sample of hypothesis in a sentence

HYPOTHESIS in a Sentence Examples: 21 Ways to Use Hypothesis

Have you ever wondered what a “hypothesis” is and how it fits into the scientific method? A hypothesis is a proposed explanation or educated guess that can be tested through research and experimentation to determine its validity.

Table of Contents

7 Examples Of Hypothesis Used In a Sentence For Kids

14 sentences with hypothesis examples, how to use hypothesis in sentences.

Hypothesis is an educated guess or prediction that can be tested through observation or experimentation. When incorporating this term into a sentence, it is important to clearly identify it so readers can understand its significance.

Here are some tips on how to use hypothesis effectively in a sentence:

Clearly state your hypothesis in a simple and concise manner. For example, “The scientist’s hypothesis is that plants will grow faster with added sunlight.”

Make sure to refer back to your hypothesis when discussing the results of your experiment. For example, “The data supported our initial hypothesis that exercise leads to improved cardiovascular health.”

By following these guidelines, you can effectively incorporate hypothesis into your writing to communicate your predictions or expectations clearly and accurately.

In conclusion, sentences with the keyword “hypothesis” often express a proposed explanation or prediction that can be tested through research or observation. These sentences play a crucial role in scientific inquiry by guiding investigations and exploring relationships between variables. For example, “The researchers formulated a hypothesis to predict the effect of sunlight on plant growth” demonstrates how hypotheses are used to frame a study’s objectives and outcomes.

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15 Hypothesis Examples

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A hypothesis is defined as a testable prediction , and is used primarily in scientific experiments as a potential or predicted outcome that scientists attempt to prove or disprove (Atkinson et al., 2021; Tan, 2022).

In my types of hypothesis article, I outlined 13 different hypotheses, including the directional hypothesis (which makes a prediction about an effect of a treatment will be positive or negative) and the associative hypothesis (which makes a prediction about the association between two variables).

This article will dive into some interesting examples of hypotheses and examine potential ways you might test each one.

Hypothesis Examples

1. “inadequate sleep decreases memory retention”.

Field: Psychology

Type: Causal Hypothesis A causal hypothesis explores the effect of one variable on another. This example posits that a lack of adequate sleep causes decreased memory retention. In other words, if you are not getting enough sleep, your ability to remember and recall information may suffer.

How to Test:

To test this hypothesis, you might devise an experiment whereby your participants are divided into two groups: one receives an average of 8 hours of sleep per night for a week, while the other gets less than the recommended sleep amount.

During this time, all participants would daily study and recall new, specific information. You’d then measure memory retention of this information for both groups using standard memory tests and compare the results.

Should the group with less sleep have statistically significant poorer memory scores, the hypothesis would be supported.

Ensuring the integrity of the experiment requires taking into account factors such as individual health differences, stress levels, and daily nutrition.

Relevant Study: Sleep loss, learning capacity and academic performance (Curcio, Ferrara & De Gennaro, 2006)

2. “Increase in Temperature Leads to Increase in Kinetic Energy”

Field: Physics

Type: Deductive Hypothesis The deductive hypothesis applies the logic of deductive reasoning – it moves from a general premise to a more specific conclusion. This specific hypothesis assumes that as temperature increases, the kinetic energy of particles also increases – that is, when you heat something up, its particles move around more rapidly.

This hypothesis could be examined by heating a gas in a controlled environment and capturing the movement of its particles as a function of temperature.

You’d gradually increase the temperature and measure the kinetic energy of the gas particles with each increment. If the kinetic energy consistently rises with the temperature, your hypothesis gets supporting evidence.

Variables such as pressure and volume of the gas would need to be held constant to ensure validity of results.

3. “Children Raised in Bilingual Homes Develop Better Cognitive Skills”

Field: Psychology/Linguistics

Type: Comparative Hypothesis The comparative hypothesis posits a difference between two or more groups based on certain variables. In this context, you might propose that children raised in bilingual homes have superior cognitive skills compared to those raised in monolingual homes.

Testing this hypothesis could involve identifying two groups of children: those raised in bilingual homes, and those raised in monolingual homes.

Cognitive skills in both groups would be evaluated using a standard cognitive ability test at different stages of development. The examination would be repeated over a significant time period for consistency.

If the group raised in bilingual homes persistently scores higher than the other, the hypothesis would thereby be supported.

The challenge for the researcher would be controlling for other variables that could impact cognitive development, such as socio-economic status, education level of parents, and parenting styles.

Relevant Study: The cognitive benefits of being bilingual (Marian & Shook, 2012)

4. “High-Fiber Diet Leads to Lower Incidences of Cardiovascular Diseases”

Field: Medicine/Nutrition

Type: Alternative Hypothesis The alternative hypothesis suggests an alternative to a null hypothesis. In this context, the implied null hypothesis could be that diet has no effect on cardiovascular health, which the alternative hypothesis contradicts by suggesting that a high-fiber diet leads to fewer instances of cardiovascular diseases.

To test this hypothesis, a longitudinal study could be conducted on two groups of participants; one adheres to a high-fiber diet, while the other follows a diet low in fiber.

After a fixed period, the cardiovascular health of participants in both groups could be analyzed and compared. If the group following a high-fiber diet has a lower number of recorded cases of cardiovascular diseases, it would provide evidence supporting the hypothesis.

Control measures should be implemented to exclude the influence of other lifestyle and genetic factors that contribute to cardiovascular health.

Relevant Study: Dietary fiber, inflammation, and cardiovascular disease (King, 2005)

5. “Gravity Influences the Directional Growth of Plants”

Field: Agronomy / Botany

Type: Explanatory Hypothesis An explanatory hypothesis attempts to explain a phenomenon. In this case, the hypothesis proposes that gravity affects how plants direct their growth – both above-ground (toward sunlight) and below-ground (towards water and other resources).

The testing could be conducted by growing plants in a rotating cylinder to create artificial gravity.

Observations on the direction of growth, over a specified period, can provide insights into the influencing factors. If plants consistently direct their growth in a manner that indicates the influence of gravitational pull, the hypothesis is substantiated.

It is crucial to ensure that other growth-influencing factors, such as light and water, are uniformly distributed so that only gravity influences the directional growth.

6. “The Implementation of Gamified Learning Improves Students’ Motivation”

Field: Education

Type: Relational Hypothesis The relational hypothesis describes the relation between two variables. Here, the hypothesis is that the implementation of gamified learning has a positive effect on the motivation of students.

To validate this proposition, two sets of classes could be compared: one that implements a learning approach with game-based elements, and another that follows a traditional learning approach.

The students’ motivation levels could be gauged by monitoring their engagement, performance, and feedback over a considerable timeframe.

If the students engaged in the gamified learning context present higher levels of motivation and achievement, the hypothesis would be supported.

Control measures ought to be put into place to account for individual differences, including prior knowledge and attitudes towards learning.

Relevant Study: Does educational gamification improve students’ motivation? (Chapman & Rich, 2018)

7. “Mathematics Anxiety Negatively Affects Performance”

Field: Educational Psychology

Type: Research Hypothesis The research hypothesis involves making a prediction that will be tested. In this case, the hypothesis proposes that a student’s anxiety about math can negatively influence their performance in math-related tasks.

To assess this hypothesis, researchers must first measure the mathematics anxiety levels of a sample of students using a validated instrument, such as the Mathematics Anxiety Rating Scale.

Then, the students’ performance in mathematics would be evaluated through standard testing. If there’s a negative correlation between the levels of math anxiety and math performance (meaning as anxiety increases, performance decreases), the hypothesis would be supported.

It would be crucial to control for relevant factors such as overall academic performance and previous mathematical achievement.

8. “Disruption of Natural Sleep Cycle Impairs Worker Productivity”

Field: Organizational Psychology

Type: Operational Hypothesis The operational hypothesis involves defining the variables in measurable terms. In this example, the hypothesis posits that disrupting the natural sleep cycle, for instance through shift work or irregular working hours, can lessen productivity among workers.

To test this hypothesis, you could collect data from workers who maintain regular working hours and those with irregular schedules.

Measuring productivity could involve examining the worker’s ability to complete tasks, the quality of their work, and their efficiency.

If workers with interrupted sleep cycles demonstrate lower productivity compared to those with regular sleep patterns, it would lend support to the hypothesis.

Consideration should be given to potential confounding variables such as job type, worker age, and overall health.

9. “Regular Physical Activity Reduces the Risk of Depression”

Field: Health Psychology

Type: Predictive Hypothesis A predictive hypothesis involves making a prediction about the outcome of a study based on the observed relationship between variables. In this case, it is hypothesized that individuals who engage in regular physical activity are less likely to suffer from depression.

Longitudinal studies would suit to test this hypothesis, tracking participants’ levels of physical activity and their mental health status over time.

The level of physical activity could be self-reported or monitored, while mental health status could be assessed using standard diagnostic tools or surveys.

If data analysis shows that participants maintaining regular physical activity have a lower incidence of depression, this would endorse the hypothesis.

However, care should be taken to control other lifestyle and behavioral factors that could intervene with the results.

Relevant Study: Regular physical exercise and its association with depression (Kim, 2022)

10. “Regular Meditation Enhances Emotional Stability”

Type: Empirical Hypothesis In the empirical hypothesis, predictions are based on amassed empirical evidence . This particular hypothesis theorizes that frequent meditation leads to improved emotional stability, resonating with numerous studies linking meditation to a variety of psychological benefits.

Earlier studies reported some correlations, but to test this hypothesis directly, you’d organize an experiment where one group meditates regularly over a set period while a control group doesn’t.

Both groups’ emotional stability levels would be measured at the start and end of the experiment using a validated emotional stability assessment.

If regular meditators display noticeable improvements in emotional stability compared to the control group, the hypothesis gains credit.

You’d have to ensure a similar emotional baseline for all participants at the start to avoid skewed results.

11. “Children Exposed to Reading at an Early Age Show Superior Academic Progress”

Type: Directional Hypothesis The directional hypothesis predicts the direction of an expected relationship between variables. Here, the hypothesis anticipates that early exposure to reading positively affects a child’s academic advancement.

A longitudinal study tracking children’s reading habits from an early age and their consequent academic performance could validate this hypothesis.

Parents could report their children’s exposure to reading at home, while standardized school exam results would provide a measure of academic achievement.

If the children exposed to early reading consistently perform better acadically, it gives weight to the hypothesis.

However, it would be important to control for variables that might impact academic performance, such as socioeconomic background, parental education level, and school quality.

12. “Adopting Energy-efficient Technologies Reduces Carbon Footprint of Industries”

Field: Environmental Science

Type: Descriptive Hypothesis A descriptive hypothesis predicts the existence of an association or pattern related to variables. In this scenario, the hypothesis suggests that industries adopting energy-efficient technologies will resultantly show a reduced carbon footprint.

Global industries making use of energy-efficient technologies could track their carbon emissions over time. At the same time, others not implementing such technologies continue their regular tracking.

After a defined time, the carbon emission data of both groups could be compared. If industries that adopted energy-efficient technologies demonstrate a notable reduction in their carbon footprints, the hypothesis would hold strong.

In the experiment, you would exclude variations brought by factors such as industry type, size, and location.

13. “Reduced Screen Time Improves Sleep Quality”

Type: Simple Hypothesis The simple hypothesis is a prediction about the relationship between two variables, excluding any other variables from consideration. This example posits that by reducing time spent on devices like smartphones and computers, an individual should experience improved sleep quality.

A sample group would need to reduce their daily screen time for a pre-determined period. Sleep quality before and after the reduction could be measured using self-report sleep diaries and objective measures like actigraphy, monitoring movement and wakefulness during sleep.

If the data shows that sleep quality improved post the screen time reduction, the hypothesis would be validated.

Other aspects affecting sleep quality, like caffeine intake, should be controlled during the experiment.

Relevant Study: Screen time use impacts low‐income preschool children’s sleep quality, tiredness, and ability to fall asleep (Waller et al., 2021)

14. Engaging in Brain-Training Games Improves Cognitive Functioning in Elderly

Field: Gerontology

Type: Inductive Hypothesis Inductive hypotheses are based on observations leading to broader generalizations and theories. In this context, the hypothesis deduces from observed instances that engaging in brain-training games can help improve cognitive functioning in the elderly.

A longitudinal study could be conducted where an experimental group of elderly people partakes in regular brain-training games.

Their cognitive functioning could be assessed at the start of the study and at regular intervals using standard neuropsychological tests.

If the group engaging in brain-training games shows better cognitive functioning scores over time compared to a control group not playing these games, the hypothesis would be supported.

15. Farming Practices Influence Soil Erosion Rates

Type: Null Hypothesis A null hypothesis is a negative statement assuming no relationship or difference between variables. The hypothesis in this context asserts there’s no effect of different farming practices on the rates of soil erosion.

Comparing soil erosion rates in areas with different farming practices over a considerable timeframe could help test this hypothesis.

If, statistically, the farming practices do not lead to differences in soil erosion rates, the null hypothesis is accepted.

However, if marked variation appears, the null hypothesis is rejected, meaning farming practices do influence soil erosion rates. It would be crucial to control for external factors like weather, soil type, and natural vegetation.

The variety of hypotheses mentioned above underscores the diversity of research constructs inherent in different fields, each with its unique purpose and way of testing.

While researchers may develop hypotheses primarily as tools to define and narrow the focus of the study, these hypotheses also serve as valuable guiding forces for the data collection and analysis procedures, making the research process more efficient and direction-focused.

Hypotheses serve as a compass for any form of academic research. The diverse examples provided, from Psychology to Educational Studies, Environmental Science to Gerontology, clearly demonstrate how certain hypotheses suit specific fields more aptly than others.

It is important to underline that although these varied hypotheses differ in their structure and methods of testing, each endorses the fundamental value of empiricism in research. Evidence-based decision making remains at the heart of scholarly inquiry, regardless of the research field, thus aligning all hypotheses to the core purpose of scientific investigation.

Testing hypotheses is an essential part of the scientific method . By doing so, researchers can either confirm their predictions, giving further validity to an existing theory, or they might uncover new insights that could potentially shift the field’s understanding of a particular phenomenon. In either case, hypotheses serve as the stepping stones for scientific exploration and discovery.

Atkinson, P., Delamont, S., Cernat, A., Sakshaug, J. W., & Williams, R. A. (2021).  SAGE research methods foundations . SAGE Publications Ltd.

Curcio, G., Ferrara, M., & De Gennaro, L. (2006). Sleep loss, learning capacity and academic performance.  Sleep medicine reviews ,  10 (5), 323-337.

Kim, J. H. (2022). Regular physical exercise and its association with depression: A population-based study short title: Exercise and depression.  Psychiatry Research ,  309 , 114406.

King, D. E. (2005). Dietary fiber, inflammation, and cardiovascular disease.  Molecular nutrition & food research ,  49 (6), 594-600.

Marian, V., & Shook, A. (2012, September). The cognitive benefits of being bilingual. In Cerebrum: the Dana forum on brain science (Vol. 2012). Dana Foundation.

Tan, W. C. K. (2022). Research Methods: A Practical Guide For Students And Researchers (Second Edition) . World Scientific Publishing Company.

Waller, N. A., Zhang, N., Cocci, A. H., D’Agostino, C., Wesolek‐Greenson, S., Wheelock, K., … & Resnicow, K. (2021). Screen time use impacts low‐income preschool children’s sleep quality, tiredness, and ability to fall asleep. Child: care, health and development, 47 (5), 618-626.

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• How to Write a Strong Hypothesis | Steps & Examples

How to Write a Strong Hypothesis | Steps & Examples

Published on May 6, 2022 by Shona McCombes . Revised on November 20, 2023.

A hypothesis is a statement that can be tested by scientific research. If you want to test a relationship between two or more variables, you need to write hypotheses before you start your experiment or data collection .

Example: Hypothesis

Daily apple consumption leads to fewer doctor’s visits.

Table of contents

What is a hypothesis, developing a hypothesis (with example), hypothesis examples, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions about writing hypotheses.

A hypothesis states your predictions about what your research will find. It is a tentative answer to your research question that has not yet been tested. For some research projects, you might have to write several hypotheses that address different aspects of your research question.

A hypothesis is not just a guess – it should be based on existing theories and knowledge. It also has to be testable, which means you can support or refute it through scientific research methods (such as experiments, observations and statistical analysis of data).

Variables in hypotheses

Hypotheses propose a relationship between two or more types of variables .

• An independent variable is something the researcher changes or controls.
• A dependent variable is something the researcher observes and measures.

If there are any control variables , extraneous variables , or confounding variables , be sure to jot those down as you go to minimize the chances that research bias  will affect your results.

In this example, the independent variable is exposure to the sun – the assumed cause . The dependent variable is the level of happiness – the assumed effect .

Prevent plagiarism. Run a free check.

Step 1. ask a question.

Writing a hypothesis begins with a research question that you want to answer. The question should be focused, specific, and researchable within the constraints of your project.

Step 2. Do some preliminary research

Your initial answer to the question should be based on what is already known about the topic. Look for theories and previous studies to help you form educated assumptions about what your research will find.

At this stage, you might construct a conceptual framework to ensure that you’re embarking on a relevant topic . This can also help you identify which variables you will study and what you think the relationships are between them. Sometimes, you’ll have to operationalize more complex constructs.

Step 3. Formulate your hypothesis

Now you should have some idea of what you expect to find. Write your initial answer to the question in a clear, concise sentence.

4. Refine your hypothesis

You need to make sure your hypothesis is specific and testable. There are various ways of phrasing a hypothesis, but all the terms you use should have clear definitions, and the hypothesis should contain:

• The relevant variables
• The specific group being studied
• The predicted outcome of the experiment or analysis

5. Phrase your hypothesis in three ways

To identify the variables, you can write a simple prediction in  if…then form. The first part of the sentence states the independent variable and the second part states the dependent variable.

In academic research, hypotheses are more commonly phrased in terms of correlations or effects, where you directly state the predicted relationship between variables.

If you are comparing two groups, the hypothesis can state what difference you expect to find between them.

6. Write a null hypothesis

If your research involves statistical hypothesis testing , you will also have to write a null hypothesis . The null hypothesis is the default position that there is no association between the variables. The null hypothesis is written as H 0 , while the alternative hypothesis is H 1 or H a .

• H 0 : The number of lectures attended by first-year students has no effect on their final exam scores.
• H 1 : The number of lectures attended by first-year students has a positive effect on their final exam scores.

If you want to know more about the research process , methodology , research bias , or statistics , make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples.

• Sampling methods
• Simple random sampling
• Stratified sampling
• Cluster sampling
• Likert scales
• Reproducibility

 Statistics

• Null hypothesis
• Statistical power
• Probability distribution
• Effect size
• Poisson distribution

Research bias

• Optimism bias
• Cognitive bias
• Implicit bias
• Hawthorne effect
• Anchoring bias
• Explicit bias

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A hypothesis is not just a guess — it should be based on existing theories and knowledge. It also has to be testable, which means you can support or refute it through scientific research methods (such as experiments, observations and statistical analysis of data).

Null and alternative hypotheses are used in statistical hypothesis testing . The null hypothesis of a test always predicts no effect or no relationship between variables, while the alternative hypothesis states your research prediction of an effect or relationship.

Hypothesis testing is a formal procedure for investigating our ideas about the world using statistics. It is used by scientists to test specific predictions, called hypotheses , by calculating how likely it is that a pattern or relationship between variables could have arisen by chance.

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Hypothesis Examples

A hypothesis is a prediction of the outcome of a test. It forms the basis for designing an experiment in the scientific method . A good hypothesis is testable, meaning it makes a prediction you can check with observation or experimentation. Here are different hypothesis examples.

Null Hypothesis Examples

The null hypothesis (H 0 ) is also known as the zero-difference or no-difference hypothesis. It predicts that changing one variable ( independent variable ) will have no effect on the variable being measured ( dependent variable ). Here are null hypothesis examples:

• Plant growth is unaffected by temperature.
• If you increase temperature, then solubility of salt will increase.
• Incidence of skin cancer is unrelated to ultraviolet light exposure.
• All brands of light bulb last equally long.
• Cats have no preference for the color of cat food.
• All daisies have the same number of petals.

Sometimes the null hypothesis shows there is a suspected correlation between two variables. For example, if you think plant growth is affected by temperature, you state the null hypothesis: “Plant growth is not affected by temperature.” Why do you do this, rather than say “If you change temperature, plant growth will be affected”? The answer is because it’s easier applying a statistical test that shows, with a high level of confidence, a null hypothesis is correct or incorrect.

Research Hypothesis Examples

A research hypothesis (H 1 ) is a type of hypothesis used to design an experiment. This type of hypothesis is often written as an if-then statement because it’s easy identifying the independent and dependent variables and seeing how one affects the other. If-then statements explore cause and effect. In other cases, the hypothesis shows a correlation between two variables. Here are some research hypothesis examples:

• If you leave the lights on, then it takes longer for people to fall asleep.
• If you refrigerate apples, they last longer before going bad.
• If you keep the curtains closed, then you need less electricity to heat or cool the house (the electric bill is lower).
• If you leave a bucket of water uncovered, then it evaporates more quickly.
• Goldfish lose their color if they are not exposed to light.
• Workers who take vacations are more productive than those who never take time off.

Is It Okay to Disprove a Hypothesis?

Yes! You may even choose to write your hypothesis in such a way that it can be disproved because it’s easier to prove a statement is wrong than to prove it is right. In other cases, if your prediction is incorrect, that doesn’t mean the science is bad. Revising a hypothesis is common. It demonstrates you learned something you did not know before you conducted the experiment.

Test yourself with a Scientific Method Quiz .

• Mellenbergh, G.J. (2008). Chapter 8: Research designs: Testing of research hypotheses. In H.J. Adèr & G.J. Mellenbergh (eds.), Advising on Research Methods: A Consultant’s Companion . Huizen, The Netherlands: Johannes van Kessel Publishing.
• Popper, Karl R. (1959). The Logic of Scientific Discovery . Hutchinson & Co. ISBN 3-1614-8410-X.
• Schick, Theodore; Vaughn, Lewis (2002). How to think about weird things: critical thinking for a New Age . Boston: McGraw-Hill Higher Education. ISBN 0-7674-2048-9.
• Tobi, Hilde; Kampen, Jarl K. (2018). “Research design: the methodology for interdisciplinary research framework”. Quality & Quantity . 52 (3): 1209–1225. doi: 10.1007/s11135-017-0513-8

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How to Write a Research Hypothesis: Good & Bad Examples

What is a research hypothesis?

A research hypothesis is an attempt at explaining a phenomenon or the relationships between phenomena/variables in the real world. Hypotheses are sometimes called “educated guesses”, but they are in fact (or let’s say they should be) based on previous observations, existing theories, scientific evidence, and logic. A research hypothesis is also not a prediction—rather, predictions are ( should be) based on clearly formulated hypotheses. For example, “We tested the hypothesis that KLF2 knockout mice would show deficiencies in heart development” is an assumption or prediction, not a hypothesis. 

The research hypothesis at the basis of this prediction is “the product of the KLF2 gene is involved in the development of the cardiovascular system in mice”—and this hypothesis is probably (hopefully) based on a clear observation, such as that mice with low levels of Kruppel-like factor 2 (which KLF2 codes for) seem to have heart problems. From this hypothesis, you can derive the idea that a mouse in which this particular gene does not function cannot develop a normal cardiovascular system, and then make the prediction that we started with. 

What is the difference between a hypothesis and a prediction?

You might think that these are very subtle differences, and you will certainly come across many publications that do not contain an actual hypothesis or do not make these distinctions correctly. But considering that the formulation and testing of hypotheses is an integral part of the scientific method, it is good to be aware of the concepts underlying this approach. The two hallmarks of a scientific hypothesis are falsifiability (an evaluation standard that was introduced by the philosopher of science Karl Popper in 1934) and testability —if you cannot use experiments or data to decide whether an idea is true or false, then it is not a hypothesis (or at least a very bad one).

So, in a nutshell, you (1) look at existing evidence/theories, (2) come up with a hypothesis, (3) make a prediction that allows you to (4) design an experiment or data analysis to test it, and (5) come to a conclusion. Of course, not all studies have hypotheses (there is also exploratory or hypothesis-generating research), and you do not necessarily have to state your hypothesis as such in your paper. 

But for the sake of understanding the principles of the scientific method, let’s first take a closer look at the different types of hypotheses that research articles refer to and then give you a step-by-step guide for how to formulate a strong hypothesis for your own paper.

Types of Research Hypotheses

Hypotheses can be simple , which means they describe the relationship between one single independent variable (the one you observe variations in or plan to manipulate) and one single dependent variable (the one you expect to be affected by the variations/manipulation). If there are more variables on either side, you are dealing with a complex hypothesis. You can also distinguish hypotheses according to the kind of relationship between the variables you are interested in (e.g., causal or associative ). But apart from these variations, we are usually interested in what is called the “alternative hypothesis” and, in contrast to that, the “null hypothesis”. If you think these two should be listed the other way round, then you are right, logically speaking—the alternative should surely come second. However, since this is the hypothesis we (as researchers) are usually interested in, let’s start from there.

Alternative Hypothesis

If you predict a relationship between two variables in your study, then the research hypothesis that you formulate to describe that relationship is your alternative hypothesis (usually H1 in statistical terms). The goal of your hypothesis testing is thus to demonstrate that there is sufficient evidence that supports the alternative hypothesis, rather than evidence for the possibility that there is no such relationship. The alternative hypothesis is usually the research hypothesis of a study and is based on the literature, previous observations, and widely known theories. 

Null Hypothesis

The hypothesis that describes the other possible outcome, that is, that your variables are not related, is the null hypothesis ( H0 ). Based on your findings, you choose between the two hypotheses—usually that means that if your prediction was correct, you reject the null hypothesis and accept the alternative. Make sure, however, that you are not getting lost at this step of the thinking process: If your prediction is that there will be no difference or change, then you are trying to find support for the null hypothesis and reject H1. 

Directional Hypothesis

While the null hypothesis is obviously “static”, the alternative hypothesis can specify a direction for the observed relationship between variables—for example, that mice with higher expression levels of a certain protein are more active than those with lower levels. This is then called a one-tailed hypothesis. 

Another example for a directional one-tailed alternative hypothesis would be that 

H1: Attending private classes before important exams has a positive effect on performance. 

Your null hypothesis would then be that

H0: Attending private classes before important exams has no/a negative effect on performance.

Nondirectional Hypothesis

A nondirectional hypothesis does not specify the direction of the potentially observed effect, only that there is a relationship between the studied variables—this is called a two-tailed hypothesis. For instance, if you are studying a new drug that has shown some effects on pathways involved in a certain condition (e.g., anxiety) in vitro in the lab, but you can’t say for sure whether it will have the same effects in an animal model or maybe induce other/side effects that you can’t predict and potentially increase anxiety levels instead, you could state the two hypotheses like this:

H1: The only lab-tested drug (somehow) affects anxiety levels in an anxiety mouse model.

You then test this nondirectional alternative hypothesis against the null hypothesis:

H0: The only lab-tested drug has no effect on anxiety levels in an anxiety mouse model.

How to Write a Hypothesis for a Research Paper

Now that we understand the important distinctions between different kinds of research hypotheses, let’s look at a simple process of how to write a hypothesis.

Writing a Hypothesis Step:1

Ask a question, based on earlier research. Research always starts with a question, but one that takes into account what is already known about a topic or phenomenon. For example, if you are interested in whether people who have pets are happier than those who don’t, do a literature search and find out what has already been demonstrated. You will probably realize that yes, there is quite a bit of research that shows a relationship between happiness and owning a pet—and even studies that show that owning a dog is more beneficial than owning a cat ! Let’s say you are so intrigued by this finding that you wonder: 

What is it that makes dog owners even happier than cat owners? 

Let’s move on to Step 2 and find an answer to that question.

Writing a Hypothesis Step 2:

Formulate a strong hypothesis by answering your own question. Again, you don’t want to make things up, take unicorns into account, or repeat/ignore what has already been done. Looking at the dog-vs-cat papers your literature search returned, you see that most studies are based on self-report questionnaires on personality traits, mental health, and life satisfaction. What you don’t find is any data on actual (mental or physical) health measures, and no experiments. You therefore decide to make a bold claim come up with the carefully thought-through hypothesis that it’s maybe the lifestyle of the dog owners, which includes walking their dog several times per day, engaging in fun and healthy activities such as agility competitions, and taking them on trips, that gives them that extra boost in happiness. You could therefore answer your question in the following way:

Dog owners are happier than cat owners because of the dog-related activities they engage in.

Now you have to verify that your hypothesis fulfills the two requirements we introduced at the beginning of this resource article: falsifiability and testability . If it can’t be wrong and can’t be tested, it’s not a hypothesis. We are lucky, however, because yes, we can test whether owning a dog but not engaging in any of those activities leads to lower levels of happiness or well-being than owning a dog and playing and running around with them or taking them on trips.  

Writing a Hypothesis Step 3:

Make your predictions and define your variables. We have verified that we can test our hypothesis, but now we have to define all the relevant variables, design our experiment or data analysis, and make precise predictions. You could, for example, decide to study dog owners (not surprising at this point), let them fill in questionnaires about their lifestyle as well as their life satisfaction (as other studies did), and then compare two groups of active and inactive dog owners. Alternatively, if you want to go beyond the data that earlier studies produced and analyzed and directly manipulate the activity level of your dog owners to study the effect of that manipulation, you could invite them to your lab, select groups of participants with similar lifestyles, make them change their lifestyle (e.g., couch potato dog owners start agility classes, very active ones have to refrain from any fun activities for a certain period of time) and assess their happiness levels before and after the intervention. In both cases, your independent variable would be “ level of engagement in fun activities with dog” and your dependent variable would be happiness or well-being . 

Examples of a Good and Bad Hypothesis

Let’s look at a few examples of good and bad hypotheses to get you started.

Good Hypothesis Examples

Bad Hypothesis Examples

Tips for Writing a Research Hypothesis

If you understood the distinction between a hypothesis and a prediction we made at the beginning of this article, then you will have no problem formulating your hypotheses and predictions correctly. To refresh your memory: We have to (1) look at existing evidence, (2) come up with a hypothesis, (3) make a prediction, and (4) design an experiment. For example, you could summarize your dog/happiness study like this:

(1) While research suggests that dog owners are happier than cat owners, there are no reports on what factors drive this difference. (2) We hypothesized that it is the fun activities that many dog owners (but very few cat owners) engage in with their pets that increases their happiness levels. (3) We thus predicted that preventing very active dog owners from engaging in such activities for some time and making very inactive dog owners take up such activities would lead to an increase and decrease in their overall self-ratings of happiness, respectively. (4) To test this, we invited dog owners into our lab, assessed their mental and emotional well-being through questionnaires, and then assigned them to an “active” and an “inactive” group, depending on… 

Note that you use “we hypothesize” only for your hypothesis, not for your experimental prediction, and “would” or “if – then” only for your prediction, not your hypothesis. A hypothesis that states that something “would” affect something else sounds as if you don’t have enough confidence to make a clear statement—in which case you can’t expect your readers to believe in your research either. Write in the present tense, don’t use modal verbs that express varying degrees of certainty (such as may, might, or could ), and remember that you are not drawing a conclusion while trying not to exaggerate but making a clear statement that you then, in a way, try to disprove . And if that happens, that is not something to fear but an important part of the scientific process.

Similarly, don’t use “we hypothesize” when you explain the implications of your research or make predictions in the conclusion section of your manuscript, since these are clearly not hypotheses in the true sense of the word. As we said earlier, you will find that many authors of academic articles do not seem to care too much about these rather subtle distinctions, but thinking very clearly about your own research will not only help you write better but also ensure that even that infamous Reviewer 2 will find fewer reasons to nitpick about your manuscript. 

Perfect Your Manuscript With Professional Editing

Now that you know how to write a strong research hypothesis for your research paper, you might be interested in our free AI Proofreader , Wordvice AI, which finds and fixes errors in grammar, punctuation, and word choice in academic texts. Or if you are interested in human proofreading , check out our English editing services , including research paper editing and manuscript editing .

On the Wordvice academic resources website , you can also find many more articles and other resources that can help you with writing the other parts of your research paper , with making a research paper outline before you put everything together, or with writing an effective cover letter once you are ready to submit.

Examples of “Hypothesis” In A Sentence

The hypothesis is a very important part of doing science and thinking carefully. It is like the strong supporting structure of a building for the process of research. A hypothesis is a clever guess or idea that can be tested to see if it is true or not. It helps us understand things or predict what might happen. In this article, we will look at many examples of ‘hypothesis’ in sentences .

Table of Contents

Sentences with Hypothesis

• Hypothesis : The sun rises in the east.
• They formulated a null hypothesis to compare against the alternative.
• We need to revise the original hypothesis .
• They discussed the hypothesis with colleagues in their field.
• They formulated competing hypotheses to compare and contrast the findings.
• The students generated multiple hypotheses for their investigation.
• The hypothesis was generated from observations.
• The hypothesis is the starting point of scientific investigation.
• The researchers tested the hypothesis using various methodologies.
• We need to investigate the hypothesis
• The hypothesis needs more evidence to be proven.
• The hypothesis was rejected due to flaws in the experimental design.
• They tested the hypothesis using computer simulations.
• The team tested the hypothesis using advanced technology.
• The hypothesis was derived from logical reasoning.
• They conducted surveys to gather data for their hypotheses .
• They proposed alternative hypotheses for further exploration.
• The hypothesis was consistent with data from other studies.
• The hypothesis was based on logical reasoning.
• The hypothesis was supported by the statistical analysis.

Sentences with “Hypothesis”

• The hypothesis was proven incorrect.
• The hypothesis was rejected due to lack of evidence.
• They discussed the hypothesis with their peers.
• The hypothesis was proposed based on logical deductions.
• The hypothesis was validated through rigorous peer review.
• The team discussed potential hypotheses during brainstorming sessions.
• They discussed the limitations of their hypothesis
• The students proposed various hypotheses for the investigation.
• The hypothesis was confirmed by independent replication studies.
• The students formed testable hypotheses for their projects.
• They used a control group to test their hypothesis .
• The hypothesis was formulated as a cause-and-effect relationship.
• The hypothesis was supported by the literature review.
• Scientists test their hypotheses through experiments.
• The hypothesis was proposed based on observations in nature.
• They analyzed the data to validate the hypothesis .
• They designed the experiment to test the hypothesis
• The hypothesis was based on previous research findings.
• They revised the hypothesis based on constructive feedback.
• They presented their hypotheses at a research symposium.
• They conducted experiments to test their hypotheses .
• The hypothesis was supported by a large and diverse sample.
• The researchers tested the hypothesis using a variety of methodologies.
• They conducted surveys to gather data that supported their hypothesis .
• The team formulated new hypotheses for future investigations.
• The hypothesis was consistent with experimental results.

“Hypothesis” Use in Sentence

• They discussed the implications of the hypothesis on their field.
• The researchers discussed the implications of their hypotheses .
• The hypothesis was derived from careful observation and analysis.
• The team developed alternative hypotheses for further investigation.
• They presented their hypotheses to the research community.
• The hypothesis was based on a comprehensive review of the literature.
• The hypothesis was supported by strong logical reasoning.
• They discussed the implications of their hypothesis for future research.
• The hypothesis was based on a well-established scientific theory.
• The researchers tested their hypotheses using different methodologies.
• The hypothesis was supported by empirical evidence.
• The researchers evaluated their hypotheses
• The hypothesis was disproven by contradictory evidence.
• The researchers discussed the limitations of their hypotheses .
• The hypothesis was based on a well-established theory.
• The hypothesis was supported by a large sample size.
• The hypothesis was consistent with patterns observed in nature.
• They proposed new hypotheses for future investigation.
• The hypothesis was confirmed by the results of the study.
• The hypothesis guided the research process.
• The hypothesis was supported by strong scientific consensus.
• The hypothesis was rejected due to methodological limitations.
• The researchers proposed several hypotheses to explain the phenomenon.
• The hypothesis was confirmed by multiple researchers in the field.
• The hypothesis was validated through multiple studies.

Sentences Using “Hypothesis”

• The researchers conducted experiments to test their hypotheses .
• The hypothesis was based on observations from nature.
• The hypothesis was supported by a wide range of evidence.
• They formed competing hypotheses to compare.
• Scientists often revise their hypotheses based on new data.
• They conducted experiments to support their hypotheses .
• The team discussed their hypothesis during the meeting.
• The students discussed their hypotheses in class.
• They developed a new hypothesis based on recent findings.
• They discussed the hypothesis with other experts in the field.
• The hypothesis was supported by a significant p-value.
• The hypothesis was generated from real-world observations.
• Mary’s hypothesis was supported by the data.
• They tested their hypotheses across different populations.
• The researchers tested multiple hypotheses to find the answer.
• They presented their hypothesis at a scientific conference.
• The hypothesis was supported by strong evidence.
• They presented their hypotheses in a clear and concise manner.
• The researchers proposed a working hypothesis to start their study.
• The team discussed the hypothesis during the brainstorming session.
• The researchers proposed different hypotheses for the observed behavior.
• The hypothesis is a crucial part of any scientific study.
• The hypothesis was refuted by the experimental results.

“Hypothesis” Sentences Examples

• We need to gather more data to test the hypothesis .
• The hypothesis was consistent with existing theories.
• The hypothesis was supported by a strong theoretical framework.
• The hypothesis was based on previous studies.
• They formulated a null hypothesis as the default assumption.
• The hypothesis was consistent with theoretical predictions.
• The hypothesis was based on prior knowledge.
• The hypothesis was supported by strong experimental data.
• The team formed a new hypothesis after analyzing the data.
• The hypothesis was consistent with the findings of previous studies.
• The hypothesis was rejected due to methodological flaws.
• The hypothesis was proven right after extensive testing.
• The hypothesis was consistent with real-world observations.
• The team tested their hypothesis in different conditions.
• The hypothesis was consistent with the predictions.
• The students generated their hypotheses for the experiment.
• The hypothesis was confirmed by multiple independent studies.
• The hypothesis was tested using a randomized controlled trial.
• They formulated a null hypothesis to compare against.
• The hypothesis was based on inductive reasoning.
• The hypothesis was validated through repeated experiments.
• The hypothesis guided the design of the experiment.
• They used statistical analysis to validate the hypothesis .
• The researchers discussed the implications of their hypothesis on society.
• They revised the hypothesis based on feedback from experts.
• The hypothesis was confirmed by expert analysis.
• Hypotheses are essential in the scientific method.
• Lisa proposed an interesting hypothesis for her project.
• They analyzed the data to support their hypothesis .
• The hypothesis was supported by compelling arguments.
• They conducted interviews to explore their hypotheses .

Use “Hypothesis” In A Sentence

• Sarah formulated a new hypothesis for her research.
• The hypothesis was confirmed by the experiment.
• The hypothesis was generated from prior observations.
• They conducted surveys to test their hypotheses .
• The hypothesis was supported by well-documented experimental results.
• The hypothesis was supported by strong correlations.
• The hypothesis was proposed after reviewing the literature.
• They proposed a working hypothesis to guide their study.
• The hypothesis was consistent with the observed results.
• They proposed alternative hypotheses for future exploration.
• The hypothesis was validated through rigorous statistical methods.
• The researchers tested their hypotheses
• John’s hypothesis led to groundbreaking discoveries.
• The hypothesis was supported by statistical significance.
• The researchers formulated a null hypothesis to compare against.
• The hypothesis was supported by theoretical predictions.
• They formed competing hypotheses to compare and contrast.
• The hypothesis was consistent with historical data.
• The hypothesis was supported by multiple lines of evidence.
• The hypothesis was revised based on feedback from reviewers.
• The scientists formulated a specific hypothesis to test.
• The hypothesis was based on empirical data.

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Definition of hypothesis

Did you know.

The Difference Between Hypothesis and Theory

A hypothesis is an assumption, an idea that is proposed for the sake of argument so that it can be tested to see if it might be true.

In the scientific method, the hypothesis is constructed before any applicable research has been done, apart from a basic background review. You ask a question, read up on what has been studied before, and then form a hypothesis.

A hypothesis is usually tentative; it's an assumption or suggestion made strictly for the objective of being tested.

A theory , in contrast, is a principle that has been formed as an attempt to explain things that have already been substantiated by data. It is used in the names of a number of principles accepted in the scientific community, such as the Big Bang Theory . Because of the rigors of experimentation and control, it is understood to be more likely to be true than a hypothesis is.

In non-scientific use, however, hypothesis and theory are often used interchangeably to mean simply an idea, speculation, or hunch, with theory being the more common choice.

Since this casual use does away with the distinctions upheld by the scientific community, hypothesis and theory are prone to being wrongly interpreted even when they are encountered in scientific contexts—or at least, contexts that allude to scientific study without making the critical distinction that scientists employ when weighing hypotheses and theories.

The most common occurrence is when theory is interpreted—and sometimes even gleefully seized upon—to mean something having less truth value than other scientific principles. (The word law applies to principles so firmly established that they are almost never questioned, such as the law of gravity.)

This mistake is one of projection: since we use theory in general to mean something lightly speculated, then it's implied that scientists must be talking about the same level of uncertainty when they use theory to refer to their well-tested and reasoned principles.

The distinction has come to the forefront particularly on occasions when the content of science curricula in schools has been challenged—notably, when a school board in Georgia put stickers on textbooks stating that evolution was "a theory, not a fact, regarding the origin of living things." As Kenneth R. Miller, a cell biologist at Brown University, has said , a theory "doesn’t mean a hunch or a guess. A theory is a system of explanations that ties together a whole bunch of facts. It not only explains those facts, but predicts what you ought to find from other observations and experiments.”

While theories are never completely infallible, they form the basis of scientific reasoning because, as Miller said "to the best of our ability, we’ve tested them, and they’ve held up."

• proposition
• supposition

hypothesis , theory , law mean a formula derived by inference from scientific data that explains a principle operating in nature.

hypothesis implies insufficient evidence to provide more than a tentative explanation.

theory implies a greater range of evidence and greater likelihood of truth.

law implies a statement of order and relation in nature that has been found to be invariable under the same conditions.

Examples of hypothesis in a Sentence

These examples are programmatically compiled from various online sources to illustrate current usage of the word 'hypothesis.' Any opinions expressed in the examples do not represent those of Merriam-Webster or its editors. Send us feedback about these examples.

Word History

Greek, from hypotithenai to put under, suppose, from hypo- + tithenai to put — more at do

1641, in the meaning defined at sense 1a

Phrases Containing hypothesis

• counter - hypothesis
• nebular hypothesis
• null hypothesis
• planetesimal hypothesis
• Whorfian hypothesis

Articles Related to hypothesis

This is the Difference Between a...

This is the Difference Between a Hypothesis and a Theory

In scientific reasoning, they're two completely different things

Dictionary Entries Near hypothesis

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hypothesize

Cite this Entry

“Hypothesis.” Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary , Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hypothesis. Accessed 2 Sep. 2024.

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• How to Write a Strong Hypothesis | Guide & Examples

How to Write a Strong Hypothesis | Guide & Examples

Published on 6 May 2022 by Shona McCombes .

A hypothesis is a statement that can be tested by scientific research. If you want to test a relationship between two or more variables, you need to write hypotheses before you start your experiment or data collection.

Table of contents

What is a hypothesis, developing a hypothesis (with example), hypothesis examples, frequently asked questions about writing hypotheses.

A hypothesis states your predictions about what your research will find. It is a tentative answer to your research question that has not yet been tested. For some research projects, you might have to write several hypotheses that address different aspects of your research question.

A hypothesis is not just a guess – it should be based on existing theories and knowledge. It also has to be testable, which means you can support or refute it through scientific research methods (such as experiments, observations, and statistical analysis of data).

Variables in hypotheses

Hypotheses propose a relationship between two or more variables . An independent variable is something the researcher changes or controls. A dependent variable is something the researcher observes and measures.

In this example, the independent variable is exposure to the sun – the assumed cause . The dependent variable is the level of happiness – the assumed effect .

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Step 1: ask a question.

Writing a hypothesis begins with a research question that you want to answer. The question should be focused, specific, and researchable within the constraints of your project.

Step 2: Do some preliminary research

Your initial answer to the question should be based on what is already known about the topic. Look for theories and previous studies to help you form educated assumptions about what your research will find.

At this stage, you might construct a conceptual framework to identify which variables you will study and what you think the relationships are between them. Sometimes, you’ll have to operationalise more complex constructs.

Step 3: Formulate your hypothesis

Now you should have some idea of what you expect to find. Write your initial answer to the question in a clear, concise sentence.

Step 4: Refine your hypothesis

You need to make sure your hypothesis is specific and testable. There are various ways of phrasing a hypothesis, but all the terms you use should have clear definitions, and the hypothesis should contain:

• The relevant variables
• The specific group being studied
• The predicted outcome of the experiment or analysis

Step 5: Phrase your hypothesis in three ways

To identify the variables, you can write a simple prediction in if … then form. The first part of the sentence states the independent variable and the second part states the dependent variable.

In academic research, hypotheses are more commonly phrased in terms of correlations or effects, where you directly state the predicted relationship between variables.

If you are comparing two groups, the hypothesis can state what difference you expect to find between them.

Step 6. Write a null hypothesis

If your research involves statistical hypothesis testing , you will also have to write a null hypothesis. The null hypothesis is the default position that there is no association between the variables. The null hypothesis is written as H 0 , while the alternative hypothesis is H 1 or H a .

Hypothesis testing is a formal procedure for investigating our ideas about the world using statistics. It is used by scientists to test specific predictions, called hypotheses , by calculating how likely it is that a pattern or relationship between variables could have arisen by chance.

A hypothesis is not just a guess. It should be based on existing theories and knowledge. It also has to be testable, which means you can support or refute it through scientific research methods (such as experiments, observations, and statistical analysis of data).

A research hypothesis is your proposed answer to your research question. The research hypothesis usually includes an explanation (‘ x affects y because …’).

A statistical hypothesis, on the other hand, is a mathematical statement about a population parameter. Statistical hypotheses always come in pairs: the null and alternative hypotheses. In a well-designed study , the statistical hypotheses correspond logically to the research hypothesis.

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McCombes, S. (2022, May 06). How to Write a Strong Hypothesis | Guide & Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved 2 September 2024, from https://www.scribbr.co.uk/research-methods/hypothesis-writing/

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How to Write a Great Hypothesis

Hypothesis Definition, Format, Examples, and Tips

Verywell / Alex Dos Diaz

• The Scientific Method

Hypothesis Format

Falsifiability of a hypothesis.

• Operationalization

Hypothesis Types

Hypotheses examples.

• Collecting Data

A hypothesis is a tentative statement about the relationship between two or more variables. It is a specific, testable prediction about what you expect to happen in a study. It is a preliminary answer to your question that helps guide the research process.

Consider a study designed to examine the relationship between sleep deprivation and test performance. The hypothesis might be: "This study is designed to assess the hypothesis that sleep-deprived people will perform worse on a test than individuals who are not sleep-deprived."

At a Glance

A hypothesis is crucial to scientific research because it offers a clear direction for what the researchers are looking to find. This allows them to design experiments to test their predictions and add to our scientific knowledge about the world. This article explores how a hypothesis is used in psychology research, how to write a good hypothesis, and the different types of hypotheses you might use.

The Hypothesis in the Scientific Method

In the scientific method , whether it involves research in psychology, biology, or some other area, a hypothesis represents what the researchers think will happen in an experiment. The scientific method involves the following steps:

• Forming a question
• Performing background research
• Creating a hypothesis
• Designing an experiment
• Collecting data
• Analyzing the results
• Drawing conclusions
• Communicating the results

The hypothesis is a prediction, but it involves more than a guess. Most of the time, the hypothesis begins with a question which is then explored through background research. At this point, researchers then begin to develop a testable hypothesis.

Unless you are creating an exploratory study, your hypothesis should always explain what you  expect  to happen.

In a study exploring the effects of a particular drug, the hypothesis might be that researchers expect the drug to have some type of effect on the symptoms of a specific illness. In psychology, the hypothesis might focus on how a certain aspect of the environment might influence a particular behavior.

Remember, a hypothesis does not have to be correct. While the hypothesis predicts what the researchers expect to see, the goal of the research is to determine whether this guess is right or wrong. When conducting an experiment, researchers might explore numerous factors to determine which ones might contribute to the ultimate outcome.

In many cases, researchers may find that the results of an experiment  do not  support the original hypothesis. When writing up these results, the researchers might suggest other options that should be explored in future studies.

In many cases, researchers might draw a hypothesis from a specific theory or build on previous research. For example, prior research has shown that stress can impact the immune system. So a researcher might hypothesize: "People with high-stress levels will be more likely to contract a common cold after being exposed to the virus than people who have low-stress levels."

In other instances, researchers might look at commonly held beliefs or folk wisdom. "Birds of a feather flock together" is one example of folk adage that a psychologist might try to investigate. The researcher might pose a specific hypothesis that "People tend to select romantic partners who are similar to them in interests and educational level."

Elements of a Good Hypothesis

So how do you write a good hypothesis? When trying to come up with a hypothesis for your research or experiments, ask yourself the following questions:

• Is your hypothesis based on your research on a topic?
• Can your hypothesis be tested?
• Does your hypothesis include independent and dependent variables?

Before you come up with a specific hypothesis, spend some time doing background research. Once you have completed a literature review, start thinking about potential questions you still have. Pay attention to the discussion section in the  journal articles you read . Many authors will suggest questions that still need to be explored.

How to Formulate a Good Hypothesis

To form a hypothesis, you should take these steps:

• Collect as many observations about a topic or problem as you can.
• Evaluate these observations and look for possible causes of the problem.
• Create a list of possible explanations that you might want to explore.
• After you have developed some possible hypotheses, think of ways that you could confirm or disprove each hypothesis through experimentation. This is known as falsifiability.

In the scientific method ,  falsifiability is an important part of any valid hypothesis. In order to test a claim scientifically, it must be possible that the claim could be proven false.

Students sometimes confuse the idea of falsifiability with the idea that it means that something is false, which is not the case. What falsifiability means is that  if  something was false, then it is possible to demonstrate that it is false.

One of the hallmarks of pseudoscience is that it makes claims that cannot be refuted or proven false.

The Importance of Operational Definitions

A variable is a factor or element that can be changed and manipulated in ways that are observable and measurable. However, the researcher must also define how the variable will be manipulated and measured in the study.

Operational definitions are specific definitions for all relevant factors in a study. This process helps make vague or ambiguous concepts detailed and measurable.

For example, a researcher might operationally define the variable " test anxiety " as the results of a self-report measure of anxiety experienced during an exam. A "study habits" variable might be defined by the amount of studying that actually occurs as measured by time.

These precise descriptions are important because many things can be measured in various ways. Clearly defining these variables and how they are measured helps ensure that other researchers can replicate your results.

Replicability

One of the basic principles of any type of scientific research is that the results must be replicable.

Replication means repeating an experiment in the same way to produce the same results. By clearly detailing the specifics of how the variables were measured and manipulated, other researchers can better understand the results and repeat the study if needed.

Some variables are more difficult than others to define. For example, how would you operationally define a variable such as aggression ? For obvious ethical reasons, researchers cannot create a situation in which a person behaves aggressively toward others.

To measure this variable, the researcher must devise a measurement that assesses aggressive behavior without harming others. The researcher might utilize a simulated task to measure aggressiveness in this situation.

Hypothesis Checklist

• Does your hypothesis focus on something that you can actually test?
• Does your hypothesis include both an independent and dependent variable?
• Can you manipulate the variables?
• Can your hypothesis be tested without violating ethical standards?

The hypothesis you use will depend on what you are investigating and hoping to find. Some of the main types of hypotheses that you might use include:

• Simple hypothesis : This type of hypothesis suggests there is a relationship between one independent variable and one dependent variable.
• Complex hypothesis : This type suggests a relationship between three or more variables, such as two independent and dependent variables.
• Null hypothesis : This hypothesis suggests no relationship exists between two or more variables.
• Alternative hypothesis : This hypothesis states the opposite of the null hypothesis.
• Statistical hypothesis : This hypothesis uses statistical analysis to evaluate a representative population sample and then generalizes the findings to the larger group.
• Logical hypothesis : This hypothesis assumes a relationship between variables without collecting data or evidence.

A hypothesis often follows a basic format of "If {this happens} then {this will happen}." One way to structure your hypothesis is to describe what will happen to the  dependent variable  if you change the  independent variable .

The basic format might be: "If {these changes are made to a certain independent variable}, then we will observe {a change in a specific dependent variable}."

A few examples of simple hypotheses:

• "Students who eat breakfast will perform better on a math exam than students who do not eat breakfast."
• "Students who experience test anxiety before an English exam will get lower scores than students who do not experience test anxiety."​
• "Motorists who talk on the phone while driving will be more likely to make errors on a driving course than those who do not talk on the phone."
• "Children who receive a new reading intervention will have higher reading scores than students who do not receive the intervention."

Examples of a complex hypothesis include:

• "People with high-sugar diets and sedentary activity levels are more likely to develop depression."
• "Younger people who are regularly exposed to green, outdoor areas have better subjective well-being than older adults who have limited exposure to green spaces."

Examples of a null hypothesis include:

• "There is no difference in anxiety levels between people who take St. John's wort supplements and those who do not."
• "There is no difference in scores on a memory recall task between children and adults."
• "There is no difference in aggression levels between children who play first-person shooter games and those who do not."

Examples of an alternative hypothesis:

• "People who take St. John's wort supplements will have less anxiety than those who do not."
• "Adults will perform better on a memory task than children."
• "Children who play first-person shooter games will show higher levels of aggression than children who do not." 

Collecting Data on Your Hypothesis

Once a researcher has formed a testable hypothesis, the next step is to select a research design and start collecting data. The research method depends largely on exactly what they are studying. There are two basic types of research methods: descriptive research and experimental research.

Descriptive Research Methods

Descriptive research such as  case studies ,  naturalistic observations , and surveys are often used when  conducting an experiment is difficult or impossible. These methods are best used to describe different aspects of a behavior or psychological phenomenon.

Once a researcher has collected data using descriptive methods, a  correlational study  can examine how the variables are related. This research method might be used to investigate a hypothesis that is difficult to test experimentally.

Experimental Research Methods

Experimental methods  are used to demonstrate causal relationships between variables. In an experiment, the researcher systematically manipulates a variable of interest (known as the independent variable) and measures the effect on another variable (known as the dependent variable).

Unlike correlational studies, which can only be used to determine if there is a relationship between two variables, experimental methods can be used to determine the actual nature of the relationship—whether changes in one variable actually  cause  another to change.

The hypothesis is a critical part of any scientific exploration. It represents what researchers expect to find in a study or experiment. In situations where the hypothesis is unsupported by the research, the research still has value. Such research helps us better understand how different aspects of the natural world relate to one another. It also helps us develop new hypotheses that can then be tested in the future.

Thompson WH, Skau S. On the scope of scientific hypotheses .  R Soc Open Sci . 2023;10(8):230607. doi:10.1098/rsos.230607

Taran S, Adhikari NKJ, Fan E. Falsifiability in medicine: what clinicians can learn from Karl Popper [published correction appears in Intensive Care Med. 2021 Jun 17;:].  Intensive Care Med . 2021;47(9):1054-1056. doi:10.1007/s00134-021-06432-z

Eyler AA. Research Methods for Public Health . 1st ed. Springer Publishing Company; 2020. doi:10.1891/9780826182067.0004

Nosek BA, Errington TM. What is replication ?  PLoS Biol . 2020;18(3):e3000691. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.3000691

Aggarwal R, Ranganathan P. Study designs: Part 2 - Descriptive studies .  Perspect Clin Res . 2019;10(1):34-36. doi:10.4103/picr.PICR_154_18

Nevid J. Psychology: Concepts and Applications. Wadworth, 2013.

By Kendra Cherry, MSEd Kendra Cherry, MS, is a psychosocial rehabilitation specialist, psychology educator, and author of the "Everything Psychology Book."

Hypothesis in a Sentence  🔊

Definition of Hypothesis

a proposed explanation or theory that is studied through scientific testing

Examples of Hypothesis in a sentence

The scientist’s hypothesis did not stand up, since research data was inconsistent with his guess.  🔊

Each student gave a hypothesis and theorized which plant would grow the tallest during the study.  🔊

A hypothesis was presented by the panel, giving a likely explanation for why the trial medicine didn’t seem to have much of an effect on the patients.  🔊

During the study, the researcher changed her hypothesis to a new assumption that fit with current data.  🔊

To confirm his hypothesis on why the dolphin wasn’t eating, the marine biologists did several tests over a week’s time.  🔊

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What's the opposite of Meaning of the word Words that rhyme with Sentences with the word Translate to Find Words Use * for blank tiles (max 2) Use * for blank spaces Find the of Pronounce the word in Find Names     Appearance ✓ Use device theme   ✓ Dark theme ✓ Light theme in a sentence ? Here are some examples. is incoherent for deep metaphysical and empirical reasons. To test this could throw useful light on seasonal regulation of northern insects. In 1915, with his theory of general relativity, Einstein extended this to include gravitation. Democracies work well, and my is that this is because people in the mass have a different kind of intelligence at work. To test this , we established 20 X 30 m field plots of lima beans with many pods and with few pods. However, this has never been systematically tested using mortuary data from sites representing this time period. Saccheri then studied the of the acute angle and derived many theorems of non-Euclidean geometry without realising what he was doing. They may not have given sufficient weight to two other factors, one an arguable and the other a central fact of British politics. This NY Times article describes Dr. Amar J. S. Klar's that there is a specific dominant gene that causes right-handedness. Einstein used Planck's quantum to describe the electromagnetic radiation of light. For, even by his simplistic , it is difficult to tell in which half Floyd lies. You start with the that an applicant is serving a life sentence. One of my objections to the has been that it's hard to rationalize, mechanistically. My hypothesis that the watch is in your pocket because you stole it, is not an ad hoc . According to the heterotroph , hydrogen was not a chief component of the atmosphere when life began. This provides a rationale for a respecting adstrate development in the area. Further data of the energetic cost of breeding for males and females of other ratite species would be valuable for testing that . They do not lend themselves, as entities or wholes, to scientific testing. This contradicts the view that people fight to secure control over environmental riches. Where the influence of a stream or river is possible, even of short duration, that should be considered. If you're looking for a , it may be interesting to document how different antenna lengths impact radio reception. The segmented market explains the yield curve's shape in terms of relative supply and demand for securities at different maturities. This needs to be tested by using long acting and short acting antimalarials and studying their effect on immune responses. With the growth of anatomical knowledge, the literal of the morbidly wandering womb became increasingly untenable. Evolutionary biologists call this phenomenon, in which an organism evolves just to stay in place, the Red Queen . This, of course, is all debatable as well, but it at least seems like a working . Take the case of accepting something as a working or for the sake of argument. The wrangler has no to establish or no concern for truth but the only aim is to create doubt regarding well established facts. Our secondary was that relapse rates would be same in the two treatment regimens. Our data support the that bone lead may be mobilized during pregnancy and lactation. Our study supports the of allogenic coexistence of American beech and sugar maple in Warren Woods. This phylogenetic had been held valid until it was recently reinvestigated. But detailed examination of Yanomami ecology failed to support Harris's . If, however, we adopt the second , we have to inquire only as to the relation between cause and effect. We used the test with Yates's correction to avoid spurious rejection of the null when expectations are too small. I pondered the significance of this statement before agreeing, yes, his may prove correct. She had covered most of the distance when the light turned amber, then green, thus confirming her . This has led to the that this treatment may be helpful in dampening that lateralized hyperexcitability. In other work, I have used the inverted spectrum as an argument against functionalism and representationism. This study supported the that plateau zokor kept their gut capacity stable in the natural environment. Thus, testing the developed in this paper remains a future research objective. Our results provide further support for the that the male genital tract may serve as a reservoir of HPV infection. A third is that depression occurs through the same biologic mechanisms as the underlying disease. Nonetheless, the circadian clock of plants is currently being dissected and this evidence may be helpful for formation. Scientists can't check Ohno's by watching the DVD of the Y's life story, complete with quadraphonic sound. This well explains why even the same cave has different patterns of calving and different chisel marks. The foregoing is not to say that Newton does not appreciate the fact that a phylogenetic can be important in biogeography. He concluded that the only tenable for the horse's abilities was that the horse was telepathic. I think I mostly agree with Chris's , albeit with a couple of important qualifications. Although these results do not definitively pinpoint the source of the steps, they confirm the earlier that shortening is quantal. Carried to its extreme, this suggests that at one time all the matter of the universe was compacted together. If this should be mistaken, there still remains a curious mystery here. During a short tea break, Dyson had connected quantum physics with the Riemann . All that was necessary to test that was to get on a ship and go to one of these uncharted areas and see. There are some other small details militating against the jogging . Finally, we propose a biogeographical of speciation events within the N. mediocris species complex. According to this , the profit was to be found in the saving in transport and tariffs. These ideas were largely a carry over from Edward Forbes in the late 1800's, who proposed the azoic for the deep sea. A long-discredited to explain this holds that substituting carbs and sugar for fat is a bad trade-off. The other major invokes particle charging interactions of either an inductive or microphysical nature. Ostrom introduced the cursorial predator of the origin of avian flight. In part, the involved tiny grains of the naturally magnetic mineral magnetite, which is commonly found in basalt. Unlike my , she speaks in her baroque and breathless way not only when upset or anxious but also when she is up and effusive. It is a simple chemical, and a viable is that autointoxication by similar molecules may cause sporadic diseases. The is that autistics fail at holistic processing of an image, instead remaining focused on its individual parts. In this , the silts form by aeolian abrasion and attrition of sand grains and by rock-weathering processes. Confirming Frank's involves not only undercooling the right material, but also measuring its atomic structure. The analysis presented here shows that filling in some blanks in the current matrix will not overturn the optimal it supports. Furthermore, our measurements of 10 atm of adhesion pressure strongly contradict the suction . The of this study was that variation in observed plant associations were correlated with variations in soil properties. However, he insisted that figure was a and that the final toll was not expected for several weeks. A possible is that he and his allies did not reveal the existence of 60 Armalite rifles to the IRA's Belfast Brigade leaders. Voltinism bears on the , especially in regard to T2 species, in two respects. It is biogeochemistry that lends substance to the that Ediacaran and Cambrian faunas are separated by mass extinction. Other studies also have concluded that tissue allocation does not adequately explain control of growth of Arctic geese. The idea was to test his exchange rate in a tightly specified model. This is based on lithological variations in lacustrine rocks from eastern China, but there is a large degree of uncertainty with this . This biogenetic indicates an alternative pathway to produce these metabolites, leading to a new class of indole alkaloids. If evidence is to be found to support such a , it will be by examining patterns of genomic organization. Therefore, the collapse is not self-consistent with the initial scaling and consequently is incorrect. However, such a is again unable to explain the selective maintenance of alleles in humans. The multidimensionality of racial identity and its impact on the various communication dimensions of classroom learning led to the following research question and . To test this in the two fossil species, I measured eight aspects of 60 astragali from UCMP locality 1100, the type locality of S. nevadanus. For the most part, these questions should be held in abeyance until other researchers either validate or disprove the outlined in the present study. One is the dual coding that imaginal and verbal codes are mnemonically independent and, therefore, additive in their effects on item memory. The first assumes that triploidy is associated with the origin of parthenogenesis and that both diploid and tetraploid parthenogenetic forms are derived. Similarly, the initial is often way off base and this subtly drives home the fact that whilst these people are supremely good at their jobs, no one is perfect. The results of analysis of the amphimictic progenies confirmed the proposed earlier that the development of black patches in koi is controlled by one dominant gene. The present paper investigates the that accumulation of metal ions from soils by terricolous mosses is important in ameliorating SO 2 toxicity. Furthermore, in no other lepospondyl is the parietal foramen found on the parietal-postparietal suture, as would be required following McGinnis' . A few years ago, some molecular embryology data on amphioxus have revived the long forgotten that the ancestor of coelomates was a segmented animal. He developed a for their formation called pediplanation in which slopes retreat parallel, leaving behind a series of generally flat surfaces separated by scarps. Another, more speculative is that perhaps fungi, which live within the roots of many distantly related plants, served as a conduit for the jumping genes. A popular theory is the Red Queen , named after the Lewis Carroll character who tells Alice that she must keep running simply to stay in the same place. This result is contrary to our that the pollination-dependent detrimental fitness effects of clipping were caused by increased self-pollination in damaged plants. The Minoans were not Greek and spoke the Cypriot language and so the established was that there was some relation between Linear A and B and the Cypriot script. There are many objections to this , but it may explain why the hazards of cardiovascular risk are synergistic or multiplicative rather than just additive. A third is based on the idea that resident and migratory species may use different strategies to acquire territories and breeding opportunities. According to the proponents of the silvicultural , several processes combined to make forests increasingly vulnerable to budworm outbreaks. Bloom says we ought to think of truth as resembling a scientific that helps us hold together our bits of knowledge. Though researchers have struggled to understand exactly what contributes to this gender difference, Dr. Rohan has one . He talks with doctors and scientists who study cognition, and cites a raft of research that bolsters his . An alternative was suggested to me years ago by a veteran China-watcher. The angle between Mars and the line of apsides is greater than 90 degrees in the unbisected vicarious , and less than 90 degrees in the bisected version. In yet another scenario, the so-called binary planet, or co-accretion, , the Earth and the Moon all formed at the same time by the accretion of small bodies. It can be used as an approximative measure of support for one or the other model and, therefore, allows estimating the evidence in favor of one or the other . So if the zombie is correct, physicalism is false. This is in accord with rational choice theory, which suggests that criminals think rationally and strategically to accrue the benefits of their crime. There were no accurate measurements of the weather to call upon during this time but the discovery and colonization of Greenland by Eric the Red supports this . Old, numerous and bipartisan are the tales that corroborate this dreary . To test this , the researchers drilled a series of wells downstream from where they dripped the acetate and periodically took water samples. One is that they actually alter the chemical composition of the atmosphere, thus playing a role in ozone depletion and the climate on Earth. I'll float the even if I don't hold with it for one moment. So there's no evidence, mechanistically, on either side of the . Finding that the isotopes of neon have atomic weights that are whole numbers vindicated Prout's that hydrogen was the basis for all the elements. For the latter taxa, an alternative would imply the iterative invasion of shelf habitats by morphologically conservative populations from shallow refugia. Their is that watching excessive amounts of television reduces a person's ability to concentrate. However, the style of the ascriptions of works to Philips in the section devoted to instrumental works may be an important clue in support of the . In spite of its arbitrariness, that had a singular fortune, for it dominated Western thought in one form or another almost until the eighteenth century. The scientist James Lovelock named his influential theory of global interconnectedness the gaia after her. Again, the bioacoustic idea is still a , one that has to be carefully tested in a lab. As early as 1850, however, a new of the rat's origins was beginning to develop. A coastal east Asian source population is integral to the marine migration . The is based on similarities between European Solutrean and Clovis lithic technologies. However, a 2008 article in the American Journal of Human Genetics by researchers in Brazil took up the argument against the Solutrean . It is described as possibly being the oldest art object yet found in the Americas and may yet provide hope for the Solutrean . Professional historians contend that Zheng He reached the eastern coast of Africa, and dismiss Menzies's as entirely without proof. On the second question, no definite consensus has been formed, and the intentional discovery lacks solid proof. Modern historians reject this , which is sustained by no archeological evidence. Birds were also widely used in studies of the niche and Georgii Gause's competitive exclusion principle. This hypothesis is generally less accepted than the previous , but nonetheless provides a possible alternative. One is that humans hunted large mammals, such as the woolly mammoth, into extinction. At present, we can take as a that Europeans have more Neandertal ancestry than Asians. The most vocal proponent of the hybridization is Erik Trinkaus of Washington University. Ever since its initial description, the actinic physiopathogenic has been debated by many authors. This however contradicts another supported by some researchers saying the Veleti moved westward from the Vistula delta. Another is that the rulers of Charax had expansionist designs on Parthian Babylon, giving them a rationale for alliance with Trajan. According to this the Geats would have not only resided in southern Sweden but also in Jutland, where Beowulf would have lived. This is still accepted among many historians, but has been the subject of scholarly debate in the 21st century. Our view relies on a plenitudinous metaphysics to which we are antecedently sympathetic, and adds to it one bold . The Sonderweg attributed Germany's difficult 20th century to the weak political, legal, and economic basis of the new empire. Haeckel argued that humans were closely related to the primates of Southeast Asia and rejected Darwin's of Africa. This also generates and stimulates ideas and perhaps further research. This and the analyses of data that it rests upon have received serious criticism. Though no direct evidence of mammoth hunting has been found, today this is not considered as a valid observation to discard any . This has been confirmed by further more recent studies, which refined this somewhat. The of generative grammar is that language is a structure of the human mind. Other theories include the Anatolian , the Armenia , the Paleolithic Continuity Theory, and the indigenous Aryans theory. The Middle English creole argues that English is itself a creole. If this is untrue, the creole with the largest number of speakers is Haitian Creole, with almost ten million native speakers. The consequences of accepting the pseudonymy hypothesis are similar to those of accepting the forgery . There is a that the contrast between fortis and lenis consonants is related to the contrast between voiceless and voiced consonants. For illustrations of different analyses of noun phrases depending on whether the DP is rejected or accepted, see the next section. The second tree assumes the DP , namely that determiners rather than nouns serve as phrase heads. We realize what Archimedes had only in , weighting a single grain against the globe of earth. The value of given data can and must be judged regardless of the they are supposed to support or refudiate. Thus, any event in the rejection region leads to rejection of the null . This has been refuted by studies showing that air and water are not absorbed. Recently enacted three-strikes laws in several states similarly provide an opportunity to test the deterrence . In the past, I think the that many have held is that anemia causes radiobiologically significant hypoxia. The efficient market keeps a relation with the random walk theory. The results of the experiment did not support his . This supports the broad that many of the neurodevelopmental disorders are, to a certain extent, aetiologically linked. Only on the that what is learnt in one generation is remembered by the next, can there be any feeling of againness or of expectancy. To test my , I created a wind tunnel and wind mill to measure the different blades' power output. My is that the symmetrical airfoils will outperform the others and the control blades. Testing the of the multidimensional model of anorexia nervosa in adolescents. The backhandedness of this procedure reflects the fact that null tests are motivated by rhetorical considerations. The third theory which was advanced to explain the formation of phosphorites is the classical biolith . Had the world been coagmented from that supposed fortuitous jumble, this had been tolerable. The ensembled classifier is a collection of classifiers representing a single . This mainstream of the epileptogenicity of hemosiderin provided strong support to our results. Objection is sometimes offered to this system upon the that all but the rich or fullhanded, are excluded from our sanctuaries. As we will discuss later, our phylogenetic reconstructs the presence of ossicones as a basal feature of all the giraffomorphs. Another , said to be the cause of mammoth extinction in Siberia, comes from the idea that many may have drowned. This view has been challenged by the that the Celtic languages of the British Isles form a phylogenetic Insular Celtic dialect group. There is some evidence to support the treaty , based on the grave finds of the period. His was written up in De corpore saturni but before the work was published, Huygens presented his theory of the rings of Saturn. Immediately Wren recognised this as a better than his own and De corpore saturni was never published. Arsenic is a strong preservative, and therefore this supported the poisoning . Their was that the calomel given to Napoleon became an overdose, which killed him and left extensive tissue damage behind. The aetherial was vague, but the particle was definite enough for Thomson to test. A new competitor may decrease the likeliness of an old , but it will usually not change its loveliness. Dawkins has also been strongly critical of the Gaia of the independent scientist James Lovelock. Before the discovery of Mendelian genetics, one common was blending inheritance. Moreover, he refused to even offer a as to the cause of this force on grounds that to do so was contrary to sound science. One is that they drove elephants, rhinoceroses and hippopotamuses over the tops of cliffs or into bogs to more easily kill them. He included in his Dutch, Albanian, Greek, Latin, Persian, and German, later adding Slavic, Celtic, and Baltic languages. However, in general this is considered to attribute too much weight to the Anatolian evidence. By such means, a may gain acceptance, although in a probabilistic, rather than certain, sense. To assess this , the urbanicity of a boy's place of residence was run against enlistment. Unlike the dopamine , the adrenochrome hypothesis accounts for many biochemical patterns common among schizophrenic patients. It is an empirical that is subject to revision and, hence, lacks the dogmatic stance of classical materialism. Depending on how well the tests match the predictions, the original may require refinement, alteration, expansion or even rejection. If a particular becomes very well supported a general theory may be developed. A is a conjecture, based on knowledge obtained while formulating the question. The purpose of an experiment is to determine whether observations agree with or conflict with the predictions derived from a . Terms commonly associated with statistical hypotheses are null hypothesis and alternative . This is an investigation of whether the real world behaves as predicted by the . Furthermore, failure of an experiment does not necessarily mean the is false. The predictions of the hypothesis are compared to those of the null , to determine which is better able to explain the data. Once a is strongly supported by evidence, a new question can be asked to provide further insight on the same topic. Any useful will enable predictions, by reasoning including deductive reasoning. Only in this case does a successful outcome increase the probability that the is true. If the outcome is already known, it is called a consequence and should have already been considered while formulating the . But since there no experiment now known which can test this , science itself can have little to say about the possibility. They might adopt the characterization and formulate their own , or they might adopt the hypothesis and deduce their own predictions. Published results of experiments can also serve as a predicting their own reproducibility. Touches of prosaic detail are imperative and a rigorous adherence to the . In the work, Boyle presents his that every phenomenon was the result of collisions of particles in motion. The was accepted and published in the New Review of Spanish Philology in the 2011 article. For example, according to this , the eating habits of the giraffe must have changed before its elongated neck evolved. Clearly I have a duty to say why design strikes me as a nonsilly , and even as a simple and attractive one. One is that the global increase in jellyfish bloom frequency may stem from human impact. Polyploidy or polyteny may account for this large cellular DNA content, but studies of DNA reassociation kinetics do not support this . As further information comes to hand, the may be confirmed or refuted. This evidence bolstered the that heavier elements are the product of nucleosynthesis in stars. An even more speculative is that intense radiation from a nearby supernova was responsible for the extinctions. Such a was raised by reviewing letters sent by Brazilian authorities at the time of the earthquake. Male hooded seals are known to have several mates in a single mating season, following the that they are polygynous. In this the shifting of the continents can be simply explained by a large increase in size of the Earth since its formation. Subsequent fieldwork, metamorphic studies and radiometric dating has refined their chronology but supported their original . That led to the of a migration route between the Laurentide and Cordilleran ice sheets to explain the early settlement. This recognized differences between microbats and megabats and acknowledged that flight has only evolved once in mammals. Another is that flying has reduced their mortality rate, which would also be true for birds and gliding mammals. A route through Beringia is seen as more likely than the Solutrean . The was headlined when The New York Times published it in December 1996, shortly before it was published in an academic journal. Relevant to the is that its description has led some to connect this catastrophe with prehistoric flood myths. However, Gulf Coast geologists do not regard this as having any credibility. When Alfred Wegener first presented a of continental drift in 1912, he suggested that continents ploughed through the ocean crust. Studies in the 2000s have given rise to the that large amounts of dust reduce the strength of tropical cyclones. Preliminary data from the northern Atlantic coast seem to support the Azores High . Another by McCormac and Evans assumes that the Earth's field disappears entirely during reversals. This is supported by the relatively late date of the arrival of modern humans in Europe as well as by archaeological and DNA evidence. This attempts to explain why haplogroup N is predominant in Europe and why haplogroup M is absent in Europe. The anatomist Thomas Huxley had also supported the and suggested that African apes have a close evolutionary relationship with humans. Attribution theory and the overjustification provide still another explanation. First, we specify a first-order autoregressive error process and test the null that the errors are not first-order autocorrelated. To test the that mindin would contribute to airway disease after inhalation of either lipopolysaccharide or ozone, Frush et al. The finding supports the that lipoprotein plays a causal role in coronary disease. The bindingness , see supra note 72, may also yield a necessary condition on a legal institution. Consistent with our , patients scored significantly higher on the majority of early maladaptive schemas than their intimate partners. He postulates the that suffixation is constrained by selectional restrictions of the affixes involved. To test their , they need to know where in the developing embryo Shh is expressed. These works also confirm that Pandey's remains useful to explain the different alternatives observed to microsporogenesis. Published partial molecular hypothetical trees to date for cardinalfish do not support, in part, either . Ultimately, this evidence is used in a re-evaluation of the mul tepal that has dominated the view on rulership at Chichen Itza. To test this , NMR was used to compare the metabolic profiles of three cultures, an anaerobic fungal monoculture Piromyces sp. My is that a description that aspires to consistency with regard to the phonetic facts must distinguish between weak and strong moras. Taking a cue from the clausal domain, I will explore the that these are the nominal counterparts of v and INNER ASPECT, cf. According to one , they become trapped at synapses, inhibiting nerve impulse signals. Lourenco considered the stridulation organ to be synapomorphic for Rhopalurus, a that has yet to be tested cladistically. Type II error is when we have failed to reject the null when, in fact, it is false. Even as putting forth the that stochastic terms are not correlated, this value is nonconvergent. The that nonelective admissions require more inpatient resources is based on several factors. A contextualist reply to the skeptical says that it is only a worry if we are monolithic about the meaning of knowledge. There are also districts that provide contradictive evidence to our such as Chicago and Kansas. But the extension of the linguistic uniformitarian to writing is, in my opinion, counterproductive. Her concerned the role of an enzyme called sucrose synthase in the ripening process. Both the concepts and operational definition flow logically from the area in research method area. The final test of any palaeoanthropological is its ability to explain why hominins are unique. Brennan, from McLean Hospital in Belmont, Massachusetts, said his team was not surprised that memantine reduced binge episodes since that was their initial . Albanian is often seen as the descendant of Illyrian, although this has been challenged by some linguists, who maintain that it derives from Dacian or Thracian. Imperfect L2 learning is compatible with other approaches, notably the European dialect origin and the universalist models of language transmission. More generally it is not always clear, if evidence contradicts a , that this is a sign of flaws in the hypothesis rather than of flaws in the evidence. Another objection is that it is not always possible to demonstrate falsehood definitively, especially if one is using statistical criteria to evaluate a null . One item of evidence in favour of this is found in the Spanish book Compendio Historial, written in 1571 by the Basque writer Esteban de Garibay. The biodiversity says that the less contact people have with a microbially diverse natural environment, the less diverse their own commensal microbiota. A is presented where the combination of a thin cell wall and large microfibril angle are responsible for the superior properties exhibited by the DN 30 pulp. However, this is no longer actively investigated, as there are examples of creoles, such as Hezhou, which evidently have nothing to do with the Lingua Franca. The cosmic censorship rules out the formation of such singularities, when they are created through the gravitational collapse of realistic matter. His later maps used the Azores, following the magnetic . The overview offers a picture to the readers in which the commonly advertized Sino-Tibetan has always been criticized within the academic circles. Any which explains the facts is justified critically. For it is not sufficient that a should be a justifiable one. Failure of an experiment to produce interesting results may lead a scientist to reconsider the experimental method, the , or the definition of the subject. Failure of a to produce interesting and testable predictions may lead to reconsideration of the or of the definition of the subject. If the predictions are not accessible by observation or experience, the is not yet testable and so will remain to that extent unscientific in a strict sense. However, this is disputed within the anthropological community. A is a suggested explanation of a phenomenon, or alternately a reasoned proposal suggesting a possible correlation between or among a set of phenomena. Previous studies suggested an association between elevated CRP levels and colon cancer, which fits with the that chronic inflammation increases cancer risk. The purpose of an experiment is to determine whether observations of the real world agree with or conflict with the predictions derived from a . This step involves determining the logical consequences of the . The impressive improvement in response to valacyclovir documented in this study lends support to the viral of mental illness, she said. The study may put to rest an idea, known as the Solutrean , that ancient Europeans crossed the Atlantic and established the Clovis culture in the New World. Specifically, we fit stable Paretian distributions to the residuals for some important macro-economic variates testing the null of finite moments. Researchers normally want to show that the null is false. The that older age class raccoons would have higher fluke infection rates and parasite loads due to increased exposure to cercariae was statistically tested. A is a conjecture, based on knowledge obtained while formulating the question, that may explain the observed behavior of a part of our universe. The of an Etruscan origin is a viable alternative. This suggestion was accepted by many subsequent writers, but in 1703, Jean Mabillon put forth a new , claiming that the entire forehead was shaven back to the ears. Furthermore, consistent with our , we determine that good corporate governance alleviates spillovers of bad news from corporate scandals experienced by competitors. As we are learning more and more about the brain, there is a that when a child is going through puberty, that is the time that accents start. The main I will work from is that Mirkwood by and large fits within the literary topos of the enchanted forests in the fairy-tale tradition. Thus, for all cases, arrival data was successfully modelled as the Poisson distribution and the was ascertained by evaluating chi-square tests. Acceptance is dependent upon the falsifiable surviving tests. The book opens by introducing the Lovelock Gaia and motivating glacier science as a major abiotic component of the homeostatic planetary system. Sometimes an economic is only qualitative, not quantitative. This experimental evidence supports the possibility of interplanetary transport of lifeforms and makes the lithopanspermia more realistic. Jenner successfully tested his on 23 additional subjects. Use * for blank tiles (max 2) Use * for blank spaces bottom_desktop desktop:[300x250] go Word Tools Finders & Helpers Apps More Synonyms Copyright WordHippo © 2024 About These Results Advanced Search Advanced search - signup for sentence stack pro. Only premium subscribers can use the advanced search. Signup now, or login if you already have an account. Query Too Long - Signup for Sentence Stack Pro Longer queries require a paid membership. Signup / Learn more If you are seeking grammar & spelling correction, visit our Sentence Corrector . Sentence Corrector - Length Exceeded Get longer grammar checks with Sentence Stack Pro! Paid subscribers can check 3X as much text. Listen to Audio Listen to English audio with Sentence Stack Pro! Paid subscribers can hear the spoken English audio of over 300 million sentences. Get More with Sentence Stack Pro I'm sorry, but you've exceeded your free submission limit. Sign up for Sentence Stack Pro to unlock greater access to our advanced grammar, style, and syntax tools without distractions. Elevate your writing with suggestions from our AI-driven insights, ensuring your work is not only flawless but impactful. 3X Longer submissions More submissions per day and much more! Popular Phrases but nowadays I want to look at from a place © 2024 Sentence Stack | Terms | Privacy Cookies --> Top1000 word Top5000 word Conjunction Sentence into pic Hypothesis in a sentence 某某   2016-01-13 联网相关的政策 improvement  (238+32) on balance  (53) wicked  (168+7) handlebar  (25) rainy  (165+9) trudge  (41+1) checkpoint  (102) events  (166+80) courage  (289+31) blizzard  (120+5) weary  (158+11) rationalize  (57+1) refund  (173+13) pack up  (56) at dusk  (69+1) university  (168+75) outdoors  (157+12) be concerned about  (42) on one's own  (38) aristocrat  (50) 2024 Theses Doctoral Towards a Computational Theory of the Brain: The Simplest Neural Models, and a Hypothesis for Language Mitropolsky, Daniel Obtaining a computational understanding of the brain is one of the most important problems in basic science. However, the brain is an incredibly complex organ, and neurobiological research has uncovered enormous amounts of detail at almost every level of analysis (the synapse, the neuron, other brain cells, brain circuits, areas, and so on); it is unclear which of these details are conceptually significant to the basic way in which the brain computes. An essential approach to the eventual resolution of this problem is the definition and study of theoretical computational models, based on varying abstractions and inclusions of such details. This thesis defines and studies a family of models, called NEMO, based on a particular set of well-established facts or well-founded assumptions in neuroscience: atomic neural firing, random connectivity, inhibition as a local dynamic firing threshold, and fully local plasticity. This thesis asks: what sort of algorithms are possible in these computational models? To the extent possible, what seem to be the simplest assumptions where interesting computation becomes possible? Additionally, can we find algorithms for cognitive phenomena that, in addition to serving as a "proof of capacity" of the computational model, otherwise reflect what is known about these processes in the brain? The major contributions of this thesis include: 1. The formal definition of the basic-NEMO and NEMO models, with an explication of their neurobiological underpinnings (that is, realism as abstractions of the brain). 2. Algorithms for the creation of neural \emph{assemblies}, or highly dense interconnected subsets of neurons, and various operations manipulating such assemblies, including reciprocal projection, merge, association, disassociation, and pattern completion, all in the basic-NEMO model. Using these operations, we show the Turing-completeness of the NEMO model (with some specific additional assumptions). 3. An algorithm for parsing a small but non-trivial subset of English and Russian (and more generally any regular language) in the NEMO model, with meta-features of the algorithm broadly in line with what is known about language in the brain. 4. An algorithm for parsing a much larger subset of English (and other languages), in particular handling dependent (embedded) clauses, in the NEMO model with some additional memory assumptions. We prove that an abstraction of this algorithm yields a new characterization of the context-free languages. 5. Algorithms for the blocks-world planning task, which involves outputting a sequence of steps to rearrange a stack of cubes in one order into another target order, in the NEMO model. A side consequence of this work is an algorithm for a chaining operation in basic-NEMO. 6. Algorithms for several of the most basic and initial steps in language acquisition in the baby brain. This includes an algorithm for the learning of the simplest, concrete nouns and action verbs (words like "cat" and "jump") from whole sentences in basic-NEMO with a novel representation of word and contextual inputs. Extending the same model, we present an algorithm for an elementary component of syntax, namely learning the word order of 2-constituent intransitive and 3-constituent transitive sentences. These algorithms are very broadly in line with what is known about language in the brain. Computer science Neurosciences Brain--Physiology Language acquisition Computational linguistics Computational neuroscience English language Russian language More About This Work DOI Copy DOI to clipboard A Sampling-Based Framework for Hypothesis Testing on Large Attributed Graphs New citation alert added. This alert has been successfully added and will be sent to: You will be notified whenever a record that you have chosen has been cited. To manage your alert preferences, click on the button below. New Citation Alert! Please log in to your account Information & Contributors Bibliometrics & citations, index terms. Computing methodologies Machine learning Machine learning approaches Learning in probabilistic graphical models Information systems Data management systems Database design and models Graph-based database models Information retrieval Retrieval models and ranking Top-k retrieval in databases Information systems applications Data mining Mathematics of computing Probability and statistics Probabilistic inference problems Statistical paradigms Recommendations Sampling from large graphs. Given a huge real graph, how can we derive a representative sample? There are many known algorithms to compute interesting measures (shortest paths, centrality, betweenness, etc.), but several of them become impractical for large graphs. Thus graph ... Sampling from Large Graphs with a Reservoir Sampling is a process of choosing a suitable representative subset from a population and uniformity is a basic requirement of representative ness. A sampling process produces a uniform random sample when all possible samples of the same size have the ... Large Induced Forests in Graphs In this article, we prove three theorems. The first is that every connected graph of order n and size m has an induced forest of order at least 8n-2m-2/9 with equality if and only if such a graph is obtained from a tree by expanding every vertex to a ... Information Published in. Beijing Institute of Technology University of Southern California VLDB Endowment Publication History Check for updates. Research-article Contributors Other metrics, bibliometrics, article metrics. 0 Total Citations 0 Total Downloads Downloads (Last 12 months) 0 Downloads (Last 6 weeks) 0 View Options Login options. 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Please try again. 127 IMAGES 13 Different Types of Hypothesis (2024) Sentences with Hypothesis, Hypothesis in a Sentence in English How to Write a Hypothesis Examples of “Hypothesis” In A Sentence Research Hypothesis: Definition, Types, Examples and Quick Tips How to Write a Strong Hypothesis in 6 Simple Steps VIDEO Two-Sample Hypothesis Testing: Dependent Sample Proportion Hypothesis Testing, example 2 Two-Sample Hypothesis Tests TWO SAMPLE HYPOTHESIS TESTING IN SPSS Two sample hypothesis test example problems One Sample Hypothesis Testing COMMENTS Examples of 'Hypothesis' in a Sentence Briley Lewis, Scientific American , 14 Apr. 2022. The hypothesis for the downturn was that the team was feeling the effects of a brutal June that gave Baltimore only one day off. —. Jacob Calvin Meyer, Baltimore Sun , 22 July 2024. Some of these examples are programmatically compiled from various online sources to illustrate current usage of ... Examples of "Hypothesis" in a Sentence 1. According to the hypothesis of Waldeyer and Thiersch there is perfect equilibrium between the normal epithelium and its supporting structure, the connective tissue, but with advancing age this balance is upset owing to the connective tissue gradually losing its restraining power. 9. 6. HYPOTHESIS in a Sentence Examples: 21 Ways to Use Hypothesis 14 Sentences with Hypothesis Examples. Hypothesis: Students who study for at least 3 hours every day are likely to perform better in their exams. It is important for college students to form a hypothesis before conducting any research project. Hypothesis: Attending lectures regularly can significantly improve academic performance. How to Write a Hypothesis in 6 Steps, With Examples 7 Statistical hypothesis. A statistical hypothesis is when you test only a sample of a population and then apply statistical evidence to the results to draw a conclusion about the entire population. Instead of testing everything, you test only a portion and generalize the rest based on preexisting data. Examples: 15 Hypothesis Examples (2024) 15 Hypothesis Examples. A hypothesis is defined as a testable prediction, and is used primarily in scientific experiments as a potential or predicted outcome that scientists attempt to prove or disprove (Atkinson et al., 2021; Tan, 2022). In my types of hypothesis article, I outlined 13 different hypotheses, including the directional hypothesis ... Examples of 'hypothesis' in a sentence Competing in a Global Economy. (1990) Country data also provide evidence supporting the hypothesis. Forstner, Helmut, Ballance, Robert. Competing in a Global Economy. (1990) His colleagues must surely be asking themselves whether they really need to test this hypothesis before making a change. Times, Sunday Times. (2011) How to Write a Strong Hypothesis Developing a hypothesis (with example) Step 1. Ask a question. Writing a hypothesis begins with a research question that you want to answer. The question should be focused, specific, and researchable within the constraints of your project. Example: Research question. How to Write a Hypothesis w/ Strong Examples Simple Hypothesis Examples. Increasing the amount of natural light in a classroom will improve students' test scores. Drinking at least eight glasses of water a day reduces the frequency of headaches in adults. Plant growth is faster when the plant is exposed to music for at least one hour per day. 36 Examples of a Hypothesis The following are illustrative examples of a hypothesis. Plants will grow faster in blue light as compared to red or green light.Regular watering can desalinate soil in a pot.Local air quality is better on weekends and holidays.Tennis balls bounce higher when they are cold.There is significant variation in the average amount of pollen in ... Hypothesis Examples Here are some research hypothesis examples: If you leave the lights on, then it takes longer for people to fall asleep. If you refrigerate apples, they last longer before going bad. If you keep the curtains closed, then you need less electricity to heat or cool the house (the electric bill is lower). If you leave a bucket of water uncovered ... hypothesis example sentences English The evidence makes them change that hypothesis. volume_up more_vert. English The hypothesis that the die is not fixed is to be tested. volume_up more_vert. English AG: Okay,there's his fifth hypothesis. volume_up more_vert. English Only the latter hypothesis is coherent with the hierarchy of the institutions. volume_up more_vert. How to Write a Research Hypothesis: Good & Bad Examples Another example for a directional one-tailed alternative hypothesis would be that. H1: Attending private classes before important exams has a positive effect on performance. Your null hypothesis would then be that. H0: Attending private classes before important exams has no/a negative effect on performance. Examples of "Hypothesis" In A Sentence Sentences with Hypothesis. Hypothesis: The sun rises in the east. They formulated a null hypothesis to compare against the alternative. We need to revise the original hypothesis. They discussed the hypothesis with colleagues in their field. They formulated competing hypotheses to compare and contrast the findings. Hypothesis Definition & Meaning The meaning of HYPOTHESIS is an assumption or concession made for the sake of argument. How to use hypothesis in a sentence. The Difference Between Hypothesis and Theory Synonym Discussion of Hypothesis. How to Write a Strong Hypothesis Step 5: Phrase your hypothesis in three ways. To identify the variables, you can write a simple prediction in if … then form. The first part of the sentence states the independent variable and the second part states the dependent variable. If a first-year student starts attending more lectures, then their exam scores will improve. Hypothesis: Definition, Examples, and Types A hypothesis is a tentative statement about the relationship between two or more variables. It is a specific, testable prediction about what you expect to happen in a study. It is a preliminary answer to your question that helps guide the research process. Consider a study designed to examine the relationship between sleep deprivation and test ... Hypothesis: In a Sentence Definition of Hypothesis. a proposed explanation or theory that is studied through scientific testing. Examples of Hypothesis in a sentence. The scientist's hypothesis did not stand up, since research data was inconsistent with his guess. 🔊. Each student gave a hypothesis and theorized which plant would grow the tallest during the study. 🔊 How to use "hypothesis" in a sentence The hypothesis was accepted and published in the New Review of Spanish Philology in the 2011 article. For example, according to this hypothesis, the eating habits of the giraffe must have changed before its elongated neck evolved. Clearly I have a duty to say why design strikes me as a nonsilly hypothesis, and even as a simple and attractive one. Hypothesis in a Sentence Example sentences containing hypothesis from English sources Recent discoveries suggest that ketamine may treat depression, further supporting the serotonin hypothesis. Essays. It is always good to have findings that support your hypothesis. Open Thoughts. How to Write a Strong Hypothesis in 6 Simple Steps Learning how to write a hypothesis comes down to knowledge and strategy. So where do you start? Learn how to make your hypothesis strong step-by-step here. Hypothesis in a sentence (esp. good sentence like quote, proverb...) 226+9 sentence examples: 1. Let me enumerate many flaws in your hypothesis. 2. She wrote something to summarize her hypothesis. 3. The researcher sets up experiments to test the hypothesis. 4. Scientists have proposed a bold hypothesis. 5. Examples of "Hypotheses" in a Sentence 13. The "axioms" of geometry are the fixed conditions which occur in the hypotheses of the geometrical propositions. 3. 2. Nothing was more alien to his mental temperament than the spinning of hypotheses. 1. 0. Such hypotheses attend to Aristotle's philosophy to the neglect of his life. 15. Examples of "Hypothesize" in a Sentence 12. 8. This has led many diet and nutrition experts to hypothesize that foods containing fat are more fattening than foods without them. 9. 7. Forensic Alliance Ryan and Haslam also hypothesize that women may feel they have less to lose. 4. 3. Towards a Computational Theory of the Brain: The Simplest Neural Models Obtaining a computational understanding of the brain is one of the most important problems in basic science. However, the brain is an incredibly complex organ, and neurobiological research has uncovered enormous amounts of detail at almost every level of analysis (the synapse, the neuron, other brain cells, brain circuits, areas, and so on); it is unclear which of these details are ... A Sampling-Based Framework for Hypothesis Testing on Large Attributed Hypothesis testing is a statistical method used to draw conclusions about populations from sample data, typically represented in tables. With the prevalence of graph representations in real-life applications, hypothesis testing on graphs is gaining importance. In this work, we formalize node, edge, and path hypotheses on attributed graphs. essay homework paper phd project resume review study thesis