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The Evolution of Computers: A Comprehensive History in PowerPoint Presentation

The History and Evolution of Computers

Computers have come a long way since their inception, evolving from simple calculating machines to the sophisticated devices we use today. Let’s take a journey through the history of computers to understand how they have evolved over time.

Early Computing Devices

The history of computers can be traced back to ancient times when devices like the abacus were used for basic calculations. In the 19th century, mechanical calculators such as Charles Babbage’s Analytical Engine laid the foundation for modern computing.

The First Electronic Computers

The mid-20th century saw the development of the first electronic computers, such as ENIAC and UNIVAC, which revolutionized data processing and computation. These early computers were large, expensive, and primarily used by governments and research institutions.

The Personal Computer Revolution

In the 1970s and 1980s, the invention of microprocessors led to the rise of personal computers (PCs). Companies like Apple and IBM introduced affordable desktop computers that brought computing power into people’s homes and offices.

The Internet Age

The advent of the internet in the late 20th century transformed how we use computers. The World Wide Web enabled global communication, e-commerce, social networking, and access to vast amounts of information at our fingertips.

Modern Computing Technologies

Today, we live in an era of smartphones, tablets, cloud computing, artificial intelligence, and quantum computing. These technologies continue to push the boundaries of what is possible with computers and shape our digital future.

In Conclusion

The history and evolution of computers is a fascinating journey that highlights human ingenuity, innovation, and progress. As we look towards the future, it is exciting to imagine what new advancements in computing technology will bring.

From Abacus to AI: Tracing the Milestones and Evolution of Computer Technology

Start with a brief overview of the history of computers, highlighting key milestones and inventions., include information about the evolution of computer hardware, from early mechanical devices to modern supercomputers., discuss the impact of major technological advancements on the development of computers over time., incorporate visuals such as images or timelines to enhance understanding and engagement., explore how different generations of computers have influenced each other and shaped today’s technology landscape., conclude with future possibilities and trends in computer evolution to provide a forward-looking perspective..

The history and evolution of computers are marked by significant milestones and groundbreaking inventions that have shaped the modern computing landscape. From the ancient abacus to Charles Babbage’s Analytical Engine, early computing devices laid the groundwork for the development of electronic computers like ENIAC and UNIVAC in the mid-20th century. The introduction of personal computers in the 1970s and 1980s, followed by the internet age and advancements in modern computing technologies, have propelled us into a digital era defined by innovation and progress. This tip on the history and evolution of computers PowerPoint presentation provides a comprehensive overview of these key historical moments, offering valuable insights into how far we have come in the world of computing.

In a PowerPoint presentation on the history and evolution of computers, it is essential to highlight the remarkable evolution of computer hardware. Starting from early mechanical devices like the abacus and Charles Babbage’s Analytical Engine, the progression of computer hardware has been monumental. Advancements in technology have led to the development of modern supercomputers that can process vast amounts of data at incredible speeds. By showcasing this evolution in hardware, audiences can appreciate how far computer technology has come and gain a deeper understanding of the impact it has had on various aspects of our lives.

When creating a PowerPoint presentation on the history and evolution of computers, it is essential to discuss the impact of major technological advancements on the development of computers over time. By highlighting key milestones such as the invention of the microprocessor, the introduction of personal computers, and the emergence of the internet, you can demonstrate how these advancements have shaped the evolution of computing technology. Exploring how innovations like artificial intelligence, cloud computing, and quantum computing have further propelled the field forward will provide valuable insights into how far computers have come and where they may be headed in the future. Understanding the influence of these technological breakthroughs is crucial for appreciating the continuous growth and transformation of computers throughout history.

To enhance understanding and engagement in a PowerPoint presentation about the history and evolution of computers, it is recommended to incorporate visuals such as images or timelines. Visual aids can help illustrate key points, provide context to historical events, and make complex information more digestible for the audience. By including visuals like photographs of early computing devices, diagrams of technological advancements, or timelines showing the progression of computer development, presenters can create a more immersive and impactful learning experience for viewers. Visuals not only enhance comprehension but also keep the audience engaged and interested throughout the presentation.

By delving into the history and evolution of computers through a PowerPoint presentation, one can uncover how various generations of computers have influenced each other, leading to the shaping of today’s technology landscape. From the early mechanical calculators to the modern era of smartphones and artificial intelligence, each advancement has built upon the innovations of its predecessors, creating a rich tapestry of technological progress. Understanding this interconnected web of influences allows us to appreciate the complexity and interconnectedness of the devices we use daily, providing valuable insights into how far we have come and where future developments may lead us.

In conclusion, delving into the history and evolution of computers through a PowerPoint presentation offers valuable insights into how far we have come in the realm of technology. By reflecting on past milestones and breakthroughs, we can better appreciate the rapid pace of innovation that has shaped the computing landscape today. Looking ahead, it is intriguing to consider the future possibilities and trends in computer evolution. Advancements in areas such as artificial intelligence, quantum computing, and biotechnology hold immense potential to revolutionize how we interact with technology and each other. Embracing these emerging technologies will undoubtedly lead us towards a future where computers play an even more integral role in shaping our lives and society as a whole.

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THE HISTORY OF COMPUTERS

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Based on information taken from Computers Made Friendly

Computer History.

(What came before our modern time-saving devices)

Lecture 1 “History and Evolution of Computers” Informatics.

History of Computing -- Soujanya. Contents Definition Abacus(600 B.C) Cardboard Calculator First Calculator Difference Engine(1822) Well-Known Early Computers.

CSCI-235 Micro-Computers in Science Course Information & Introduction.

Computer History Presented by Frank H. Osborne, Ph. D. © 2005 Bio 2900 Computer Applications in Biology.

Appendix The Continuing Story of the Computer Age.

CS 104 Introduction to Computer Science and Graphics Problems History of Computer 09/05/2008 Yang Song (Prepared by Yang Song and Suresh Solaimuthu)

History of IT.

1 Chapter 1 The Big Picture. 2 2 Computing systems are dynamic entities used to solve problems and interact with their environment. They consist of devices,

A Brief History of Computers

End Show History of Computers Ancient Times In the beginning, man used his fingers and toes to perform simple computations such as addition and subtraction.

History of Computers Computer Technology Introduction.

Prepared by: Jasper Francisco. The Early Years 1  In the early years, before the computer was invented, there were several inventions of counting machine.

KEYBOARD – an input device used to type data.

History of computers By Anne Perera.

Evolution of the Computer Land marks of the Computer History.

Computer history timeline

Evolution of computing devices

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Computer History - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Computer History

Howard h. aiken, a harvard engineer working with ibm, succeeded in producing an ... contact bill gates ( mit dropout ) who had written (obtained) an operating system. ... – powerpoint ppt presentation.

• Before looking back at the long history of computers, think about the short history
• 1968 NASA - 2002 Your desktop
• The abacus, which emerged about 5,000 years ago in Asia Minor and is still in use today, may be considered the first computer. This device allows users to make computations using a system of sliding beads arranged on a rack.
• In 1642, Blaise Pascal (1623-1662), the 18-year-old son of a French tax collector, invented what he called a numerical wheel calculator to help his father with his duties. This brass rectangular box, also called a Pascaline, used eight movable dials to add sums up to eight figures long.
• The real beginnings of computers as we know them today, however, lay with an English mathematics professor, Charles Babbage (1791-1871).
• Frustrated at the many errors he found while examining calculations for the Royal Astronomical Society, Babbage declared, "I wish to God these calculations had been performed by steam!"
• With those words, the automation of computers had begun.
• Babbage's assistant, Ada King (daughter of English poet Lord Byron)
• was instrumental in the machine's design.
• She helped secure funding from the British government, and communicate the specifics of the Analytical Engine to the public
• Also, Adas understanding of the machine allowed her to create the instruction routines to be fed into the computer, making her the first female computer programmer.
• In the 1980's, the U.S. Defense Department named a programming language ADA in her honor.
• In 1889, an American inventor, Herman Hollerith, also applied concepts to computing. His first task was to find a faster way to compute the U.S. census.
• The previous census in 1880 had taken nearly seven years to count and with an expanding population, the bureau feared it would take 10 years to count the latest census.
• Hollerith's method used cards to store data information which he fed into a machine that compiled the results mechanically.
• Each punch on a card represented one number. Instead of ten years, census takers compiled their results in just six weeks with Hollerith's machine
• Hollerith brought his punch card reader into the business world, founding Tabulating Machine Company in 1896, later to become International Business Machines (IBM)
• Other companies such as Remington Rand and Burroghs also manufactured punch readers for business use. Both business and government used punch cards for data processing until the 1960's.
• With the onset of the Second World War, governments sought to develop computers to exploit their potential strategic importance. This increased funding for computer development projects hastened technical progress.
• Howard H. Aiken, a Harvard engineer working with IBM, succeeded in producing an all-electronic calculator by 1944. The purpose of the computer was to create ballistic charts for the U.S. Navy. It was about half as long as a football field and contained about 500 miles of wiring.
• Another computer development spurred by the war was the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC), produced by a partnership between the U.S. government and the University of Pennsylvania.
• Consisting of 18,000 vacuum tubes
• 70,000 resistors
• 5 million soldered joints
• The computer was such a massive piece of machinery that it consumed 160 kilowatts of electrical power, causing it to dim the lights in an entire section of Philadelphia.
• The invention of the transistor greatly changed the computer's development. The transistor replaced the large, cumbersome vacuum tube in televisions, radios and computers. As a result, the size of electronic machinery has been shrinking ever since.
• Though transistors were clearly an improvement over the vacuum tube, they still generated a great deal of heat.
• Jack Kilby, an engineer with Texas Instruments, had developed the integrated circuit (IC) in 1958.
• The IC combined three electronic components onto a small silicon disc, which was made from quartz. Scientists later managed to fit even more components on a single chip, called a semiconductor. As a result, computers became ever smaller as more components were squeezed onto the chip.
• After the integrated circuits, the only thing left to do was to shrink the size of the machines.
• Large scale integration (LSI) could fit hundreds of components onto one chip.
• By the 1980's, very large scale integration (VLSI) squeezed hundreds of thousands of components onto a chip.
• The Intel chip, developed in 1971, took the integrated circuit one step further by locating all the components of a computer (central processing unit, memory, and input and output controls) on a minuscule chip.
• Pioneers in this field were Commodore, Radio Shack and Apple Computers.
• In the early 1980's, arcade video games such as Pac Man ignited consumer interest for more sophisticated, programmable home computers.
• Defining the fifth generation of computers is somewhat difficult because the field is in its infancy. The most famous example of a fifth generation computer is the fictional HAL9000 from Arthur C. Clarke's novel, 2001 A Space Odyssey.
• HAL performed all of the functions currently envisioned for real-life fifth generation computers.
• With artificial intelligence, HAL could reason well enough to hold conversations with its human operators, use visual input, and learn from its own experiences.
• (Unfortunately, HAL was a little too human and had a psychotic breakdown, commandeering a spaceship and killing most humans on board.)
• WIMP ----gt SILK
• Windows, Icons, Mice, Pulldowns
• Speech , Image, Language, Knowledge based
• 1958 1964 IBM Mainframes Business computers only white shirts and ties ( why white shirts ??)
• Small Personal Computers DID NOT exist.
• 1976 Steve Jobs / Steve Wozniak - "Homebrew Computer Club
• Built small computers in wooden boxes.
• Wrote their own operating system for the computer.
• Created simple Plastic computer Apple II
• Gave away thousands to schools -
• IBM document " NEVER influence our market "
• Apple sells 100,000 computers.
• IBM document " start designing a personal computer - NOW !!
• IBM Engineers built the computer BUT-
• 1984 IBM needs an operating system NOW ..
• Contact Bill Gates ( MIT dropout ) who had written (obtained) an operating system.
• Had a new company called MICROSOFT
• RENT - rather than sell.
• IBM release their "sturdy" P.C. which contained M.S. DOS ( an UGLY operating system)
• IBM sales soared..
• Apple fights back by introducing the MACINTOSH
• It had a graphical user interface (gui) AND a MOUSE..
• Apple outsells IBM 101
• Bill Gates creates a program for the PC computers that imitates a MACINTOSH.
• It is called WINDOWS.
• Apple sales fall drastically.
• Bill Gates WINS !!

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Parrots (Order: Psittaciformes) are a diverse clade that is easily distinguishable from other birds. Despite the clear characters that define Psittaciformes (hooked bills, zygodactylous feet, and plumage that is often predominantly green or red), relative morphological uniformity among parrots has made taxonomic classification a fraught endeavor for over a century. Parrot systematics were propelled forward when DNA sequencing data shed insights into higher- and species-level relationships. However, despite these significant advances, major gaps in taxon sampling and uncertainty in relationships remained due to inferring phylogenetic relationships with short fragments of DNA. Recent work using genome-wide molecular markers with nearly complete parrot species-level sampling has brought clarity to many of the remaining outstanding questions on taxonomic relationships. Here, we build on this work by including four additional species to present a taxonomic revision of Psittaciformes better aligned with its evolutionary tree. We infer maximum likelihood and time-calibrated phylogenies for parrots, present accounts for 106 genera, compare how our findings relate to previous work, and highlight future areas of research. The family-group nomenclature we propose reflects deep evolutionary divergences with diagnosable synapomorphies that are commensurate across comparable ranks in psittaciform clades. We erect three new family-group names at the rank of tribe (Brotogerini Smith, Thom, and Joseph, 2024; Neophemini Schodde, Mason, Smith, Thom, and Joseph, 2024; Bolbopsittacini Smith, Thom, and Joseph, 2024). We elevate one tribe to subfamily rank for the cacatuid genus Probosciger and we restrict usage of the recently introduced tribe Touitini to its type genus Touit . At shallower taxonomic scales, recognition of more rather than fewer genera addresses issues of paraphyly or high discordance in morphological and genomic characters at those levels. We support many reinstatements of older generic names advocated in recent decades, and we further reinstate five valid, available generic names not widely used in recent literature if at all ( Licmetis , Gymnopsittacus , Clarkona , Suavipsitta , Cardeos ). We advocate the retention of Vini Lesson, 1833, over Coriphilus Wagler, 1832, based on preliminary examination showing substantially more frequent usage of the former. We redraw generic limits in some other cases (e.g., Bolborhynchus parrotlets and allies) and this includes recognizing fewer genera than recently proposed for the Psittacula sensu lato ringneck parakeets. Our revised classification of parrots addresses many longstanding taxonomic questions including those that have arisen through the acquisition of genetic data. It provides context for the temporal origins of psittaciform clades and the taxonomic and phenotypic diversification throughout their evolutionary history. We hope that it will be a benchmark guiding further taxonomic study as well as for downstream analyses in many other fields.

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Computer History

Aug 10, 2014

2.95k likes | 7.92k Views

Computer History. What is Computer?. COMPUTER is an electronic machine that follows a set of instructions in order that it may be able to accept and gather data and transform these into information. ABACUS 4 th Century B.C.

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What is Computer? COMPUTER is an electronic machine that follows a set of instructions in order that it may be able to accept and gather data and transform these into information.

ABACUS 4thCentury B.C. • The abacus, a simple counting aid, may have been invented in Babylonia (now Iraq) in the fourth century B.C. • This device allows users to make computations using a system of sliding beads arranged on a rack.

BLAISE PASCAL (1623 - 1662)  In 1642, the French mathematician and philosopher Blaise Pascal invented a calculating device that would come to be called the "Adding Machine".

BLAISE PASCAL (1623 - 1662) •  Originally called a "numerical wheel calculator" or the "Pascaline", Pascal's invention utilized a train of 8 moveable dials or cogs to add sums of up to 8 figures long. As one dial turned 10 notches - or a complete revolution - it mechanically turned the next dial. •  Pascal's mechanical Adding Machine automated the process of calculation. Although slow by modern standards, this machine did provide a fair degree of accuracy and speed.

CHARLES BABBAGE (1791 - 1871) • Born in 1791, Charles Babbage was an English mathematician and professor. • In 1822, he persuaded the British government to finance his design to build a machine that would calculate tables for logarithms. • With Charles Babbage's creation of the "Analytical Engine", (1833) computers took the form of a general purpose machine.

HOWARD AIKEN (1900 - 1973)  The Mark I did transform Babbage's dream into reality and did succeed in putting IBM's name on the forefront of the burgeoning computer industry. From 1944 , modern computers would forever be associated with digital intelligence.

HOWARD AIKEN (1900 - 1973)  Aiken thought he could create a modern and functioning model of Babbage's Analytical Engine. He succeeded in securing a grant of 1 million dollars for his proposed Automatic Sequence Calculator; the Mark I for short. From IBM.  In 1944, the Mark I was "switched" on. Aiken's colossal machine spanned 51 feet in length and 8 feet in height. 500 meters of wiring were required to connect each component.

ENIAC 1946  Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer  Under the leadership of J. Presper Eckert (1919 - 1995) and John W. Mauchly (1907 - 1980) the team produced a machine that computed at speeds 1,000 times faster than the Mark I was capable of only 2 years earlier.  Using 18,000-19,000 vacuum tubes, 70,000 resistors and 5 million soldered joints this massive instrument required the output of a small power station to operate it.

ENIAC 1946 •  It could do nuclear physics calculations (in two hours) which it would have taken 100 engineers a year to do by hand. •  The system's program could be changed by rewiring a panel.

TRANSISTOR 1948 •  In the laboratories of Bell Telephone, John Bardeen, Walter Brattain and William Shockley discovered the "transfer resistor"; later labeled the transistor. • Advantages: • Increased reliability • 1/13 size of vacuum tubes • consumed 1/20 of the electricity of vacuum tubes •  were a fraction of the cost

TRANSISTOR 1948 •  This tiny device had a huge impact on and extensive implications for modern computers. In 1956, the transistor won its creators the Noble Peace Prize for their invention.

ALTAIR 1975 • The invention of the transistor made computers smaller, cheaper and more reliable. Therefore, the stage was set for the entrance of the computer into the domestic realm. In 1975, the age of personal computers commenced. •  Under the leadership of Ed Roberts the Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Company (MITS) wanted to design a computer 'kit' for the home hobbyist.

ALTAIR 1975 •  Based on the Intel 8080 processor, capable of controlling 64 kilobytes of memory, the MITS Altair - as the invention was later called - was debuted on the cover of the January edition of Popular Electronics magazine. • Presenting the Altair as an unassembled kit kept costs to a minimum. Therefore, the company was able to offer this model for only $395. Supply could not keep up with demand.

ALTAIR 1975 • ALTAIR FACTS: • No Keyboard • No Video Display • No Storage Device

IBM (PC) 1981 • On August 12, 1981 IBM announced its own personal computer. • Using the 16 bit Intel 8088 microprocessor, allowed for increased speed and huge amounts of memory. • Unlike the Altair that was sold as unassembled computer kits, IBM sold its "ready-made" machine through retailers and by qualified salespeople.

IBM (PC) 1981 •  To satisfy consumer appetites and to increase usability, IBM gave prototype IBM PCs to a number of major software companies. •  For the first time, small companies and individuals who never would have imagined owning a "personal" computer were now opened to the computer world.

MACINTOSH (1984) • IBM's major competitor was a company lead by Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs; the Apple Computer Inc. • The "Lisa" was the result of their competitive thrust. • This system differed from its predecessors in its use of a "mouse" - then a quite foreign computer instrument • However, the outrageous price of the Lisa kept it out of reach for many computer buyers.

MACINTOSH (1984) • Apple's brainchild was the Macintosh. Like the Lisa, the Macintosh too would make use of a graphical user interface. • Introduced in January 1984 it was an immediate success. •  The GUI (Graphical User Interface) made the system easy to use.

MACINTOSH (1984) • The Apple Macintosh debuts in 1984. It features a simple, graphical interface, uses the 8-MHz, 32-bit Motorola 68000 CPU, and has a built-in 9-inch B/W screen.

Computer Generation

FIRST GENERATION (1945-1956) John W. Mauchly and J. PresperEckert The first generation of computers started with the UNIVAC I (Universal Automatic Computer) built by Mauchlyand Eckert. It was sold to the U.S. Census Bureau. Characteristics of First Generation Computers Use of vacuum tubes in electronic circuits: Magnetic drum ( primary internal-storage medium ) Limited main-storage capacity: Heat and maintenance problems: 

SECOND GENERATION (1956-1963) Use of transistors for internal operations: Magnetic core as primary internal-storage medium: Increased main-storage capacity: Faster input/output: High-level programming languages (COBOL,FORTRAN)  (FORmulaTRANslator) (Common Business-Oriented Language)  Increased speed and reliability: Batch-oriented applications:

THIRD GENERATION (1965-1971) Use of integrated circuits: Magnetic core and solid-state main storage:  Smaller size and better performance and reliability: Emergence of minicomputers:  Remote processing and time-sharing through communication: 

FOURTH GENERATION (1971-Present) • Use of large scale integrated circuits. • Increased storage capacity and speed. • Modular design and compatibility between equipment. • Special application programs. • Versatility of input/ output devices. • Increased use of minicomputers. • Introduction of microprocessors and microcomputers.

FIFTH GENERATION (Future) Computers today have some attributes of fifth generation computers. For example, expert systems assist doctors in making diagnoses by applying the problem-solving steps a doctor might use in assessing a patient's needs. It will take several more years of development before expert systems are in widespread use.

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