effects of variable G on the relationship between H and I by conducting subgroup analyses.
• Identify potential areas for future research based on the gaps in current literature and the findings of this study.
• Conduct a replication study to validate the results of this study and further establish the generalizability of the findings.

Applications of Research Recommendations

Research recommendations are important as they provide guidance on how to improve or solve a problem. The applications of research recommendations are numerous and can be used in various fields. Some of the applications of research recommendations include:

• Policy-making: Research recommendations can be used to develop policies that address specific issues. For example, recommendations from research on climate change can be used to develop policies that reduce carbon emissions and promote sustainability.
• Program development: Research recommendations can guide the development of programs that address specific issues. For example, recommendations from research on education can be used to develop programs that improve student achievement.
• Product development : Research recommendations can guide the development of products that meet specific needs. For example, recommendations from research on consumer behavior can be used to develop products that appeal to consumers.
• Marketing strategies: Research recommendations can be used to develop effective marketing strategies. For example, recommendations from research on target audiences can be used to develop marketing strategies that effectively reach specific demographic groups.
• Medical practice : Research recommendations can guide medical practitioners in providing the best possible care to patients. For example, recommendations from research on treatments for specific conditions can be used to improve patient outcomes.
• Scientific research: Research recommendations can guide future research in a specific field. For example, recommendations from research on a specific disease can be used to guide future research on treatments and cures for that disease.

Purpose of Research Recommendations

The purpose of research recommendations is to provide guidance on how to improve or solve a problem based on the findings of research. Research recommendations are typically made at the end of a research study and are based on the conclusions drawn from the research data. The purpose of research recommendations is to provide actionable advice to individuals or organizations that can help them make informed decisions, develop effective strategies, or implement changes that address the issues identified in the research.

The main purpose of research recommendations is to facilitate the transfer of knowledge from researchers to practitioners, policymakers, or other stakeholders who can benefit from the research findings. Recommendations can help bridge the gap between research and practice by providing specific actions that can be taken based on the research results. By providing clear and actionable recommendations, researchers can help ensure that their findings are put into practice, leading to improvements in various fields, such as healthcare, education, business, and public policy.

Characteristics of Research Recommendations

Research recommendations are a key component of research studies and are intended to provide practical guidance on how to apply research findings to real-world problems. The following are some of the key characteristics of research recommendations:

• Actionable : Research recommendations should be specific and actionable, providing clear guidance on what actions should be taken to address the problem identified in the research.
• Evidence-based: Research recommendations should be based on the findings of the research study, supported by the data collected and analyzed.
• Contextual: Research recommendations should be tailored to the specific context in which they will be implemented, taking into account the unique circumstances and constraints of the situation.
• Feasible : Research recommendations should be realistic and feasible, taking into account the available resources, time constraints, and other factors that may impact their implementation.
• Prioritized: Research recommendations should be prioritized based on their potential impact and feasibility, with the most important recommendations given the highest priority.
• Communicated effectively: Research recommendations should be communicated clearly and effectively, using language that is understandable to the target audience.
• Evaluated : Research recommendations should be evaluated to determine their effectiveness in addressing the problem identified in the research, and to identify opportunities for improvement.

Advantages of Research Recommendations

Research recommendations have several advantages, including:

• Providing practical guidance: Research recommendations provide practical guidance on how to apply research findings to real-world problems, helping to bridge the gap between research and practice.
• Improving decision-making: Research recommendations help decision-makers make informed decisions based on the findings of research, leading to better outcomes and improved performance.
• Enhancing accountability : Research recommendations can help enhance accountability by providing clear guidance on what actions should be taken, and by providing a basis for evaluating progress and outcomes.
• Informing policy development : Research recommendations can inform the development of policies that are evidence-based and tailored to the specific needs of a given situation.
• Enhancing knowledge transfer: Research recommendations help facilitate the transfer of knowledge from researchers to practitioners, policymakers, or other stakeholders who can benefit from the research findings.
• Encouraging further research : Research recommendations can help identify gaps in knowledge and areas for further research, encouraging continued exploration and discovery.
• Promoting innovation: Research recommendations can help identify innovative solutions to complex problems, leading to new ideas and approaches.

Limitations of Research Recommendations

While research recommendations have several advantages, there are also some limitations to consider. These limitations include:

• Context-specific: Research recommendations may be context-specific and may not be applicable in all situations. Recommendations developed in one context may not be suitable for another context, requiring adaptation or modification.
• I mplementation challenges: Implementation of research recommendations may face challenges, such as lack of resources, resistance to change, or lack of buy-in from stakeholders.
• Limited scope: Research recommendations may be limited in scope, focusing only on a specific issue or aspect of a problem, while other important factors may be overlooked.
• Uncertainty : Research recommendations may be uncertain, particularly when the research findings are inconclusive or when the recommendations are based on limited data.
• Bias : Research recommendations may be influenced by researcher bias or conflicts of interest, leading to recommendations that are not in the best interests of stakeholders.
• Timing : Research recommendations may be time-sensitive, requiring timely action to be effective. Delayed action may result in missed opportunities or reduced effectiveness.
• Lack of evaluation: Research recommendations may not be evaluated to determine their effectiveness or impact, making it difficult to assess whether they are successful or not.

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Muhammad Hassan

Researcher, Academic Writer, Web developer

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• How it works

How To Write Recommendations In A Research Study

Published by Alvin Nicolas at July 12th, 2024 , Revised On July 12, 2024

The ultimate goal of any research process is not just to gather knowledge, but to use that knowledge to make a positive impact. This is where recommendations come in.  A well-written recommendations section in your research study translates your findings into actionable steps and guides future research on the topic. 

This blog is your ultimate guide to understanding how to write recommendations in a research study. But before that, let’s see what is recommendation in research. 

What Is Recommendation In Research 

In a research study, the recommendation section refers to a suggested course of action based on the findings of your research . It acts as a bridge between the knowledge you gained and its practical implications. 

Recommendations take your research results and propose concrete steps on how to use them to address a problem or improve a situation. Moreover, you can suggest new avenues and guide future research in building upon your work. This will improve the credibility of your research. For studies that include real-world implications, recommendations are a great way to provide evidence-based suggestions for policymakers or practitioners to consider. 

Difference Between Research Recommendations and Implication

Research recommendations and implications often confuse researchers. They cannot easily differentiate between the two. Here is how they are different. 

Where To Add Recommendations 

Recommendations are mostly part of your conclusion and discussion sections. If you are writing a practical dissertation , you can include a separate section for your recommendations. 

Types of Research Recommendations

There are different forms of recommendations in research. Some of them include the following. 

How To Construct The Recommendations Section

There are different ways in which different scholars write the recommendations section. A general observation is a research question → conclusion → recommendation.

The following example will help you understand this better.

Research Question

How can the education of mothers impact the social skills of kindergarten children?

The role of mothers is a significant contributor towards the social skills of children. From an early age, kids tend to observe how their mother interacts with others and follow in her footsteps initially. Therefore, mothers should be educated and interact with good demeanour if they want their children to have excellent social skills.

Recommendation

The study revealed that a mother’s education plays an important role in building the social skills of children on kindergarten level. Future research could explore how the same continues in junior school level children.

How To Write Recommendations In Research

Now that you are familiar with the definition and types, here is a step-by-step guide on how to write a recommendation in research.

Step 1: Revisit Your Research Goals

Before doing anything else, you have to remind yourself of the objectives that you set out to achieve in your research. It allows you to match your recommendations directly to your research questions and see if you made any contribution to your goals.

Step 2: Analyse Your Findings

You have to examine your data and identify your key results. This analysis forms the foundation for your recommendations. Look for patterns and unexpected findings that might suggest new areas for other researchers to explore.

Step 3: Consider The Research Methods

Ask these questions from yourself: were the research methods effective? Is there any other way that would have been better to perform this research, or were there any limitations associated with the research methods?

Step 4: Prioritise Recommendations

You might have a lot of recommendations in mind, but all are not equal. You have to consider the impact and feasibility of each suggestion. Prioritise these recommendations, while remaining realistic about implementation.

Step 5: Write Actionable Statements

Do not be vague when crafting statements. Instead, you have to use clear and concise language that outlines specific actions. For example, if you want to say “improve education practices,” you could write “implement a teacher training program” for better clarity.

Step 6: Provide Evidence

You cannot just make suggestions out of thin air, and have to ground them in the evidence you have gathered through your research. Moreover, cite relevant data or findings from your study or previous literature to support your recommendations.

Step 7: Address Challenges

There are always some limitations related to the research at hand. As a researcher, it is your duty to highlight and address any challenges faced or what might occur in the future.

Tips For Writing The Perfect Recommendation In Research

Use these tips to write the perfect recommendation in your research.

• Be Concise – Write recommendations in a clear and concise language. Use one sentence statements to look more professional.
• Be Logical & Coherent – You can use lists and headings according to the requirements of your university.
• Tailor According To Your Readers – You have to aim your recommendations to a specific audience and colleagues in the field of study.
• Provide Specific Suggestions – Offer specific measures and solutions to the issues, and focus on actionable suggestions.
• Match Recommendations To Your Conclusion – You have to align your recommendations with your conclusion.
• Consider Limitations – Use critical thinking to see how limitations may impact the feasibility of your solutions.
• End With A Summary – You have to add a small conclusion to highlight suggestions and their impact.

Example Of Recommendation In Research

Context of the study:

This research studies how effective e-learning platforms are for adult language learners compared to traditional classroom instruction. The findings suggest that e-learning platforms can be just as effective as traditional classrooms in improving language proficiency.

Research Recommendation Sample

Language educators can incorporate e-learning tools into existing curriculums to provide learners with more flexibility. Additionally, they can develop training programs for educators on how to integrate e-learning platforms into their teaching practices.

E-learning platform developers should focus on e-learning platforms that are interactive and cater to different learning styles. They can also invest in features that promote learner autonomy and self-directed learning.

Future researchers can further explore the long-term effects of e-learning on language acquisition to provide insights into whether e-learning can support sustained language development.

Frequently Asked Questions

How to write recommendations in a research paper.

• Revisit your research goals
• Analyse your findings 
• Consider the research methods 
• Prioritise recommendations 
• Write actionable statements 
• Provide evidence 
• Address challenges

How to present recommendations in research?

• Be concise 
• Write logical and coherent 
• Match recommendations to conclusion 
• Ensure your recommendations are achievable

What to write in recommendation in research?

Your recommendation has to be concrete and specific and support the research with a clear rationale. Moreover, it should be connected directly to your research. Your recommendations, however, should not undermine your own work or use self-criticism. 

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Research Recommendations – Guiding policy-makers for evidence-based decision making

Research recommendations play a crucial role in guiding scholars and researchers toward fruitful avenues of exploration. In an era marked by rapid technological advancements and an ever-expanding knowledge base, refining the process of generating research recommendations becomes imperative.

But, what is a research recommendation?

Research recommendations are suggestions or advice provided to researchers to guide their study on a specific topic . They are typically given by experts in the field. Research recommendations are more action-oriented and provide specific guidance for decision-makers, unlike implications that are broader and focus on the broader significance and consequences of the research findings. However, both are crucial components of a research study.

Difference Between Research Recommendations and Implication

Although research recommendations and implications are distinct components of a research study, they are closely related. The differences between them are as follows:

Types of Research Recommendations

Recommendations in research can take various forms, which are as follows:

These recommendations aim to assist researchers in navigating the vast landscape of academic knowledge.

Let us dive deeper to know about its key components and the steps to write an impactful research recommendation.

Key Components of Research Recommendations

The key components of research recommendations include defining the research question or objective, specifying research methods, outlining data collection and analysis processes, presenting results and conclusions, addressing limitations, and suggesting areas for future research. Here are some characteristics of research recommendations:

Research recommendations offer various advantages and play a crucial role in ensuring that research findings contribute to positive outcomes in various fields. However, they also have few limitations which highlights the significance of a well-crafted research recommendation in offering the promised advantages.

The importance of research recommendations ranges in various fields, influencing policy-making, program development, product development, marketing strategies, medical practice, and scientific research. Their purpose is to transfer knowledge from researchers to practitioners, policymakers, or stakeholders, facilitating informed decision-making and improving outcomes in different domains.

How to Write Research Recommendations?

Research recommendations can be generated through various means, including algorithmic approaches, expert opinions, or collaborative filtering techniques. Here is a step-wise guide to build your understanding on the development of research recommendations.

1. Understand the Research Question:

Understand the research question and objectives before writing recommendations. Also, ensure that your recommendations are relevant and directly address the goals of the study.

2. Review Existing Literature:

Familiarize yourself with relevant existing literature to help you identify gaps , and offer informed recommendations that contribute to the existing body of research.

3. Consider Research Methods:

Evaluate the appropriateness of different research methods in addressing the research question. Also, consider the nature of the data, the study design, and the specific objectives.

4. Identify Data Collection Techniques:

Gather dataset from diverse authentic sources. Include information such as keywords, abstracts, authors, publication dates, and citation metrics to provide a rich foundation for analysis.

5. Propose Data Analysis Methods:

Suggest appropriate data analysis methods based on the type of data collected. Consider whether statistical analysis, qualitative analysis, or a mixed-methods approach is most suitable.

6. Consider Limitations and Ethical Considerations:

Acknowledge any limitations and potential ethical considerations of the study. Furthermore, address these limitations or mitigate ethical concerns to ensure responsible research.

7. Justify Recommendations:

Explain how your recommendation contributes to addressing the research question or objective. Provide a strong rationale to help researchers understand the importance of following your suggestions.

8. Summarize Recommendations:

Provide a concise summary at the end of the report to emphasize how following these recommendations will contribute to the overall success of the research project.

By following these steps, you can create research recommendations that are actionable and contribute meaningfully to the success of the research project.

Download now to unlock some tips to improve your journey of writing research recommendations.

Example of a Research Recommendation

Here is an example of a research recommendation based on a hypothetical research to improve your understanding.

Research Recommendation: Enhancing Student Learning through Integrated Learning Platforms

Background:

The research study investigated the impact of an integrated learning platform on student learning outcomes in high school mathematics classes. The findings revealed a statistically significant improvement in student performance and engagement when compared to traditional teaching methods.

Recommendation:

In light of the research findings, it is recommended that educational institutions consider adopting and integrating the identified learning platform into their mathematics curriculum. The following specific recommendations are provided:

• Implementation of the Integrated Learning Platform:

Schools are encouraged to adopt the integrated learning platform in mathematics classrooms, ensuring proper training for teachers on its effective utilization.

• Professional Development for Educators:

Develop and implement professional programs to train educators in the effective use of the integrated learning platform to address any challenges teachers may face during the transition.

• Monitoring and Evaluation:

Establish a monitoring and evaluation system to track the impact of the integrated learning platform on student performance over time.

• Resource Allocation:

Allocate sufficient resources, both financial and technical, to support the widespread implementation of the integrated learning platform.

By implementing these recommendations, educational institutions can harness the potential of the integrated learning platform and enhance student learning experiences and academic achievements in mathematics.

This example covers the components of a research recommendation, providing specific actions based on the research findings, identifying the target audience, and outlining practical steps for implementation.

Using AI in Research Recommendation Writing

Enhancing research recommendations is an ongoing endeavor that requires the integration of cutting-edge technologies, collaborative efforts, and ethical considerations. By embracing data-driven approaches and leveraging advanced technologies, the research community can create more effective and personalized recommendation systems. However, it is accompanied by several limitations. Therefore, it is essential to approach the use of AI in research with a critical mindset, and complement its capabilities with human expertise and judgment.

Here are some limitations of integrating AI in writing research recommendation and some ways on how to counter them.

1. Data Bias

AI systems rely heavily on data for training. If the training data is biased or incomplete, the AI model may produce biased results or recommendations.

How to tackle: Audit regularly the model’s performance to identify any discrepancies and adjust the training data and algorithms accordingly.

2. Lack of Understanding of Context:

AI models may struggle to understand the nuanced context of a particular research problem. They may misinterpret information, leading to inaccurate recommendations.

How to tackle: Use AI to characterize research articles and topics. Employ them to extract features like keywords, authorship patterns and content-based details.

3. Ethical Considerations:

AI models might stereotype certain concepts or generate recommendations that could have negative consequences for certain individuals or groups.

How to tackle: Incorporate user feedback mechanisms to reduce redundancies. Establish an ethics review process for AI models in research recommendation writing.

4. Lack of Creativity and Intuition:

AI may struggle with tasks that require a deep understanding of the underlying principles or the ability to think outside the box.

How to tackle: Hybrid approaches can be employed by integrating AI in data analysis and identifying patterns for accelerating the data interpretation process.

5. Interpretability:

Many AI models, especially complex deep learning models, lack transparency on how the model arrived at a particular recommendation.

How to tackle: Implement models like decision trees or linear models. Provide clear explanation of the model architecture, training process, and decision-making criteria.

6. Dynamic Nature of Research:

Research fields are dynamic, and new information is constantly emerging. AI models may struggle to keep up with the rapidly changing landscape and may not be able to adapt to new developments.

How to tackle: Establish a feedback loop for continuous improvement. Regularly update the recommendation system based on user feedback and emerging research trends.

The integration of AI in research recommendation writing holds great promise for advancing knowledge and streamlining the research process. However, navigating these concerns is pivotal in ensuring the responsible deployment of these technologies. Researchers need to understand the use of responsible use of AI in research and must be aware of the ethical considerations.

Exploring research recommendations plays a critical role in shaping the trajectory of scientific inquiry. It serves as a compass, guiding researchers toward more robust methodologies, collaborative endeavors, and innovative approaches. Embracing these suggestions not only enhances the quality of individual studies but also contributes to the collective advancement of human understanding.

Frequently Asked Questions

The purpose of recommendations in research is to provide practical and actionable suggestions based on the study's findings, guiding future actions, policies, or interventions in a specific field or context. Recommendations bridges the gap between research outcomes and their real-world application.

To make a research recommendation, analyze your findings, identify key insights, and propose specific, evidence-based actions. Include the relevance of the recommendations to the study's objectives and provide practical steps for implementation.

Begin a recommendation by succinctly summarizing the key findings of the research. Clearly state the purpose of the recommendation and its intended impact. Use a direct and actionable language to convey the suggested course of action.

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Organizing Academic Research Papers: 9. The Conclusion

• Purpose of Guide
• Design Flaws to Avoid
• Glossary of Research Terms
• Narrowing a Topic Idea
• Broadening a Topic Idea
• Extending the Timeliness of a Topic Idea
• Academic Writing Style
• Choosing a Title
• Making an Outline
• Paragraph Development
• Executive Summary
• Background Information
• The Research Problem/Question
• Theoretical Framework
• Citation Tracking
• Content Alert Services
• Evaluating Sources
• Primary Sources
• Secondary Sources
• Tertiary Sources
• What Is Scholarly vs. Popular?
• Qualitative Methods
• Quantitative Methods
• Using Non-Textual Elements
• Limitations of the Study
• Common Grammar Mistakes
• Avoiding Plagiarism
• Footnotes or Endnotes?
• Further Readings
• Annotated Bibliography
• Dealing with Nervousness
• Using Visual Aids
• Grading Someone Else's Paper
• How to Manage Group Projects
• Multiple Book Review Essay
• Reviewing Collected Essays
• About Informed Consent
• Writing Field Notes
• Writing a Policy Memo
• Writing a Research Proposal
• Acknowledgements

The conclusion is intended to help the reader understand why your research should matter to them after they have finished reading the paper. A conclusion is not merely a summary of your points or a re-statement of your research problem but a synthesis of key points. For most essays, one well-developed paragraph is sufficient for a conclusion, although in some cases, a two-or-three paragraph conclusion may be required.

Importance of a Good Conclusion

A well-written conclusion provides you with several important opportunities to demonstrate your overall understanding of the research problem to the reader. These include:

• Presenting the last word on the issues you raised in your paper . Just as the introduction gives a first impression to your reader, the conclusion offers a chance to leave a lasting impression. Do this, for example, by highlighting key points in your analysis or findings.
• Summarizing your thoughts and conveying the larger implications of your study . The conclusion is an opportunity to succinctly answer the "so what?" question by placing the study within the context of past research about the topic you've investigated.
• Demonstrating the importance of your ideas . Don't be shy. The conclusion offers you a chance to elaborate on the significance of your findings.
• Introducing possible new or expanded ways of thinking about the research problem . This does not refer to introducing new information [which should be avoided], but to offer new insight and creative approaches for framing/contextualizing the research problem based on the results of your study.

Conclusions . The Writing Center. University of North Carolina; Kretchmer, Paul. Twelve Steps to Writing an Effective Conclusion . San Francisco Edit, 2003-2008.

Structure and Writing Style

https://writing.wisc.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/535/2018/07/conclusions_uwmadison_writingcenter_aug2012.pdf I.  General Rules

When writing the conclusion to your paper, follow these general rules:

• State your conclusions in clear, simple language.
• Do not simply reiterate your results or the discussion.
• Indicate opportunities for future research, as long as you haven't already done so in the discussion section of your paper.

The function of your paper's conclusion is to restate the main argument . It reminds the reader of the strengths of your main argument(s) and reiterates the most important evidence supporting those argument(s). Make sure, however, that your conclusion is not simply a repetitive summary of the findings because this reduces the impact of the argument(s) you have developed in your essay.

Consider the following points to help ensure your conclusion is appropriate:

• If the argument or point of your paper is complex, you may need to summarize the argument for your reader.
• If, prior to your conclusion, you have not yet explained the significance of your findings or if you are proceeding inductively, use the end of your paper to describe your main points and explain their significance.
• Move from a detailed to a general level of consideration that returns the topic to the context provided by the introduction or within a new context that emerges from the data.

The conclusion also provides a place for you to persuasively and succinctly restate your research problem, given that the reader has now been presented with all the information about the topic . Depending on the discipline you are writing in, the concluding paragraph may contain your reflections on the evidence presented, or on the essay's central research problem. However, the nature of being introspective about the research you have done will depend on the topic and whether your professor wants you to express your observations in this way.

NOTE : Don't delve into idle speculation. Being introspective means looking within yourself as an author to try and understand an issue more deeply not to guess at possible outcomes.

II.  Developing a Compelling Conclusion

Strategies to help you move beyond merely summarizing the key points of your research paper may include any of the following.

• If your essay deals with a contemporary problem, warn readers of the possible consequences of not attending to the problem.
• Recommend a specific course or courses of action.
• Cite a relevant quotation or expert opinion to lend authority to the conclusion you have reached [a good place to look is research from your literature review].
• Restate a key statistic, fact, or visual image to drive home the ultimate point of your paper.
• If your discipline encourages personal reflection, illustrate your concluding point with a relevant narrative drawn from your own life experiences.
• Return to an anecdote, an example, or a quotation that you introduced in your introduction, but add further insight that is derived from the findings of your study; use your interpretation of results to reframe it in new ways.
• Provide a "take-home" message in the form of a strong, succient statement that you want the reader to remember about your study.

III. Problems to Avoid Failure to be concise The conclusion section should be concise and to the point. Conclusions that are too long often have unnecessary detail. The conclusion section is not the place for details about your methodology or results. Although you should give a summary of what was learned from your research, this summary should be relatively brief, since the emphasis in the conclusion is on the implications, evaluations, insights, etc. that you make. Failure to comment on larger, more significant issues In the introduction, your task was to move from general [the field of study] to specific [your research problem]. However, in the conclusion, your task is to move from specific [your research problem] back to general [your field, i.e., how your research contributes new understanding or fills an important gap in the literature]. In other words, the conclusion is where you place your research within a larger context. Failure to reveal problems and negative results Negative aspects of the research process should never be ignored. Problems, drawbacks, and challenges encountered during your study should be included as a way of qualifying your overall conclusions. If you encountered negative results [findings that are validated outside the research context in which they were generated], you must report them in the results section of your paper. In the conclusion, use the negative results as an opportunity to explain how they provide information on which future research can be based. Failure to provide a clear summary of what was learned In order to be able to discuss how your research fits back into your field of study [and possibly the world at large], you need to summarize it briefly and directly. Often this element of your conclusion is only a few sentences long. Failure to match the objectives of your research Often research objectives change while the research is being carried out. This is not a problem unless you forget to go back and refine your original objectives in your introduction, as these changes emerge they must be documented so that they accurately reflect what you were trying to accomplish in your research [not what you thought you might accomplish when you began].

Resist the urge to apologize If you've immersed yourself in studying the research problem, you now know a good deal about it, perhaps even more than your professor! Nevertheless, by the time you have finished writing, you may be having some doubts about what you have produced. Repress those doubts!  Don't undermine your authority by saying something like, "This is just one approach to examining this problem; there may be other, much better approaches...."

Concluding Paragraphs. College Writing Center at Meramec. St. Louis Community College; Conclusions . The Writing Center. University of North Carolina; Conclusions . The Writing Lab and The OWL. Purdue University; Freedman, Leora  and Jerry Plotnick. Introductions and Conclusions . The Lab Report. University College Writing Centre. University of Toronto; Leibensperger, Summer. Draft Your Conclusion. Academic Center, the University of Houston-Victoria, 2003; Make Your Last Words Count . The Writer’s Handbook. Writing Center. University of Wisconsin, Madison; Tips for Writing a Good Conclusion . Writing@CSU. Colorado State University; Kretchmer, Paul. Twelve Steps to Writing an Effective Conclusion . San Francisco Edit, 2003-2008; Writing Conclusions . Writing Tutorial Services, Center for Innovative Teaching and Learning. Indiana University; Writing: Considering Structure and Organization . Institute for Writing Rhetoric. Dartmouth College.

Writing Tip

Don't Belabor the Obvious!

Avoid phrases like "in conclusion...," "in summary...," or "in closing...." These phrases can be useful, even welcome, in oral presentations. But readers can see by the tell-tale section heading and number of pages remaining to read, when an essay is about to end. You'll irritate your readers if you belabor the obvious.

Another Writing Tip

New Insight, Not New Information!

Don't surprise the reader with new information in your Conclusion that was never referenced anywhere else in the paper. If you have new information to present, add it to the Discussion or other appropriate section of the paper.  Note that, although no actual new information is introduced, the conclusion is where you offer your most "original" contributions in the paper; it's where you describe the value of your research, demonstrate your understanding of the material that you’ve presented, and locate your findings within the larger context of scholarship on the topic.

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Writing the parts of scientific reports

22 Writing the conclusion & recommendations

There are probably some overlaps between the Conclusion and the Discussion section. Nevertheless, this section gives you the opportunity to highlight the most important points in your report, and is sometimes the only section read. Think about what your research/ study has achieved, and the most important findings and ideas you want the reader to know. As all studies have limitations also think about what you were not able to cover (this shows that you are able to evaluate your own work objectively).

Possible structure of this section:

Use present perfect to sum up/ evaluate:

This study has explored/ has attempted …

Use past tense to state what your aim was and to refer to actions you carried out:

• This study was intended to analyse …
• The aim of this study was to …

Use present tense to evaluate your study and to state the generalizations and implications that you draw from your findings.

• The results add to the knowledge of …
• These findings s uggest that …

You can either use present tense or past tense to summarize your results.

• The findings reveal …
• It was found that …

Achievements of this study (positive)

• This study provides evidence that …
• This work has contributed to a number of key issues in the field such as …

Limitations of the study (negative)

• Several limitations should be noted. First …

Combine positive and negative remarks to give a balanced assessment:

• Although this research is somewhat limited in scope, its findings can provide a basis for future studies.
• Despite the limitations, findings from the present study can help us understand …

Use more cautious language (modal verbs may, can, could)

• There are a number of possible extensions of this research …
• The findings suggest the possibility for future research on …
• These results may be important for future studies on …
• Examining a wider context could/ would lead …

Or indicate that future research is needed

• There is still a need for future research to determine …
• Further studies should be undertaken to discover…
• It would be worthwhile to investigate …

Academic Writing in a Swiss University Context Copyright © 2018 by Irene Dietrichs. All Rights Reserved.

CHAPTER FIVE Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation

• January 2023
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How to Write a Discussion Section of a Research Paper?

Table of contents

• 1 What Is the Purpose of the Discussion Section?
• 2 The Discussion Section Is Not the Same as the Conclusion Section
• 3 6 General Rules to Remember
• 4 Structure of the Discussion Section
• 5.1 Helpful Writing Tips Based on Previous Research Examples
• 6 Common Pitfalls You Must Avoid
• 7 Final Aspects to Consider for Further Research
• 8 Helpful Words of Advice for Your Future Research

While there is no universal formula for writing a discussion section for a research paper that would fit every scenario, certain rules still apply. Most college students forget about the placement of this part in their academic writing research and ignore the importance of interpretation. It means that one deals with the final part of a research where you must describe, analyze an underlying meaning, and interpret what you have found. The trick is to show the significance of your results and showcase the objective reporting connection to your original research question. As you learn how to write the discussion section, the challenge is making it all readable and accessible to your target audience.

Let’s sum up the main aspects that we have to explore in writing the discussion section:

Keeping all this information in proper perspective, we can proceed with details and learn what it takes to write a good discussion section. 

What Is the Purpose of the Discussion Section?

Regardless of a chosen essay type, the discussion section aims to review your research findings and place them together. The most important thing is to connect all the sections you have done before, remain focused, and allow your target audience to see them. With the conclusion arising, they should be able to connect each part and see how your research has been conducted. As an author, one must provide three vital elements:

• List with a brief interpretation.
• Analysis with evidence-based interpretation.
• Explanation of relative importance.

Here, you must explain why your research results are important with all the existing knowledge using the same key terms. It can be done by explaining how they fit within the current literature or previous research papers. Speaking of tone, it must be self-critical and candid, especially when discussing the shortcomings and relevant results you have encountered.

The Discussion Section Is Not the Same as the Conclusion Section

Many students mix up these two sections as they fail to understand the major differences. Let’s make the situation clear by focusing on the important differences:

Creating your discussion research section requires some other rules, which makes it different. The talk is about formatting and subtle details that contribute to the overall clarity and findings.

6 General Rules to Remember

The most important thing is to follow the original writing style format. If your text is a journal style scientific paper, the chosen style must be followed. Although the academic community has published no specific rules, a discussion section appears before the conclusion in most research publications.

Follow these six elements that will become helpful and will make it easier to narrow things down and develop creative solutions for your research problem:

The rest of the rules advise avoiding using or stating something that you or other researchers have not previously mentioned.

Structure of the Discussion Section

Describing lessons learned, the structure is clear and follows the same pattern. Your structure may differ slightly if some lab work has been done or your methodology is out of the ordinary. In most other cases, with context and background information included, it may consist of six body paragraphs:

Remember: the most important thing is to restate your thesis and clarify the connection to the research question!

Discussion Section Length

A typical discussion section of a research paper is about six paragraphs in length. It can be up to 3-4 pages. In certain cases, the length can go up to 10 paragraphs. Suppose you focus on other research-specific findings, existing theories, and lab reports for a discussion of experiment or related work. Think about 1000-1,500 words as you narrow things down to perfectness!

Helpful Writing Tips Based on Previous Research Examples

Nothing can be compared to seeing an actual example of a discussion section. Your subject may differ if you come from a Psychology course syllabus. Still, our example below will help you to understand things. See how each section uses specific phrases and words to make it more accessible.

Now that we know how to structure things, it’s time to move on to things that must be avoided in subsequent research.

Common Pitfalls You Must Avoid

As we all know, it is not easy to learn how to write a discussion section for your assignment. It is why we all make mistakes and fail to notice the most obvious! Fear not, as we have prepared a helpful checklist for you based on a sociology writer’s guide for researchers:

Do not copy your results section!

A discussion section is not only about the results you have obtained. You must provide your interpretation of the research questions. An analysis must be made here as well.

Do not offer conclusions without a piece of evidence and some supporting data! Either the discussion is fueled by facts or left out.

All of your explanations must be backed up by at least one fact and evidence that can be read in your research paper. Your audience should not be looking for research questions or information elsewhere. All the vital data must be in your literature review section and the list of references. The most important is to remain within the major findings. Do not go into other scientific territories without properly backing up the facts!

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As a rule, any new information not mentioned before must be avoided. The most common mistake among students is adding new information or previously published research to the discussion section. If new information is available, add it to the results section as well.

Do not pick easy results to conduct your analysis upon them!

Some results and findings are easier than the rest! Do not pick only those that seem to fit but talk about what you have discovered, good or bad. If all else fails, offer alternative explanations.

Some other common mistakes include failing to proofread and edit one’s research paper for accuracy. Never ignore the proofreading part, and double-check your previous research references!

Final Aspects to Consider for Further Research

On a final note, the ingredients vital to writing the discussion section of a research paper include the following:

• Always remain honest about your findings.
• Talk about the pros and cons of what has been discovered and future research tips.
• Explain why it matters and how it can be helpful through the lens of previous research.
• Add research recommendations.
• Provide facts and examples mentioned in your paper.

This will help make your further research paper readable and more accessible

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Open Access

Peer-reviewed

Research Article

The impact of digital technology on entrepreneurship——Evidence from China General Social Survey

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis

* E-mail: [email protected] (KW); [email protected] (YQ)

Affiliation School of Economics and Management, Luoyang Institute of Science and Technology, Henan Universities and Colleges New Pattern Think Tank Industrial Innovation and Regional High Quality Development Research Institute, Luoyang, China

Roles Investigation, Methodology

Affiliation School of Foreign Languages, Luoyang Institute of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China

Roles Formal analysis, Writing – review & editing

• Kedong Wu, 
• Mengchun Zhu, 

• Published: September 24, 2024
• https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0310188
• Reader Comments

In light of the rapid development of digital technology, it is imperative to study the impact of digital technology on the labour force’s entrepreneurial choices with the utmost urgency. This paper first constructs a theoretical mechanism for how digital technology affects individual entrepreneurship. It then empirically examines data from the China General Social Survey (CGSS) to test the theory. The results show that digital technology significantly increases individual entrepreneurial choices. Furthermore, the conclusions of the study are robust even when the estimation method and variable measurement are changed. Finally, the study finds that digital technology has the greatest impact on entrepreneurship among individuals with low education, the second-largest impact on those with medium education, and the third-largest impact on those with high education. Individuals with higher education levels have the second largest impact on the entrepreneurship of individuals with higher education levels, while the smallest impact is observed in this group. Digital technology development has a stronger role in promoting entrepreneurship of individuals with urban household registration than those with rural household registration. In terms of sub-region, digital technology has a larger role in individual entrepreneurship in the eastern and central regions, and has a less significant role in the western region. The findings of this study suggest that there is a need to implement measures to accelerate the pace of digital technology development, enhance the training of entrepreneurial skills and attitudes among highly educated individuals, and direct efforts towards enhancing digital technology development in rural and western China.

Citation: Wu K, Zhu M, Qu Y (2024) The impact of digital technology on entrepreneurship——Evidence from China General Social Survey. PLoS ONE 19(9): e0310188. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0310188

Editor: Valentina Diana Rusu, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University: Universitatea Alexandru Ioan Cuza, ROMANIA

Received: December 18, 2023; Accepted: August 27, 2024; Published: September 24, 2024

Copyright: © 2024 Wu et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Data Availability: All relevant data are within the manuscript and its Supporting Information files.

Funding: This study was supported by Research and Practice Project on Higher Education Teaching Reform in Henan Province (2024SJGLX0187), The National Natural Science Foundation of Guangxi Province (2023GXNSFBA026063) and Henan Province Soft Science Research Programme Project (242400410060). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Introduction

In recent years, the development process of the digital economy in countries around the world has been accelerating. This has been accompanied by an acceleration in the updating and iteration of digital technology as a support for the development of the digital economy. Furthermore, digital technology has gradually penetrated into all areas of society, which has had a profound impact on the development of the national economy and the pattern of the labour market.

A number of scholars have studied the impact of digital technologies such as the Internet and artificial intelligence on the skill structure of the labour force. These include Berman, Falk, Bresnahan, Levy, Relich and Moore. Berman’s study found that the 1980s saw the emergence of new features in the structure of the US labour force as a result of technological advances [ 1 ]. The employment market is experiencing a notable surge in demand for skilled labour. Falk examines the relationship between information technology and labour force structure, concluding that an increase in information technology capital investment leads to an uptick in the demand for high-skilled labour, and that an increase in information inputs at the firm level will have a catalytic effect on high-skilled employment [ 2 ]. Bresnahan’s study indicates that digital technology has a significant skill bias, and the development of digital technology has resulted in a labour market that is biased towards skilled labour [ 3 ]. The studies of Levy, Relich, and Moore corroborate the conclusions of the aforementioned scholars and demonstrate that as the level of digital technology application increases, the labour market becomes biased towards a more highly educated, skilled, and qualified workforce [ 4 – 6 ].

The depth of research into the impact of digital technology on the industrial structure of the labour force has also attracted the attention of scholars.

Ding Lin and Wang Huijuan conducted an empirical examination of the relationship between Internet technology and employment, utilizing input-output data from several countries [ 7 ]. Their findings indicated that the advancement of Internet technology has a facilitating effect on overall employment, with a particularly pronounced impact on the employment of the labour force in the tertiary industry. Wang Wen conducted an empirical study on panel data for 30 provinces in China [ 8 ]. The empirical results indicate that industrial intelligence has the effect of reducing the share of employment in the manufacturing industry and increasing the share of employment in the service industry, with a particular increase in the share of employment in the productive service industry and high-end service industry. Guo Dongjie and colleagues demonstrated that the advancement of the digital economy is conducive to an increase in the share of employment in the tertiary industry and a decrease in the share of employment in the primary and secondary industries [ 9 ].

Concurrently, research on the impact of digital technology on labour force employment choice has begun to emerge. The existing literature on this topic primarily concerns the impact of digital technologies, such as the Internet, on the labour force’s employment choices. Overall, the use of the Internet for job searching can significantly reduce search costs and increase the likelihood of job seekers obtaining a job [ 10 ]. Furthermore, employers can release job information through online platforms to expand the scope of information transmission, thus reducing the time of job vacancies [ 11 ]. Additionally, job seekers can utilize Internet information resources to obtain relevant job information in a timely manner, which allows them to have more employment options and employment opportunities [ 12 ]. Furthermore, a number of scholars have examined the influence of the Internet on farm household entrepreneurship and family entrepreneurship [ 13 , 14 ]. The study revealed that the utilization of the Internet fosters the growth of farm household and family entrepreneurship.

The current academic research on digital technology and labour force employment can be broadly categorized into three main areas: firstly, the relationship between digital technology and labour force employment skill structure; secondly, the relationship between digital technology and labour force employment industry structure; and thirdly, the relationship between digital technology and labour force employment choice. In comparison to the aforementioned two areas, research on digital technology and labour force employment choice is relatively scarce, with considerable scope for further investigation. The current findings primarily examine the influence of the Internet on labour force employment choice, with a paucity of studies that directly assess the impact of digital technology on labour force entrepreneurship. In the current era of the digital economy, the term "digital technology" encompasses not only the Internet but also a multitude of other content and a richer set of connotations. The mechanism by which digital technology affects individual labour force entrepreneurship remains unclear. The effect of digital technology on labour force entrepreneurship is still largely unknown. Furthermore, the impact of the development of digital technology on labour force entrepreneurship decision-making requires further investigation.

The potential contributions of this paper are as follows: Firstly, unlike previous studies, in that it this paper examines the phenomenon of labour force entrepreneurial choice from the perspective of digital technology development. This broadens the research perspective on the factors influencing labour force entrepreneurial choice. Secondly, this paper constructs a theoretical mechanism for the impact of digital technology on labour force entrepreneurship. This enriches the theoretical research content in this field. Thirdly, the theory will be empirically tested using micro-data, which will provide micro-empirical evidence for the theory of digital technology and entrepreneurship. Fourthly, the findings of this study will be incorporated into the policy recommendations for accelerating the development of digital technology in China. These recommendations will provide meaningful references for governmental decision-making.

Theoretical analysis and research hypotheses

Mechanisms by which digital technologies influence entrepreneurial decision-making.

The development of digital technology can affect potential entrepreneurs’ entrepreneurial decisions through four paths: increasing entrepreneurial opportunities, improving the availability of information resources, expanding the scope of the market, and reducing the cost of entrepreneurship. Firstly, the impact of digital technology on entrepreneurial opportunities. Stevenson and Gumpert proposed that technology, market, government regulation and social values are the four external environmental factors affecting entrepreneurial opportunities [ 15 ]. Saemundsson and Dahlstrand based their classification of entrepreneurial opportunities on the two factors of technological knowledge and market knowledge [ 16 ], which they divided into four categories: existing technology—existing market, existing technology—new market, new technology—existing market and new technology—new market.—Expansion into new markets. The development of digital technology represents an important external environmental factor that will disrupt the established equilibrium, creating new entrepreneurial opportunities, production processes, markets, and ways of organizing. This will result in the emergence of two distinct types of entrepreneurial opportunities: the exploitation of existing markets through the application of new technology and the creation of new markets through the introduction of new technology. On one hand, the application of digital technologies to existing markets enables the introduction of new features to existing products and the enhancement of their performance. On another hand, significant innovations may be generated by the utilization of digital technology expertise to address novel requirements in both life and work contexts. Indeed, a considerable number of entrepreneurial opportunities can be generated in traditional industries or markets by leveraging digital technologies to meet consumer needs. Examples of this phenomenon include the application and popularization of e-commerce, online education, online healthcare and remote collaborative research and development.

Secondly, the impact of digital technology on access to information resources. Entrepreneurs require a variety of resources, including capital and information. The latter category encompasses a range of topics, including economic, policy, growth potential, market, technology, and other relevant areas. Shane and Venkataraman posit that information is instrumental in the utilization and development of entrepreneurial opportunities [ 17 ]. Consequently, digital technology can facilitate entrepreneurship by affecting access to information resources. On the one hand, the application of digital technology can assist potential entrepreneurs in more effectively identifying entrepreneurial information. Potential entrepreneurs who utilize digital technology are more likely to obtain a plethora of pertinent, readily accessible, punctual and efficacious information through digital technology, which enables them to identify and grasp potential entrepreneurial opportunities. On the other hand, digital technology can assist entrepreneurs in acquiring information regarding alterations in the entrepreneurial environment and in maintaining awareness of pertinent business-related counsel. This can facilitate timely, precise, and efficacious adjustments to entrepreneurial practices, thereby reducing the risk of the entrepreneurial process.

Thirdly, the impact of digital technologies on the scope of markets. The accelerated evolution of digital technologies has facilitated the efficient matching of producers and consumers, thereby reducing the costs associated with market research. The pervasive adoption of digital technologies has diminished the significance of geographical boundaries, enabling producers to connect with potential consumers at a greater distance than was previously feasible. This has facilitated entrepreneurs to reach a larger customer base at a reduced cost.

Indeed, digital technology, as a universal technology, has profoundly affected consumers’ food, clothing, housing and transportation, directly or indirectly impacting all industries. The pervasive adoption of digital technology has considerably broadened the market potential for aspiring entrepreneurs, enabling them to expand their market size at a significantly reduced cost. The expansion of the market due to the popularization and widespread use of digital technologies can increase the profitability of entrepreneurship. Furthermore, the expansion of the market can also increase the survival rate of a business, thereby reducing the risk of entrepreneurship.

Fourthly, the impact of digital technologies on the cost of entrepreneurship. The popularization and application of digital technology affect the cost of entrepreneurship in three principal ways. Firstly, the dissemination and utilization of digital technology can diminish the financial outlay required to commence a business. The advancement of digital technology facilitates the dissemination of information, thereby reducing the cost of acquiring it. The marginal cost of information provided by digital technology is minimal, and by utilizing digital technology, entrepreneurs can obtain all aspects of information they require for their own development at a reduced cost. Secondly, the extensive application of digital technology can reduce the variable cost of business participation in the market. The development of digital technology alters the structure of the market, reducing information asymmetry, thereby enhancing market efficiency. The dissemination of digital technology enables the expeditious completion of business transactions, thereby enhancing the efficiency of product activities. Finally, the utilization of digital technology can result in a reduction of the transaction costs associated with business operations. The advent of digital technology has brought with it the capacity for high-speed and easy data transmission, which has made it easier for entrepreneurs to exchange information with upstream and downstream firms. This has resulted in a notable reduction in transaction costs. The abundance, accessibility and transparency of information not only reduce search costs, but also supervision and enforcement costs.

In conclusion, we propose the following hypothesis:

• Hypothesis 1: All other factors being equal, the development of digital technology can increase entrepreneurs’ options available to entrepreneurs.

Heterogeneity in the impact of digital technology development on entrepreneurial decision-making

Firstly, digital technology may have a heterogeneous impact on the entrepreneurial choices of individuals with different levels of education. It is evident that educational attainment is a pivotal factor in understanding the influence of digital technology on entrepreneurial decision-making. Individuals with different levels of education demonstrate significant heterogeneity in their entrepreneurial motivations and opportunities when confronted with the advent of digitization. Those with higher levels of education are likely to possess more profound knowledge and professional skills, which affords them a significant advantage in the digital era. In the job market, they are more likely to find employment that aligns with their professional backgrounds and is compensated with relatively desirable salaries and benefits. Consequently, as digital technology continues to evolve, individuals with advanced academic qualifications may be more inclined to pursue secure career paths rather than embarking on entrepreneurial endeavors, despite the numerous advantages and opportunities that entrepreneurship offers. However, the situation is quite different for individuals with low levels of education. Those with lower levels of education are less competitive in the traditional job market and often face greater pressure to find employment and greater uncertainty regarding their future prospects. The advent of digital technology, particularly the emergence of mobile Internet and social media, has created a plethora of novel entrepreneurial opportunities for those with limited education. The advent of digital technology has facilitated the realization of entrepreneurial aspirations among individuals with low levels of education. These platforms have lowered the threshold for entrepreneurship, enabling individuals with low education levels to realize their self-worth through innovative business or service models. Those with a medium level of education occupy a position somewhere between the aforementioned extremes. While they may possess certain knowledge and skills, they also face certain employment pressures. Consequently, the advent of digital technology presents both opportunities and challenges for this demographic. Those with medium levels of education may choose between stable employment and entrepreneurship, according to their own circumstances and the prevailing market environment. In conclusion, the impact of digital technology on entrepreneurial choices is closely related to the level of education. The digital era presents individuals with different levels of education with distinct entrepreneurial opportunities and challenges. This reflects the universality and inclusiveness of digital technology. It is reasonable to posit that the development of digital technology has the most significant impact on the entrepreneurial choices of individuals with low levels of education, followed by those with medium levels of education, while the impact on individuals with higher levels of education is relatively minor.

Secondly, the impact of digital technology on entrepreneurial choices may vary depending on the domicile of the individual. In order to gain a more nuanced understanding of the impact of digital technologies on entrepreneurial choices, it is essential to consider the role of urban-rural household differences. These differences may lead to heterogeneous impacts across different household groups. Individuals with urban household registration are more likely to be situated in a more developed and diversified economic environment. In such an environment, individuals are more likely to be exposed to new technologies and new thinking, and are more likely to find resources and partners that are compatible with their entrepreneurial ideas. Conversely, towns and cities offer a larger market and stronger spending power, providing entrepreneurs with greater market opportunities. Furthermore, the infrastructure and public services in towns and cities are more comprehensive, and entrepreneurs can utilize more convenient channels and resources to support their business operations. These factors play a pivotal role in fostering entrepreneurial activities. Conversely, individuals with rural household registration may encounter greater challenges and constraints. Firstly, the relatively low level of economic development and limited market capacity in rural areas constrain the market opportunities for entrepreneurs. Secondly, the infrastructure and public services in rural areas are relatively underdeveloped, which makes it challenging for entrepreneurs to access the necessary resources. Furthermore, the dissemination of information in rural areas is relatively limited, which may impede entrepreneurs’ ability to obtain the most recent market intelligence and industry developments in a timely manner. This, in turn, increases the risk and uncertainty associated with entrepreneurship. Therefore, it is reasonable to assume that the development of digital technology has a greater contribution to the entrepreneurial choices of urban domiciled individuals. Nevertheless, this does not imply that individuals with rural household registration are unable to benefit from the advancement of digital technology. As technology becomes more prevalent and infrastructure improves, it is anticipated that entrepreneurs in rural areas will also be afforded greater opportunities and support.

Thirdly, the impact of digital technology on individual entrepreneurial choices may vary across different regions. In China, the impact of the development of digital technology on individual entrepreneurial choices is also significantly affected by geographical differences. Given China’s vast territory and the uneven economic and social development across its regions, there are significant differences in the level of development and the pace of digital technology adoption in the eastern, central and western regions. In the eastern and central regions, which have been at the vanguard of China’s economic expansion, the development of their digital economies has been particularly noteworthy. The digital technology sector in these two regions has a long history of development and has become deeply embedded in every aspect of society and the economy. Both large Internet companies and small stores at the end of the street are actively embracing digitization and seeking more efficient and convenient ways to operate. In such an environment, individual entrepreneurs are able to access the latest digital technologies and business models at an earlier stage and utilize them to enhance their competitiveness. Concurrently, the well-developed infrastructure and public services in these regions provide significant convenience for entrepreneurs. However, a different picture emerges when we turn our attention to the western region. Due to a number of historical and geographical factors, the development of digital technology in the western region has been relatively slow. Despite the state’s recent increase in investment in the western region, there persists a disparity between the western region and the eastern and central regions in terms of digital infrastructure construction, technology application and digital literacy. This discrepancy is also evident in the realm of individual entrepreneurship. In the western region, while digital technology offers entrepreneurs certain opportunities and conveniences, these are considerably less prevalent than in the eastern and central regions. Consequently, the development of digital technologies has had a relatively limited impact on individual entrepreneurial choices in the western region.

In conclusion, we put forth the following hypotheses:

• Hypothesis 2a: There is a degree of heterogeneity in the choice of digital technology to influence entrepreneurship, all other input factors being equal.
• Hypothesis 2b: Holding other input factors constant, there are differences between urban and rural areas in the choice of digital technologies to influence entrepreneurship.
• Hypothesis 2c: It is assumed that there is regional heterogeneity in the choice of digital technology to influence entrepreneurship, provided that other input factors are equal.

Research design

Data sources and processing.

The data presented in this paper has been derived from the following sources: The data used in this study was drawn from the CGSS 2013, 2015, 2017, 2018, and 2021 surveys, as well as the China Statistical Yearbook from previous years. The Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS) represents China’s earliest national, comprehensive, and continuous academic survey programme, implemented by the China Survey and Data Center of Renmin University of China. In accordance with international standards, more than 10,000 households are surveyed on each occasion in all provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions of mainland China. The most recent data from this survey is currently updated to 2021.

In this paper, we first merge the CGSS data for the five periods mentioned above. Second, we remove samples with missing key variables. Finally, it should be noted that the current regional matching code published by CGSS can only match provincial data. Therefore, we match micro data with provincial macro data to obtain the dataset used in this paper.

Econometric modelling

There, i represents different provinces, and t represents different years, entrepreneur denotes the dummy variable for whether a labor force individual chooses to start a business or not, index denotes the level of digital technology development in the region where a labor force individual is located; X denotes the control variable for a labor force individual; in addition, Pro is used to denote the fixed effects of province, Year is used to denote the fixed effects of year, ε is used to denote the random error term.

Variable selection

(1) the explained variable..

Entrepreneur, is a dummy variable that measures whether or not an individual is engaged in entrepreneurial activity. If the individual is currently engaged in entrepreneurial activity, the variable entrepreneur is assigned a value of 1; otherwise, it is assigned a value of 0. The information on the current work status of the individual surveyed in the CGSS is used to determine whether or not the respondent is engaged in entrepreneurial activity. If the respondent indicates that they are a "boss" or "partner" during the interview, this is considered to be entrepreneurial activity. Additionally, "self-employed" and "freelance" are also considered to be entrepreneurial activities, as these are also existing activities. Furthermore, we consider self-employment and freelancing to be entrepreneurial activities, a common approach in existing literature.

(2) The core explanatory variables.

Digital technology development level measurement index (index). At present, there is no unified standard for the index system to measure the level of digital technology development. In accordance with the methodologies employed in existing literature [ 18 , 19 ], and in consideration of the availability of data, three dimensions are employed to capture the development of digital technology in each province in China: the construction of digital technology infrastructure, the scale of the digital economy, and the degree of digital technology mobile application. The length of long-distance fibre-optic cable lines is employed to assess the construction of digital technology infrastructure. The volume of express delivery business, software industry revenue, and total telecommunications business are utilized to gauge the scale of digital economy development. Finally, the number of end-of-year cell phone subscribers and the capacity of cell phone exchanges are employed to reflect the degree of mobile application of digital technology.

Firstly, the aforementioned six indicators were standardized utilizing the method of standardization of extreme deviation. To this end, it is necessary to ascertain the maximum value (Xmax) and minimum value (Xmin) of a specific indicator and calculate the extreme deviation. The ratio R is calculated as the difference between the maximum value (Xmax) and the minimum value (Xmin), and then the minimum value (Xmin) is subtracted from each observed value (X) of the variable in question. This value is then divided by the extreme deviation (R). Subsequently, the weight of each indicator is determined utilizing the entropy weighting method. Finally, the level of digital technology development is calculated based on the indicators and weights that have been standardized.

(3) Control variables.

In this paper, control variables for individual characteristics and regional characteristics were selected.

Individual characteristics: The first variable is the gender of the respondent, which is assigned a value of 1 for males and 0 for females. The second variable is the age of the respondent, which is calculated as the square of the respondent’s age (age2). The third variable is whether the respondent has an urban household registration (huji), which is assigned a value of 1 for having an urban household registration and vice versa. Finally, the respondent’s membership of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) was considered. This was categorized as either 1 for CCP membership or 0 for non-CCP membership. The marital status of the respondent is also taken into account. This is assigned a value of 1 for those who are married and 0 for those who are divorced. If the respondent is a member of the CPC (dangyuan), CPC members are assigned a value of 1, and non-CPC members are assigned a value of 0. The marital status of the respondent is determined by two indicators: whether or not the respondent has a spouse (spouse) and whether or not the respondent is divorced (divorce). If the respondent is married, the spouse is assigned a value of 1, and vice versa. The salary of the respondent is proxied by the logarithmic form of the respondent’s annual income.

Regional characteristics: The first indicator, population density (pop), is expressed as the ratio of the total population to the administrative area at the end of the year in the respondent’s province. The second indicator, employment rate (job), is expressed as the employment rate of urban units. The third indicator, financial development (loan), is measured as the average of the ratio of the total amount of loans from financial institutions to GDP. The fourth indicator is the openness level (tra), which is expressed as the ratio of the total amount of imports and exports in the respondent’s province to GDP. The fifth indicator is the urbanization rate (urban), which is expressed as a percentage. The sixth indicator is the regional economic development level (gdprio), which is measured as the real growth rate of regional GDP. This is expressed as the share of total imports and exports to GDP of the respondent’s province.

The descriptive statistics for the variables in this paper are presented in Table 1 .

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https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0310188.t001

Analysis of measurement results

Analysis of baseline regression results.

Given that the explanatory variables in this paper are dummy variables, the Probit model is employed to assess the impact of digital technology development on individual entrepreneurship, while also accounting for province and year effects. In the robustness test section, the fixed effects model and Logit model are also employed for testing purposes. In order to examine the robustness of the model, the estimation is carried out by adding control variables step by step, and the regression results are shown in Table 2 . It can be seen that in the estimation results (1)-(3), the marginal effects of the level of digital technology development on labour force entrepreneurship are all positive at the 1% significance level. This indicates that the development of digital technology significantly increases individual entrepreneurial choices, thereby confirming Hypothesis 1.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0310188.t002

Heterogeneity discussion

(1) the existence of diverse levels of educational attainment..

The sample was divided into three groups according to the education level of individuals: low (junior high school and below), middle (senior high school and junior college) and high (university college and above). The estimation results are shown in Table 3 . The principal conclusions of this paper remain valid, and the improvement in the level of digital technology has increased the range of options available to individuals wishing to start their own business. However, the impact of digital technology on the entrepreneurship of individuals with different levels of education varies to some extent. The effect on individuals with low levels of education is the most pronounced, the effect on individuals with medium levels of education is the second most pronounced, and the effect on entrepreneurship of individuals with high levels of education is the least pronounced. The continuous development of digital technology has the effect of making it easier for highly educated individuals to find satisfactory jobs. Consequently, the level of digital technology development has a smaller effect on highly educated individuals relative to those with medium and low levels of education. Consequently, hypothesis 2a is validated.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0310188.t003

(2) Urban-rural heterogeneity.

The sample is divided into two groups, one comprising individuals residing in urban areas and the other in rural areas. Regression analysis was conducted on each group separately, and the results are presented in columns (1) and (2) of Table 4 . The main conclusion of this paper remains valid. The development of digital technology increases the choice of individual entrepreneurship, but the impact of the development of digital technology on individual entrepreneurship of different domiciles shows some variability. This is evidenced by the greater positive promotion of entrepreneurship of individuals of urban domiciles, which confirms Hypothesis 2b. It is also notable that the coefficient of the impact of digital technology on entrepreneurship of individuals in towns and cities is significant at the 1% level, whereas the coefficient of the impact of digital technology on rural individual entrepreneurship is not significant. One potential explanation for this phenomenon is that individuals with urban household registration tend to have greater access to opportunities, larger markets, more convenient channels, and so forth, compared to rural individuals. Consequently, the development of digital technology has a more pronounced impact on the entrepreneurial choices of individuals with urban household registration.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0310188.t004

(3) Heterogeneity in the east, central and western regions.

Further, based on the region where individuals are located, the sample is divided into three groups: East, Central and West. The estimation results are shown in columns (3)-(5) of Table 4 . The main conclusion of this paper remains valid, namely that digital technology increases the choice of individual entrepreneurship. However, the impact of digital technology development on individual entrepreneurship in different regions shows a certain degree of variability. The effect on individual entrepreneurship in the central region is the largest and significant at the 5% level, that on the eastern region is the second largest and significant at the 1% level, and that on the western region is insignificant. This confirms Hypothesis 2c.

Mechanical testing

The theoretical analysis in the previous section states that the development of digital technology can affect potential entrepreneurs’ entrepreneurial decisions through four paths: increasing entrepreneurial opportunities, improving the availability of information resources, expanding the scope of the market, and reducing the cost of entrepreneurship. This section uses a mediated effects model to test the theoretical mechanisms proposed in the previous section.

First, the entrepreneurial opportunity mechanism is tested. Considering that if the regional economy develops faster, then the entrepreneurial opportunities of the labour force may also be more, the economic development speed of the province where the labour force is located is used as a proxy variable for entrepreneurial opportunities and estimated based on the mediation effect model, and the results of the estimation are shown in columns (1)-(2) of Table 5 . It can be seen that digital technology has a significant positive effect on entrepreneurial opportunities and that digital technology can increase the labour force’s options to choose entrepreneurship by generating entrepreneurial opportunities.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0310188.t005

Secondly, the mechanism of information resource acquisition is tested. Considering that the higher degree of factor market development has a greater role in promoting the level of information technology development, the easier it is to access information resources, the degree of factor market development in the province where the labour force is located is used as a proxy variable for the ease or difficulty of access to information resources and estimated based on the mediated effects model, and the estimated results are shown in columns (3)-(4) of Table 5 . It can be seen that digital technology has a significant positive impact on access to information resources, and digital technology can increase the labour force’s choice of entrepreneurship by enhancing access to information resources.

Thirdly, the market scope mechanism is tested. Considering that intermediary organisations arise and develop with the expansion of market scope, and that a higher degree of intermediary organisation development implies a greater market scope, the degree of intermediary organisation and legal development in the province where the labour force is located is used as a proxy variable for market scope and estimated based on the mediated effects model, and the results of the estimation are shown in columns (5)-(6) of Table 5 . It can be seen that digital technology has a significant positive effect on market scope and that digital technology can increase the labour force’s options to choose entrepreneurship by expanding the market scope.

Finally, the entrepreneurial cost mechanism is tested. Considering that the government-market relationship is closely related to the institutional transaction costs of enterprise production and business activities, and that a good government-market relationship can reduce the transaction costs and financing constraints of enterprises, the government-market relationship is used as a proxy variable for entrepreneurial costs and estimated based on the mediated effects model, and the estimated results are shown in columns (7)-(8) of Table 5 . It can be seen that digital technology has a significant positive impact on government-market relations, and that digital technology can increase the labour force’s choice to choose entrepreneurship by improving government-market relations and thus reducing entrepreneurial costs.

It should be noted that the three indicators used in this part of the discussion, namely the degree of development of factor markets, the degree of development of intermediary organisations and laws, and the relationship between the government and the market, are derived from the sub-indices in the China Marketisation Index compiled by Fan Gang.

Robustness testing

(1) the instrumental variables approach..

The regression results presented in Table 2 provide empirical support for the research hypothesis presented in the previous section. However, the estimation results are subject to endogeneity problems. To address the aforementioned issues, a re-estimation is conducted utilizing the instrumental variable method. The instrumental variable method requires the identification of exogenous variables that are related to digital technology and can only indirectly affect individual labour force entrepreneurship by influencing digital technology as instrumental variables of digital technology. In this paper, we utilize the distance from each provincial capital city to Hangzhou (in logarithmic form) as the instrumental variable for digital technology. The rationale is that digital finance, exemplified by Alipay, originated in Hangzhou, which has led to Hangzhou’s digital technology development being at the vanguard of the Chinese market. Based on the spatial spillover effect of digital technology, it is reasonable to assume that the closer the geographic proximity to Hangzhou, the higher the level of development of digital technology. There is currently no evidence to suggest that the distances of provincial capitals to Hangzhou can be used through channels other than those affecting the development of digital technology to affect labour force entrepreneurship. Furthermore, given that the distance from provincial capital cities to Hangzhou remains constant over time, the current study’s findings are employed to construct an instrumental variable that varies with region and time (index_iv1). This variable is derived from the mean value of digital technology development in other provinces in China. The first two columns of Table 6 present the results of the 2SLS estimation using instrumental variables. Among these, column (1) of Table 6 demonstrates the estimation of the first stage. It can be seen that the larger the value of the constructed instrumental variable, the lower the level of digital economic development of the region. The estimated coefficient is significant at the 1% level with an R2 of 0.6576, indicating that the instrumental variable has a strong explanatory power for the endogenous variables. Column (2) of Table 6 presents the estimation of the second stage. It can be observed that the coefficient of digital technology is significantly positive at the 1% level. This shows that the estimated results of the instrumental variables support the main hypothesis of this paper.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0310188.t006

Furthermore, given that Beijing, Guizhou, and Ulanqab are China’s national big data centres, regions that are closer to the big data centres are likely to have more favourable conditions for the development of digital technology. Therefore, this paper selects the average distance from the provincial capital to these three regions as the instrumental variable for estimation. Furthermore, given that the average distance remains constant over time, the findings of the current study are employed to construct an instrumental variable that varies with region and time (index_iv2). This variable is derived from the mean value of digital technology development in other provinces in China. The results of the regression are shown in the third and fourth columns of Table 6 . Among these, column (3) of Table 6 demonstrates the estimation of the first stage. It can be seen that the larger the value of the constructed instrumental variable, the lower the level of digital economic development of the region. The estimated coefficient is significant at the 1% level with an R2 of 0.5978, indicating that the instrumental variable has a strong explanatory power for the endogenous variables. Column (4) of Table 6 presents the estimation of the second stage. It can be observed that the coefficient of digital technology is significantly positive at the 1% level. This again shows that the estimated results of the instrumental variables support the main hypothesis of this paper.

(2) Changing the estimation method and the measurement of the explanatory variables.

In order to further test the robustness of the conclusions, this paper employs two alternative estimation methods for the model: the fixed effects model and the Logit model. The estimation results are presented in Table 7 . Secondly, the measurement method of the explanatory variables is altered, with the measures of individual entrepreneurship utilizing "self-employment" (entrepreneur1) and "being his own boss" (entrepreneur2), respectively. The regression results are displayed in Table 8 . Secondly, the explanatory variables were changed. The variables "self-employment" (entrepreneur1) and "own boss" (entrepreneur2) were used to measure individual entrepreneurship. The regression results are shown in Table 8 . It can be seen that the conclusions of this paper maintain a good robustness.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0310188.t007

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0310188.t008

(3) Estimation using sub-indicators of the core explanatory variables.

In order to test the effect of sub-indicators of the level of digital technology development on individual entrepreneurship, the sub-indicators of the digital technology development index are brought into the model for estimation here respectively. Table 9 reports the regression results of the indicators of the volume of courier business (KD). The income of the software industry (SOFT), the total amount of telecommunication services (DX), the number of end-of-year subscribers of mobile telephones (YD), the capacity of mobile telephone exchanges (RL), and the long-distance fibre optic cable line length indicator (GL) were regressed. It can be observed that, with the exception of the long-distance fibre optic cable line length indicator, all the other indicators exert a significant positive influence on individual entrepreneurial decision-making. This supports the main conclusions of this paper to a certain extent.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0310188.t009

Research findings and policy recommendations

Conclusions of the study and discussion.

This paper initially elucidates the mechanism by which the development of digital technology affects individual entrepreneurship theoretically and proposes research hypotheses. Secondly, it employs data from five periods of the China General Social Survey (CGSS) to test an econometric model and reaches the following conclusions: firstly, digital technology significantly increases individual entrepreneurial choices. Furthermore, the findings of the study remain robust after transforming estimation methods and changing the way variables are measured. Secondly, digital technology has the greatest impact on entrepreneurship among individuals with lower levels of education (i.e. those who have completed junior high school or below). It also has the second greatest impact on individuals with intermediate levels of education (i.e. those who have completed senior high school or secondary school). In contrast, it has the smallest impact on entrepreneurship among individuals with higher levels of education (i.e. those who have completed university college or above). Thirdly, the development of digital technology has a more pronounced effect on the promotion of entrepreneurship among individuals with urban household registration than among those with rural household registration. Fourth, regionally, the impact of digital technology on individual entrepreneurship is more pronounced in the East and Central regions.

In summary, this paper examines the phenomenon of labour entrepreneurship from the perspective of digital technology development. It broadens the scope of research on the factors influencing labour force entrepreneurship choices, enriches the theoretical content of digital technology and labour force entrepreneurship, and provides micro-empirical evidence for the theory of digital technology and entrepreneurship. The findings of the study will provide valuable references for government decision-making.

The findings of this paper are consistent with those of other current literatures. For example, studies have found that the Internet has a facilitating effect on entrepreneurial behaviour [ 10 ], that the construction of digital villages is conducive to entrepreneurship among rural residents [ 13 ], and that the use of robots and the development of digital finance are also conducive to entrepreneurship [ 20 ]. However, unlike these studies, which have all looked at one aspect of digital technology, the digital technology that is the subject of this paper is a larger category that expands and deepens these studies.

Policy recommendations

The findings of this paper provide suggestions for promoting "mass entrepreneurship" in China from a digital technology perspective, with obvious policy implications. Firstly, it is recommended that the level of digital technology development be accelerated. It is recommended that a plan for the development of digital technology in China be formulated and implemented. This should include the strengthening of strategic guidance and policy support for the development of digital technology, as well as the improvement of laws and regulations on digital technology market access, operation, management, innovation, security, and so forth. This will create a favourable market environment, thereby providing institutional safeguards for the development of digital technology. Furthermore, the construction of digital China should be viewed as an opportunity to strengthen the construction of digital technology infrastructure, with the basic network system being given priority for the promotion of the development of digital technology. The following is a summary of the measures taken by the government to promote the development of digital technology.

Secondly, the cultivation of entrepreneurial practice and entrepreneurial spirit among highly educated individuals should be strengthened. The findings of this study indicate that digital technology has the least impact on the employment decision-making of the labour force with higher education levels. In other words, the higher the education level, the weaker the promotional effect of digital technology on individual entrepreneurship. Consequently, the entrepreneurial enthusiasm of college graduates can be stimulated by strengthening the innovation and entrepreneurial practice of college students, cultivating their entrepreneurial spirit as well as entrepreneurial thinking, and encouraging college students with entrepreneurial thinking and entrepreneurial ability to actively participate in the entrepreneurial army.

Thirdly, in order to achieve a balance, we focus on enhancing the development of digital technology in rural and western China. Empirical evidence indicates that digital technology has a stronger impact on the entrepreneurial decision-making of the labour force in the eastern and central regions and in towns and cities, while its impact on the entrepreneurial choices of the labour force in the western region and rural areas is relatively weaker. This suggests that the current low level of digital technology development in China’s western and rural regions may be hindering the entrepreneurial activities of individual laborers. Consequently, it is imperative to prioritize the balanced development of digital technology in China, accelerate the advancement of digital technology in the western region, and gradually narrow the disparity between urban and rural areas in terms of digitization, in accordance with the Chinese government’s "mass entrepreneurship" policy.

It is important to note that the research presented in this paper is based on data from China. However, the effects of digital technology on entrepreneurship can be reasonably generalised to other countries and regions. Consequently, the recommendations for countermeasures presented in this paper can also serve as a reference for policy formulation in countries other than China.

Insufficient research and prospects

This paper examines the impact of digital technology development on labour entrepreneurship. However, the CGSS data only publishes codes that match provincial-level data, which limits the scope of the paper. This means that the paper is unable to find suitable exogenous shocks related to digital technology development to deal with the endogenous problems of this paper. This is a limitation of this paper.

Given these limitations, future research could consider utilizing data from other studies to determine the causal relationship between digital technology development and entrepreneurship with exogenous shocks to digital technology development. Furthermore, given that data elements are an important foundation for digital technology development, the relationship between data element development and entrepreneurship represents a promising direction for future research.

Supporting information

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0310188.s001

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Treatment of Acute Sore Throat in Malaysia: A Consensus of Multidisciplinary Recommendations Using Modified Delphi Methodology

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Introduction

Using antibiotics in the treatment of acute sore throats has been linked with antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and needs to be addressed. The consensus sought to improve diagnostic accuracy, decrease unwarranted antibiotic prescriptions and enhance patient outcomes.

A multidisciplinary panel of nine experts reviewed published literature and discussed current practices in managing sore throat. Ten evidence-based statements on sore throat and AMR, diagnostic accuracy and antibiotic prescribing, and symptomatic therapy were developed. A modified Delphi exercise was then carried out. A consensus was reached if at least 70% of the group agreed with the statement.

All 10 statements for managing acute sore throat achieved consensus. The major concern of AMR caused by improper antibiotic prescribing, particularly in cases of viral sore throat, was recognized. This underscores the need for improved diagnostic tools, such as the McIsaac score, to reduce needless antibiotic prescriptions. To improve patient satisfaction, effective pain management using non-antibiotic alternatives such as paracetamol, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and flurbiprofen throat lozenges was recommended. Pain and inflammation can be adequately managed with low-dose NSAIDs. The potential benefits of topical NSAIDs were acknowledged for their milder safety profile than oral formulations.

A consensus was achieved on the use of a clinical diagnostic tool, prudent use of antibiotics, and symptomatic therapy in acute sore throat management. The McIsaac score and point-of-care testing (POCT) for the presence of group A beta-hemolytic Streptococcus (GABHS) can aid in the decision-making process for antibiotic use, reducing needless prescriptions. The mainstay of therapy is symptomatic treatment, which includes the use of NSAIDs.

• antimicrobial resistance
• sore throat
• symptomatic treatment

Data Sharing Statement

The current study reviewed published reports. It did not include new data analyses.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank the Director General of Health Malaysia for the permission to publish this article. Editorial support was provided by Poh Sien Ooi (MIMS Medica Sdn Bhd) in accordance with the Good Publication Practice 2022 guidelines.

Author Contributions

All authors made a significant contribution to the work reported, whether in the conception, study design, execution, acquisition of data, analysis and interpretation, or in all these areas; took part in drafting, revising or critically reviewing the article; gave final approval for the version to be published; have agreed on the journal to which the article has been submitted; and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work.

Baharudin Abdullah, Kar Chai Koh and Martin Duerden are members of the Global Respiratory Infection Partnership (GRIP), which receives an educational grant from Reckitt. The authors report no other conflicts of interest in this work.

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How to Write a Persuasive Proposal for a Raise

Asking for a raise can be a nerve-wracking experience, but it’s a necessary step in advancing your career and securing the compensation you deserve. One of the best ways to approach this sensitive topic is by writing a compelling proposal for a raise. A well-structured, thoughtful raise proposal allows you to present your case clearly, backed by facts and data, which increases your chances of success.

This article will answer your questions if you’re wondering “How to write a proposal for a raise”, it’ll also guide you through the steps of writing a compelling proposal that will leave a lasting impression on your manager or employer.

1. Start with Self-Reflection

Before you begin writing, it’s important to reflect on why you believe you deserve a raise. Consider your achievements, contributions, and growth within the company. Reflecting on your performance will help you gather the necessary information and data to make a strong case.

Questions to Ask Yourself:

• What have I accomplished? List out significant projects, milestones, or goals you’ve helped the company achieve.
• How have I added value? Think about how you’ve gone above and beyond your job description and how your work has positively impacted the company’s bottom line, efficiency, or culture.
• Have I taken on additional responsibilities? If you’ve assumed more tasks or leadership roles, make sure to highlight this.
• Am I aligned with company goals? Ensure that your contributions align with the company’s mission and objectives, demonstrating your dedication to its success.

2. Research Salary Benchmarks

It’s essential to know the going rate for your role before asking for a raise. By conducting salary research, you can determine if your current compensation aligns with industry standards and where you fall within the range.

How to Conduct Salary Research:

• Online Salary Tools : Use platforms like Glassdoor, Payscale, or Salary.com to research average salaries for your role in your geographic location.
• Industry Reports : Look for salary reports specific to your industry, which often provide detailed insights into salary trends.
• Internal Research : If possible, gather information on your company’s salary structure to understand the pay scale and how raises have been handled in the past.

Armed with this knowledge, you can present a realistic salary expectation in your proposal for a raise, backed by external data.

3. Structure Your Raise Proposal

A well-organized proposal is key to making your request clear, professional, and persuasive. Follow this structure to craft your proposal for a raise:

A. Introduction: Set the Stage

Start by briefly introducing your proposal. State that you’d like to discuss your current compensation and request a salary review. Make it clear that this proposal is based on your contributions and market research, and it reflects your commitment to the company.

“I am writing to request a review of my current salary, considering my recent accomplishments and the industry benchmarks for my role. I am deeply committed to the success of our team and believe this is a fitting time to discuss aligning my compensation with my contributions to the company.”

B. Highlight Your Achievements and Value

Beyond your KPIs, your added value to the company through new skills and increased responsibilities also plays a key role in justifying a raise.

New Skills or Certifications

Discuss any relevant qualifications or certifications you’ve gained recently:

• “I completed a certification in email marketing , which has enabled me to execute email campaigns more effectively.”
• “I’ve mastered advanced data analytics tools, allowing me to provide more in-depth market insights and strategy recommendations.”

Increased Responsibilities

Outline any additional tasks or projects you’ve taken on:

• “In the past year, I have taken on the responsibility of managing a team of six, overseeing project deadlines, and ensuring our quarterly goals are met.”
• “I was entrusted with leading a key client project, which I successfully completed under budget and ahead of schedule.”

Positive Impact

Explain how these responsibilities and skills have positively impacted the company:

• “My ability to manage multiple high-stakes projects has resulted in timely project completions, which has improved client satisfaction and increased repeat business.”

This section is critical to making a solid case, so focus on tangible results and how they’ve benefited the company.

C. Provide Market Comparison Data

Once you’ve highlighted your value, include the salary research you’ve conducted. This shows that your request is based on industry standards and not just personal opinion.

“According to my research on Glassdoor and industry reports, the average salary for someone in my role, with similar responsibilities and experience, is between $X and $Y. Given my contributions and tenure, I believe adjusting my salary to align with this range is reasonable.”

D. Make Your Request

Be direct but professional in stating the specific raise or salary adjustment you are seeking. If you’re flexible, you can suggest a range or offer to discuss alternative compensation options such as bonuses or additional benefits.

“Based on my research and the value I have added to the team, I would like to request a raise of X% or a new base salary of $X. I’m open to discussing this further to find a solution that works for both the company and me.”

To further strengthen your case, you need to provide a clear market analysis to justify your raise request

Company Policies

Reference any company policies or guidelines regarding raises:

• “According to our company’s compensation policy, employees who consistently exceed performance expectations may be considered for raises, which I believe aligns with my contributions.”

Economic Factors

Consider any external factors that may justify a raise:

• “Given the current economic conditions, including rising inflation and cost of living increases, I believe it is important to adjust compensation accordingly to remain competitive in the market.”

E. Express Gratitude and Commitment

End your proposal on a positive note by expressing your appreciation for the opportunity to contribute to the company. Reaffirm your commitment to continued growth and success within the organization.

Recommended : Prospero Request for Salary Raise Template

4. Anticipate Objections and Prepare Responses

It’s possible that your manager will have concerns or objections to your request. Anticipating these objections and preparing thoughtful responses can help you make a more persuasive case. Some common objections might include:

• Budget Constraints : If the company is facing financial limitations, you could suggest other forms of compensation, such as a bonus, extra vacation days, or the opportunity for professional development.
• Timing : If your manager mentions timing as an issue, you might ask to revisit the conversation in a few months or suggest setting performance targets to achieve the raise in the near future.
• Performance Concerns : Be prepared to address any potential performance concerns head-on. You could ask for clarity on any areas for improvement and work toward achieving measurable goals that would justify the raise later.

5. Be Professional and Confident

Asking for a raise can feel intimidating, but it’s important to approach the conversation with confidence. A written proposal helps ensure you present your case in a clear and professional manner. Keep your tone respectful and positive throughout the proposal. Even if your raise request is not approved immediately, this process sets a precedent for future discussions and shows your commitment to advancing within the company.

6. Follow Up

After submitting your proposal, following up with your manager is important to ensure the conversation moves forward. While a well-written proposal sets the stage, the follow-up is where you solidify your case and demonstrate your commitment to having a constructive dialogue.

Request a Meeting

Once you’ve sent your proposal, don’t assume your manager will automatically take the next step. Be proactive and politely request a meeting to discuss the proposal in detail. Timing is key here—give your manager a few days to review the document before reaching out. In your follow-up, frame the request professionally, such as:

• “I hope you’ve had a chance to review my proposal. I’d love to set up a meeting to discuss it further and answer any questions you might have.”
• “Would you have time this week or early next week to go over the details of my proposal? I’m eager to discuss how we can move forward.”

This step shows that you are serious about your request and that you’re willing to engage in an open conversation.

Prepare for the Conversation

During the meeting, you should be prepared to discuss your reasoning in more detail. This includes elaborating on the points made in your proposal, addressing any concerns or objections your manager might have, and reinforcing the data or examples you’ve provided.

To prepare effectively:

• Review Your Proposal : Familiarize yourself with the key points of your request, such as your achievements, market research, and value to the company.
• Anticipate Questions : Think about any objections your manager might raise. These could be related to company budget constraints, performance feedback, or timing. Prepare thoughtful responses to these concerns.
• Stay Open to Feedback : Be ready to listen to your manager’s perspective. They may have additional considerations that weren’t initially clear, such as company-wide policies on raises or a specific timeline for salary reviews.

Be Confident but Flexible

During the meeting, approach the conversation with confidence. Clearly articulate why you believe a raise is warranted, but also be open to negotiation. If your manager can’t immediately approve your request, inquire about what steps you could take or milestones you could achieve to make the raise possible in the future.

For example, you might say:

• “I understand there might be budgetary constraints right now. Could we set up a plan or timeline to revisit this discussion in a few months?”
• “If there are areas I can focus on to improve my chances of a raise in the future, I’d appreciate your guidance.”

Clarify Next Steps

End the meeting by clarifying the next steps. Whether your request is approved, denied, or deferred, it’s important to know the outcome and what actions can be taken moving forward. If your manager needs more time to consider your proposal, set a follow-up date to continue the discussion. This keeps the process on track and ensures you’re not left waiting indefinitely.

Following up is a critical part of the raise request process. It not only shows initiative but also keeps the conversation moving toward a resolution. By being proactive, prepared, and open to feedback, you increase the likelihood of a successful outcome.

Writing a persuasive raise proposal is a strategic way to advocate for yourself and your career advancement. By researching thoroughly, presenting a clear and compelling case, and demonstrating your value with data, you can increase your chances of receiving a raise. Remember to remain professional, confident, and open to feedback throughout the process. With a well-prepared proposal, you’re more likely to engage in a productive discussion and reach a positive outcome.

If you’re ready to take the next step in your own career, you can use the Request for Salary Raise Template available on Prospero to structure your proposal with ease. 

Get started with Prospero

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Damilola Oyetunji

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A biographical sketch (also referred to as biosketch) documents an individual's qualifications and experience for a specific role in a project.  NIH requires submission of a biosketch for each proposed senior/key personnel and other significant contributor on a grant application. Some funding opportunities or programs may also request biosketches for additional personnel (e.g., Participating Faculty Biosketch attachment for institutional training awards).  Applicants and recipients are required to submit biosketches

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NIH staff and peer reviewers utilize the biosketch to ensure that individuals included on the applications are equipped with the skills, knowledge, and resources necessary to carry out the proposed research. NIH biosketches must conform to a specific format. Applicants and recipients can use the provided format pages to prepare their biosketch attachments or can use SciENcv ,  a tool used to develop and automatically format biosketches according to NIH requirements.

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other ways to say "in conclusion" in formal and casual writing

Considering the level of formality when writing is crucial – it shapes the tone and style of your communication. The phrase "in conclusion" is commonly used to signal the end of a discussion or argument, but several other ways indicate the same. Which other ways to say "in conclusion" will make it more engaging and add meaning to your writing for readers?

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. in summary, 2. as has been demonstrated, .3. overall, it can be said, 4. logically, 5. long story short, 7. the above points illustrate, 8. undoubtedly, 9. in closing, 10. use a question, 11. to summer up, 12. in the final analysis, 13. last but not least, 14. on a final note, 15. in a nutshell, wrapping up.

Writing your introduction formally or casually can be an exciting and important part of the article. But also crafting a well-rounded conclusion is essential to the impact of your writing. It's the final opportunity to emphasise the main points and create a lasting impression.

But sometimes, overusing the phrase "in conclusion" can be monotonous. That's why exploring other phrases for "in conclusion" that are suitable to use while concluding your writing will help you not sound too repetitive.

Other ways to say "in conclusion"

Whether you're writing a formal essay or a casual blog post, knowing different ways to wrap up your thoughts can greatly improve the impact of your conclusion. Choosing a benefiting phrase from a list of other ways to say "in conclusion" will have a positive effect on your reàder.

Check out how to write an application letter for attachment in a hospital

The phrase gives the reader a clear heads-up that the writer's article is on the final point. It informs that the writer will restate the main points of the written material and draw a conclusion from those points. So, why not differentiate from the others using a summary instead of a conclusion phrase? It still sounds unique, but in the best way.

'As has been demonstrated' is a simple way of concluding all your points and running down everything you have to confidently state that those points have convincingly proven your case. The phrase is the best when you want to sound formal in official writing .

To capture an idea at the end of critical or descriptive writing, use the phrase 'Overall, it can be said' at the beginning of the last paragraph. The phrase brings out the writer's essence, where they engage their audience by saying what they feel about the article's topic. It is a general phrase that captures your thoughts.

Sample application letter for a supermarket job in Kenya with writing tips

The phrase logically is usually used at the beginning of any paragraph that states a series of facts backed by clear steps to follow that will lead the reader to the end of the writing. It's a great way to conclude your writing in a balanced and comprehensive manner.

"Long story short" is one of the synonyms for "in conclusion" in an essay, but it's more casual. It's best used in writing that has a conversational or informal tone. When you use the phrase, you will summarise what you've been talking about briefly and straightforwardly. It's a quick and easy way to wrap up your thoughts, especially when you want to avoid going into too much detail.

So, if you're writing something that's meant to be read in a relaxed way, like a blog post or a personal story, "long story short" could be a good fit.

Short application letter for a waiter position: Writing guide and examples

"Lastly" is often used in argumentative or informative writings. When you're about to share the final point or idea, the best way is to start with "Lastly" to signal that you're wrapping up your argument or discussion. It's usually seen in the first or last sentence of the concluding part of an essay.

When writing something formal and you're about to share your final thoughts or observations, using "the phrase can be effective.

The phrase best introduces a conclusion, particularly when discussing the impact of the points made in your essay. It's a good way to transition from the body of your essay to your final thoughts, and it smoothly leads to a statement that supports your main argument or thesis.

After using "The above points illustrate", conclude your key points and show how they back up your main argument. The phrase makes your conclusion strong and reinforces the points you've made throughout your writing.

How to write a retirement letter: Step-by-step guide with samples

The phrase is particularly useful when emphasising the certainty or obviousness of your argument or point. Starting your concluding remarks with "Undoubtedly" signals that you're wrapping up your thoughts and gives assurance about your statements.

Therefore, "Undoubtedly" is a strong and assertive way to conclude your writing, leaving your readers with a clear impression of your viewpoint.

A classy alternative to in conclusion, in writing, is "in closing". It is a somewhat formal expression without being flowery. This transition phrase is especially useful for the last sentence of a conclusion. It is a good signal that you are nearly at the bitter end of your essay or speech.

A particularly common way to use in closing is to signal in an argumentative piece that you are about to give your call to action.

The use of questions is among the many ways of how to say "in conclusion" differently. When writing your essay, choosing to end with a leading or an open-ended question brings out your creative side. It will leave your readers thinking about the argument you have made as well as engage them in the discussion.

Executive assistant cover letter writing tips and examples

Are you wondering how to say "in conclusion" without saying "in conclusion"? The phrase "to summer up" is one of the best phrases to replace the use of "in conclusion". It is used to indicate that you are summarising your main points. It works well with formal writing, though sometimes it is used in informal writing.

The phrase prepares your reader that the writing is coming to an end. Following this phrase, you concisely reiterate your main points, reinforcing their importance and reminding your readers of the key takeaways from your piece.

The phrase is a great expression in your conclusion since it's a less clichéd and more refined way to begin a conclusion. Once you start drawing things to a close, using it, in the final analysis, allows you to tail nicely into your last summation.

How to write a character letter to a judge for a friend

"Last but not least" is another phrase that can be used as an alternative to "in conclusion." It's a way to introduce your discussion's final point or topic, implying that while it may be the last point, it's just as important as the others. This phrase is often used to wrap up lists or series of points.

When you use "the phrase, it adds a sense of completeness to your discussion and emphasises the significance of the final point, ensuring it doesn't get overlooked because it's mentioned last.

Can you use a final note to close your writing? Before you wrap up your final thoughts, you want to leave your readers with one last alternative in the conclusion. Using this expression; you get the chance to express your thoughts by letting your reader get prepared for the final point. This phrase is a standalone to be used in both writing and speeches.

Alternatives to "I hope this email finds you well" in formal communication

The expression is used to indicate that you are about to give a short summary. It's appropriate to use in a nutshell both in writing and in speeches, but it should be avoided in contexts where you're expected to use a serious, formal register. In a nutshell, the expression can also signal you've reached the end of a story or argument you were writing about.

The above are other ways to say "in conclusion" in formal and casual writing. Regardless of how you conclude your writing, the most important part of the conclusion is leaving a lasting impression on your readers. And why not try new options such as the above that will inspire you to conclude your writing in a new style?

Tuko.co.ke shared an article about Thank You email subject lines for mails after interviews. After the interview, you ought to express your gratitude to the interviewer with an email following up. The email subject line is the only section of your message that the interviewer will see when they check their inbox, so it is important that you pay close attention to it while you are writing.

Captivating thank you email subject lines for emails that increase the likelihood that the recruiting professional will open and read your email following the interview. An effective way to make a good impression and differentiate yourself from other applicants is to send a thank-you email following the interview.

Source: TUKO.co.ke

Gladys Mokeira Obiero (Lifestyle writer) Gladys is a content creator who has worked with Tuko since 2018, where she won the Best Writer Award in 2022. She previously held other positions, including an editing role at Kami.com.ph, Yen.com.gh, and Legit.ng. She graduated from the University of Nairobi with a Bachelor’s Degree in Project Planning and Management. In 2023, Gladys finished the AFP course on Digital Investigation Techniques. Email: [email protected]