uttered)
The “discussion” section is intended to explain to your reader what your data can be interpreted to mean. As with all science, the goal for your report is simply to provide evidence that something might be true or untrue—not to prove it unequivocally. The following questions should be addressed in your “discussion” section:
Hogg, Alan. "Tutoring Scientific Writing." Sweetland Center for Writing. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. 3/15/2011. Lecture.
Swan, Judith A, and George D. Gopen. "The Science of Scientific Writing." American Scientist . 78. (1990): 550-558. Print.
"Scientific Reports." The Writing Center . University of North Carolina, n.d. Web. 5 May 2011. http://www.unc.edu/depts/wcweb/handouts/lab_report_complete.html
This report presents provisional information on laboratory reports of norovirus in Scotland up to the end of week 34 (week ending 25 August 2024) compared to the same time last year and the average for the same time period of years 2015 to 2019. This data is based on laboratory confirmed reports of norovirus from clinical diagnostic laboratories in Scotland which are reported to Public Health Scotland (PHS) via Electronic Communication of Surveillance in Scotland (ECOSS).
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The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Science and Technology Directorate (S&T) partnered with Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) to identify current emergency management research, elicit capability needs from practitioners, and identify where technology, such as artificial intelligence (AI), may benefit the future of emergency management and emergency operations centers.
The PNNL team performed a landscape assessment of AI technologies. The assessment began with an extensive literature review and tagging exercise to capture ideas, then curated and validated those ideas through discussions with emergency managers, university faculty, college students, national laboratory researchers, and federal staff. This report summarizes the methodology, analysis, and insights of the AI landscape assessment, highlighting an in-depth review of AI technologies and their potential applications to emergency management.
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Updated 29 August 2024
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This publication is available at https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/meningococcal-disease-laboratory-confirmed-cases-in-england-in-2022-to-2023/invasive-meningococcal-disease-in-england-annual-laboratory-confirmed-reports-for-epidemiological-year-2022-to-2023
This report presents data on laboratory-confirmed invasive meningococcal disease ( IMD ) for the epidemiological year 2022/23. Epidemiological years run from week 27 in one year (beginning of July) to week 26 the following year (end of June) [footnote 1] .
In England, the national UK Health Security Agency ( UKHSA ) Meningococcal Reference Unit ( MRU ) confirmed 396 cases of IMD in 2022/23 compared to 205 cases reported in 2021/22 when the country was emerging from COVID-19 pandemic restrictions ( Table 1 ). IMD cases had fallen by 83% in 2020/21 compared to 463 confirmed cases in 2019/20 and 531 confirmed cases in 2018/19, pre-COVID-19 pandemic ( Figure 1 ).
The COVID-19 pandemic and the implementation of social distancing measures and lockdown periods across the UK had a marked impact on the spread and detection of other infections including IMD ( 1 ). With the complete withdrawal of COVID-19 containment measures in England from July 2021, overall IMD case numbers began to return to pre-pandemic levels driven mainly by group B meningococcal disease ( MenB ). Cases due to the other capsular groups remained very low because of the highly effective indirect (herd) protection provided by the adolescent meningococcal ACWY ( MenACWY ) conjugate vaccine programme, alongside direct protection in those vaccinated ( 2 ).
Over the last two decades, in England, there has been a marked overall decline in confirmed IMD cases from a peak of 2,595 cases in epidemiological year 1999/2000. The initial decline was driven by the introduction of vaccination against group C ( MenC ) disease in 1999, which reduced MenC cases by approximately 96% (to around 30 to 40 cases each year). Total IMD has continued to decrease from 2 per 100,000 in 2006/07 to 1 per 100,000 since 2011/12; this latter decline was mainly due to secular changes in group B ( MenB ) cases before the introduction of the MenB infant and MenACWY teenage vaccination programmes in 2015. IMD incidence is currently below 1 per 100,000 ( Figure 2 ) ( 3 ).
The distribution of IMD cases by capsular group in 2022/23 is summarised in Table 1 , with MenB accounting for 89.9% (356 out of 396) of all cases, followed by MenY (n=14, 3.5%), MenW (n=10, 2.5%), and MenC (n=6, 1.5%). One case of MenZ was also reported and 9 ungrouped or ungroupable cases.
In 2022/23, 356 individuals were confirmed with MenB invasive disease, compared to 179 cases in 2021/22 and 61 in 2020/21. MenB was responsible for the majority of IMD cases in individuals under 25 years of age: infants (92%; 35 of 38 cases), 1 to 4 year-olds (100%; 32 out of 32), 5 to 9 year-olds (81%, 21 of 26), 10 to 14 year-olds (95%, 19 of 20), 15 to 19 year-olds (95%, 74 of 78) and 20 to 24 year-olds (96%, 43 of 45).
In 2022/23, MenB also contributed to the highest proportion of cases in individuals aged 25 years and over ( Table 2 ), a greater proportion than in 2021/22 (67%, 37 of 55) and 2020/21 (66%, 21 of 32). In earlier years MenB accounted for a smaller proportion of cases in this age group (45%, 99 of 218 cases in this age group in 2019/20 and 36%, 93 of 259 in 2018/19). This proportionate distribution by serogroup changed as disease covered by MenACWY vaccine was markedly reduced, following the vaccine introduction for teenagers from August 2015, and has remained very low following the impact of measures taken to help control the COVID-19 pandemic.
There were 14 MenY cases in 2022/23 compared to 2 cases in 2021/22. MenY cases in 2022/23 were still 66% lower than in 2019/20 when 41 cases were reported. Confirmed MenY cases have generally decreased over the last 5 years after peaking at 100 cases in 2015/16.
MenC cases remained low, with 6 cases reported in 2022/23 and 5 in 2020/21 compared to 27 cases in 2019/20. Similarly, MenW cases also remained low with 10 cases in 2022/23 and 13 cases in 2021/22 compared to 78 cases in 2019/20 ( Table 1 ).
Adults aged 25 years and older accounted for all MenC cases, 80% of MenW cases, 57% of MenY cases, and 37% of MenB cases ( Table 2 ).
The provisional IMD case fatality ratio (CFR) in England was 8% (33/396) in 2022/23 based on Office for National (ONS) death registrations recording meningococcal disease as an underlying cause [footnote 2]
Infants in the UK were offered routine MenB immunisation with 4CMenB from 1 September 2015 ( 4 ). In England, the latest annual vaccine coverage estimates (1 April 2021 to 31 March 2022) for infants eligible for 4CMenB were 91.5% for 2 doses by 12 months of age and 88.0% for the one-year booster dose by 24 months of age ( 5 ). The schedule has been shown to be highly effective in preventing MenB disease in infants and toddlers ( 6 ).
The previously reported increase in MenW cases ( 7 , 8 ) led to the introduction of MenACWY conjugate vaccine to the national immunisation programme in England from 2015 ( 9 ). The MenACWY teenage vaccine has led to large reductions in IMD caused by these capsular groups across all age groups as a result of both direct and indirect (herd) protection ( 2 ). Coverage for young people routinely offered MenACWY vaccine in the 2021/2022 school year (end August 2022) was 69.2% (Year 9) and 79.6% (Year 10) ( 10 ).
All teenage cohorts remain eligible for opportunistic MenACWY vaccination until their 25th birthday and it is important that these cohorts continue to be encouraged to be immunised, particularly if they are entering higher educations institutions where their risk of disease is much higher than that of their peers ( 11 ).
There are useful resources available free of charge from UKHSA and from meningitis charities to support messaging on the importance of vaccination, awareness of signs and symptoms of meningitis and septicaemia and the need to seek early clinical help.
Capsular groups* | Culture and (2021/22) | Culture and (2022/23) | Culture only (2021/22) | Culture only (2022/23) | only (2021/22) | only (2022/23) | Total (2021/22) | Total (2022/23) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
B | 40 | 66 | 49 | 78 | 90 | 212 | 179 | 356 |
C | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 1 | 6 |
E | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
W | 1 | 3 | 10 | 7 | 2 | 0 | 13 | 10 |
Y | 0 | 1 | 1 | 7 | 1 | 6 | 2 | 14 |
Z | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Ungrouped/ungroupable** | 0 | 0 | 3 | 2 | 5 | 7 | 8 | 9 |
Total | 42 | 71 | 64 | 96 | 99 | 231 | 205 | 396 |
*No cases of group X or Z were confirmed during the period covered by the table.
**‘Ungroupable’ refers to invasive clinical meningococcal isolates that were non-groupable, while ‘ungrouped’ cases refer to culture-negative but PCR screen (ctrA) positive and negative for the four genogroups [B, C, W and Y] routinely tested for.
*Other includes capsular groups: A, X, E, Z, ungrouped and ungroupable. Ungroupable refers to invasive clinical meningococcal isolates that were non-groupable, while ungrouped cases refers to culture-negative but PCR screen (ctrA) positive and negative for the four genogroups [B, C, W and Y] routinely tested for.
Age groups | Capsular group B (%) | Capsular group C (%) | Capsular group W (%) | Capsular group Y (%) | Capsular group Other* (%) | Annual total (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
<1 year | 35 (10) | 0 (–) | 1 (10) | 2 (14) | 0 (–) | 38 (10) |
1 to 4 years | 32 (9) | 0 (–) | 0 (–) | 0 (–) | 0 (–) | 32 (8) |
5 to 9 years | 21 (6) | 0 (–) | 0 (–) | 3 (21) | 2 (20) | 26 (7) |
10 to 14 years | 19 (5) | 0 (–) | 1 (10) | 0 (–) | 0 (–) | 20 (5) |
15 to 19 years | 74 (21) | 0 (–) | 0 (–) | 0 (–) | 4 (40) | 78 (20) |
20 to 24 years | 43 (12) | 0 (–) | (–) | 1 (7) | 1 (10) | 45 (11) |
25 to 44 years | 45 (13) | 1 (17) | 0 (–) | 1 (7) | 0 (–) | 47 (12) |
45 to 64 years | 49 (14) | 2 (33) | 3 (30) | 4 (29) | 2 (20) | 60 (15) |
65+ years | 38 (11) | 3 (50) | 5 (50) | 3 (21) | 1 (10) | 50 (13) |
Total | 356 (–) | 6 (–) | 10 (–) | 14 (–) | 10 (–) | 396 (–) |
*‘Other’ includes ungrouped and ungroupable. ‘Ungroupable’ refers to invasive clinical meningococcal isolates that were non-groupable, while ‘ungrouped’ cases refer to culture-negative but PCR screen (ctrA) positive and negative for the 4 genogroups (B, C, W and Y) routinely tested for.
1. Subbarao S and others (2021). ‘ Invasive meningococcal disease, 2011 to 2020, and impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, England ’. Emerging Infectious Diseases: volume 27 number 6
2. Campbell H and others (2022). ‘ Impact of an adolescent meningococcal ACWY immunisation programme to control a national outbreak of group W meningococcal disease in England: a national surveillance and modelling study for teenagers to control group W meningococcal diseases, England, 2015 to 2016 ’. Lancet Child Adolescent Health: volume 6 issue 2
3. Office of National Statistics. Mid-year 2021 population estimates
4. Public Health England and NHS England (22 June 2015). ‘ Introduction of Men B immunisation for infants ’. (Bipartite letter)
5. UKHSA and NHS Digital (29 September 2022). ‘ Childhood vaccination coverage statistics – England 2021 to 2022 ’
6. Ladhani S and others (2020). ‘ Vaccination of Infants with Meningococcal Group B Vaccine (4CMenB) in England ’. New England Journal of Medicine: volume 382 number 4
7. Public Health England (2015). ‘ Continuing increase in meningococcal group W ( MenW ) disease in England ’. Health Protection Report: volume 9, number 7 (news)
8. Public Health England. ‘ Freshers told ‘it’s not too late’ for meningitis C vaccine ’. Press release: 27 November 2014
9. Public Health England and NHS England (22 June 2015). ‘ Meningococcal ACWY conjugate vaccination ( MenACWY ) ’. (Bipartite letter)
10. UKHSA (2023). ‘ Meningococcal ACWY ( MenACWY ) vaccine coverage for the NHS adolescent vaccination programme in England, academic year 2021 to 2022 ’. Health Protection Report: volume 17, number 5 (14 February)
11. Mandal S and others (2017), ‘Risk of invasive meningococcal disease in university students in England and optimal strategies for protection using MenACWY vaccine’, Vaccine, volume 35 issue 43
When most cases of a disease arise in the winter months, as for IMD , epidemiological year is the most consistent way to present the data as the peak incidence may be reached before or after the year end. Using epidemiological year avoids the situations where a calendar year does not include the seasonal peak or where 2 seasonal peaks are captured in a single calendar year. ↩
Death data from the Office of National Statistics includes all deaths coded to meningitis or meningococcal infection as a cause of death and linked to a laboratory-confirmed case. ↩
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Introduction. Your lab report introduction should set the scene for your experiment. One way to write your introduction is with a funnel (an inverted triangle) structure: Start with the broad, general research topic. Narrow your topic down your specific study focus. End with a clear research question.
Hopefully this will be useful as you begin your lab report. 1) Title (ex: Effects of Sunlight on Basil Plant Growth) 2) Abstract (approx. 200 words) Background ( This experiment looks at…) Objectives ( It aims to contribute to research on…) Methods ( It does so through a process of….)
Whether you are in lab for general chemistry, independent work, or senior thesis, almost all lab experiments will be followed up with a lab report or paper. Although it should be relatively easy to write about an experiment you completed, this is often the most difficult part of lab work, especially when the results are unexpected.
Biology Lab Report Sample, Cont'd References ____ Citations are provided for every reference cited in the report and are in APA format. Please consult the Writing Center's "APA Sample Paper" or Purdue Owl ... When formulating your hypothesis, think of it as creating a thesis statement. It should be the guiding statement of your paper.
The purpose of this guide is to help you write lab reports in biology. It is designed to make the writing process clear, and should help protect you from unnecessary frustration. Before beginning your first report, read "The Fundamentals" below. Then read the brief "Overview" for each section of the lab report; the
What this handout is about. This handout provides a general guide to writing reports about scientific research you've performed. In addition to describing the conventional rules about the format and content of a lab report, we'll also attempt to convey why these rules exist, so you'll get a clearer, more dependable idea of how to approach ...
Clean the samples thoroughly using ethanol to remove any impurities or oils. Weigh each sample accurately using a digital scale and record the initial weight. Prepare a 3% NaCl solution by dissolving 30 g of NaCl in 1000 mL of deionized water. Pour 250 mL of the 3% NaCl solution into each beaker.
The next section is the Introduction and it begins with this word in the left upper corner of your report. It should consist of no more than a couple of paragraphs and end with at least one hypothesis. The body of your project consists of the procedure, materials and methods employed; data; results and observations.
Abstract. Following this should be the abstract, 2-3 sentences summarizing the practical. The abstract shows the reader the main results of the practical and helps them decide quickly whether the rest of the report is relevant to their use. Remember that the whole report should be written in a passive voice.
Lab Report Guide from Purdue University. Writing a Lab Report. This guide gives more information about writing a lab report. Be sure to check out the examples under [Sample Lab Reports]. ... Refine your thesis statement; Outline and organize; Write effectively; If you have questions about finding, evaluating, and citing sources, ask a librarian ...
Preparing for Laboratory Reporting. Before you begin with the steps to writing a lab report, it is essential to: Familiarize yourself with the diagnosis: Make sure you understand the purpose of the investigation, the approach used, and the expected results. Gather necessary references: This includes data, charts, graphs, and other relevant ...
Writing a Lab Report. Writing a scientific lab report is significantly different from writing for other classes like philosophy, English, and history. The most prominent form of writing in biology, chemistry, and environmental science is the lab report, which is a formally written description of results and discoveries found in an experiment.
An analytical paper breaks down an issue or an idea into its component parts, evaluates the issue or idea, and presents this breakdown and evaluation to the audience.; An expository (explanatory) paper explains something to the audience.; An argumentative paper makes a claim about a topic and justifies this claim with specific evidence. The claim could be an opinion, a policy proposal, an ...
A lab report is a document that provides a detailed description of a scientific experiment or study. The purpose of a lab report is to communicate the results of experimentation in a clear and objective manner. It typically includes sections such as introduction, methods, results, discussion, conclusion, and references.
laboratory reports. Each laboratory report should contain the following sections: title page, abstract, introduction, materials and methods, results, discussion, references, tables, and figures. A brief description of these sections follows below. All papers should be typed double spaced with normal margins and pages numbered. Write the lab ...
Turn your hypothesis and conclusions into the thesis statement for your science report. With the above example, the first draft of your thesis statement might be, "Positive reinforcement has been proven to be a more effective method of dog training than negative reinforcement.". Add even more details to your thesis statement.
Download this page as a PDF: Writing a Lab Report. Return to Writing Studio Handouts. Part 1 (of 2): Introducing a Lab Report. The introduction of a lab report states the objective of the experiment and provides the reader with background information. State the topic of your report clearly and concisely (in one or two sentences).
A two-sample t test was used to test the hypothesis that higher social distance from environmental problems would reduce the intent to donate to environmental organizations, with donation intention (recorded as a score from 1 to 10) as the outcome variable and social distance (categorized as either a low or high level of social distance) as the predictor variable.Social distance was found to ...
In your lab report, write the methods you used to collect and analyse data in the past tense. Descote the following: Experimental design: Note whether your study is a between-subjects or within-subjects design. Subjects: Place humans in demographics and animals in genetics - state how you recruited subjects and their number per condition per ...
The thesis is the main hypothesis that your experimental study has to consider. Read on and learn the structure of the laboratory report. Title Page. The front page of a laboratory research report contains important information about your study (for example, the topic of your work, your name and the name of the college).
Lab Report Writing Guides on the Web; Writing a "good" results section. This is the core of the paper. Don't start the results sections with methods you left out of the Materials and Methods section. You need to give an overall description of the experiments and present the data you found.
Having a clear understanding of the typical goals and strategies for writing an effective lab report can make the process much less troubling. General Considerations. It is useful to note that effective scientific writing serves the same purpose that your lab report should. Good scientific writing explains: The goal(s) of your experiment
The reporting and discussion thesis chapters deal with the central part of the thesis. This is where you present the data that forms the basis of your investigation, shaped by the way you have interpreted it and developed your argument or theories about it. In other words, you tell your readers the research story that has emerged from your ...
The report is based on data from roughly 3.7 million systems installed nationally through year-end 2023, capturing close to 80% of all systems installed up to that point and more than 70% of additions in 2023. ... non-residential systems and ground-mounted systems up to 5 MW. larger ground-mounted systems are covered in Berkeley Lab's ...
This report presents provisional information on laboratory reports of norovirus in Scotland up to the end of week 34 (week ending 25 August 2024) compared to the same time last year and the average for the same time period of years 2015 to 2019. This data is based on laboratory confirmed reports of norovirus from clinical diagnostic ...
$ Clinical laboratories must report within 5 days of obtaining the test result. * In addition to reporting, clinical laboratories must also submit isolates to the state Laboratory within 5 work-days of isolation. ^ Hospitals, clinical laboratories, and healthcare facilities must report within 180 days. BLUE not currently reportable via PA-NEDSS.
The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Science and Technology Directorate (S&T) partnered with Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) to identify current emergency management research, elicit capability needs from practitioners, and identify where technology, such as artificial intelligence (AI), may benefit the future of emergency management and emergency operations centers.
Laboratory confirmations. This report presents data on laboratory-confirmed invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) for the epidemiological year 2022/23.Epidemiological years run from week 27 in one ...