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The post-Mycenaean period and Lefkandi

• The Olympic Games
• Overseas projects
• The beginnings of the polis
• The sources
• Bacchiadae and Eupatridae
• Symposia and gymnasia
• Formal relationships
• The Lelantine War
• The decline of the aristocracy
• Changes in warfare
• The early tyrannies
• The distinctiveness of Sparta
• The helot factor
• The Peloponnesian League
• The distinctiveness of Athens
• The Peisistratid tyranny
• The reforms of Cleisthenes
• Intermarriage between the great houses
• Poetry and art
• International influences
• The Ionian revolt
• Economic factors
• Political factors
• Athenian support of Ionia
• Sparta’s foreign relations
• The role of Cleomenes
• The Battle of Marathon
• The appointment of archons
• The system of ostracism
• Greek preparations for war
• Greek alliances
• Thermopylae
• The fortification of Athens
• The ambition of Pausanias
• Paying tribute to Athens
• Strains on Greek unity
• Cimon’s actions
• Athens’s moves against other Greeks
• Athens’s moves northward
• Sparta’s responses
• Legal reforms
• Political reforms
• The rejection of Cimon
• Friction between Athens and Corinth
• The subjugation of Aegina
• The scale of Athenian ambition
• Sparta’s resistance
• Peace with Persia
• Economic sources of resentment
• Political and legal sources of resentment
• The Euboean revolt
• Greek communities in Italy and Sicily
• Sparta’s role
• Continuing strife
• Mytilene and Plataea
• Speculation and unease
• Spartan calls for peace
• Cleon’s influence
• Spartan recovery
• Entanglement with Persia
• Harsh treatment of Melos
• The Sicilian disaster
• The second phase of the war, 413–404
• The effect of the Persian Wars on philosophy
• The rise of democracy
• Hippocrates and the fluidity of genres
• Greek tragedy
• The liturgy system
• Military technology
• Dionysius I of Syracuse
• The Corinthian War
• The King’s Peace
• Spartan adventures
• The Second Athenian Confederacy
• Theban expansion
• Athens and Thebes
• The rise of Macedon
• Macedonian supremacy in Greece
• Alexander and the Greeks
• Alexander in Egypt
• To the Persian Gates
• The conquest of Bactria and the Indus valley
• The final phase
• Historical writings
• Architecture and sculpture
• Social and commercial exchanges
• Organized settlements

Is ancient Greece a country?

Was ancient greece a democracy, why is ancient greece important.

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ancient Greek civilization

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No, ancient Greece was a civilization. The Greeks had cultural traits, a religion , and a language in common, though they spoke many dialects. The basic political unit was the city-state . Conflict between city-states was common, but they were capable of banding together against a common enemy, as they did during the Persian Wars (492–449 BCE). Powerful city-states such as Athens and Sparta exerted influence beyond their borders but never controlled the entire Greek-speaking world.

Where was ancient Greece located?

Ancient Greek civilization was concentrated in what is today Greece and along the western coast of Turkey . However, ancient Greek colonists established cities all around the Mediterranean and along the coast of the Black Sea .

Each ancient Greek city-state had its own government. Common forms of government included tyranny and oligarchy . In 507 BCE, under the leadership of  Cleisthenes , the citizens of Athens began to develop a system of popular rule that they called democracy , which would last nearly two centuries. In their governing body, the Assembly ( Ecclesia ), all adult male citizens, perhaps 10 to 15 percent of the total population, were eligible to vote.

When did ancient Greece start and end?

Ancient Greek civilization flourished from the period following  Mycenaean  civilization, which ended about 1200 BCE, to the death of  Alexander the Great , in 323 BCE. By that time, Greek cultural influence had spread around the Mediterranean and, through Alexander the Great’s campaign of conquest, as far afield as India.

The political, philosophical, artistic, and scientific achievements of ancient Greek civilization formed a legacy with unparalleled influence on Western civilization. Greek political ideas have influenced modern forms of government, Greek pottery and sculpture have inspired artists for millennia, and Greek epic, lyric, and dramatic poetry is still read around the world.

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ancient Greek civilization , the period following Mycenaean civilization, which ended about 1200 bce , to the death of Alexander the Great , in 323 bce . It was a period of political, philosophical, artistic, and scientific achievements that formed a legacy with unparalleled influence. The larger historical period spanning from the output of ancient Greek author Homer in the 8th century bce to the decline of the Roman Empire in the 5th century ce is known as " Classical antiquity ," encompassing Greco-Roman culture , playing a major role in the Mediterranean sphere of influence and in the creation of Western civilization, and shaping areas as diverse as law , architecture , art , language , poetry , rhetoric , politics, and philosophy .

The early Archaic period

The period between the catastrophic end of the Mycenaean civilization and about 900 bce is often called a Dark Age . It was a time about which Greeks of the Classical age had confused and actually false notions. Thucydides , the great ancient historian of the 5th century bce , wrote a sketch of Greek history from the Trojan War to his own day, in which he notoriously fails, in the appropriate chapter, to signal any kind of dramatic rupture. (He does, however, speak of Greece “settling down gradually” and colonizing Italy , Sicily , and what is now western Turkey . This surely implies that Greece was settling down after something.) Thucydides does indeed display sound knowledge of the series of migrations by which Greece was resettled in the post-Mycenaean period. The most famous of these was the “ Dorian invasion ,” which the Greeks called, or connected with, the legendary “return of the descendants of Heracles .” Although much about that invasion is problematic—it left little or no archaeological trace at the point in time where tradition puts it—the problems are of no concern here. Important for the understanding of the Archaic and Classical periods, however, is the powerful belief in Dorianism as a linguistic and religious concept. Thucydides casually but significantly mentions soldiers speaking the “Doric dialect” in a narrative about ordinary military matters in the year 426. That is a surprisingly abstract way of looking at the subdivisions of the Greeks, because it would have been more natural for a 5th-century Greek to identify soldiers by home cities. Equally important to the understanding of this period is the hostility to Dorians , usually on the part of Ionians , another linguistic and religious subgroup, whose most-famous city was Athens . So extreme was this hostility that Dorians were prohibited from entering Ionian sanctuaries; extant today is a 5th-century example of such a prohibition, an inscription from the island of Paros .

Phenomena such as the tension between Dorians and Ionians that have their origins in the Dark Age are a reminder that Greek civilization did not emerge either unannounced or uncontaminated by what had gone before. The Dark Age itself is beyond the scope of this article. One is bound to notice, however, that archaeological finds tend to call into question the whole concept of a Dark Age by showing that certain features of Greek civilization once thought not to antedate about 800 bce can actually be pushed back by as much as two centuries. One example, chosen for its relevance to the emergence of the Greek city-state , or polis , will suffice . In 1981 archaeology pulled back the curtain on the “darkest” phase of all, the Protogeometric Period ( c. 1075–900 bce ), which takes its name from the geometric shapes painted on pottery . A grave, rich by the standards of any period, was uncovered at a site called Lefkandi on Euboea , the island along the eastern flank of Attica (the territory controlled by Athens). The grave, which dates to about 1000 bce , contains the (probably cremated) remains of a man and a woman. The large bronze vessel in which the man’s ashes were deposited came from Cyprus , and the gold items buried with the woman are splendid and sophisticated in their workmanship. Remains of horses were found as well; the animals had been buried with their snaffle bits. The grave was within a large collapsed house, whose form anticipates that of the Greek temples two centuries later. Previously it had been thought that those temples were one of the first manifestations of the “monumentalizing” associated with the beginnings of the city-state. Thus, that find and those made in a set of nearby cemeteries in the years before 1980 attesting further contacts between Egypt and Cyprus between 1000 and 800 bce are important evidence. They show that one corner of one island of Greece, at least, was neither impoverished nor isolated in a period usually thought to have been both. The difficulty is to know just how exceptional Lefkandi was, but in any view it has revised former ideas about what was and what was not possible at the beginning of the 1st millennium bce .

Colonization and city-state formation

The term colonization , although it may be convenient and widely used, is misleading. When applied to Archaic Greece, it should not necessarily be taken to imply the state-sponsored sending out of definite numbers of settlers, as the later Roman origin of the word implies. For one thing, it will be seen that state formation may itself be a product of the colonizing movement.

Ancient Greece

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Greece is a country in southeastern Europe , known in Greek as Hellas or Ellada , and consisting of a mainland and an archipelago of islands. Ancient Greece is the birthplace of Western philosophy ( Socrates , Plato , and Aristotle ), literature ( Homer and Hesiod ), mathematics ( Pythagoras and Euclid ), history ( Herodotus ), drama ( Sophocles , Euripides , and Aristophanes ), the Olympic Games , and democracy.

The concept of an atomic universe was first posited in Greece through the work of Democritus and Leucippus. The process of today's scientific method was first introduced through the work of Thales of Miletus and those who followed him. The Latin alphabet also comes from ancient Greece, having been introduced to the region during the Phoenician colonization in the 8th century BCE, and early work in physics and engineering was pioneered by Archimedes , of the Greek colony of Syracuse , among others.

Mainland Greece is a large peninsula surrounded on three sides by the Mediterranean Sea (branching into the Ionian Sea in the west and the Aegean Sea in the east) which also comprises the islands known as the Cyclades and the Dodecanese (including Rhodes ), the Ionian islands (including Corcyra ), the isle of Crete , and the southern peninsula known as the Peloponnese .

The geography of Greece greatly influenced the culture in that, with few natural resources and surrounded by water, the people eventually took to the sea for their livelihood. Mountains cover 80 percent of Greece and only small rivers run through a rocky landscape which, for the most part, provides little encouragement for agriculture . Consequently, the early ancient Greeks colonized neighboring islands and founded settlements along the coast of Anatolia (also known as Asia Minor , modern-day Turkey ). The Greeks became skilled seafaring people and traders who, possessing an abundance of raw materials for construction in stone, and great skill, built some of the most impressive structures in antiquity.

Etymology of Hellas

The designation Hellas derives from Hellen, the son of Deucalion and Pyrrha who feature prominently in Ovid 's tale of the Great Flood in his Metamorphoses . The mythical Deucalion (son of the fire-bringing titan Prometheus ) was the savior of the human race from the Great Flood, in the same way Noah is presented in the biblical version or Utnapishtim in the Mesopotamian one. Deucalion and Pyrrha repopulate the land once the floodwaters have receded by casting stones which become people, the first being Hellen. Contrary to popular opinion, Hellas and Ellada have nothing to do with Helen of Troy from Homer's Iliad . Ovid, however, did not coin the designation. Thucydides writes, in Book I of his Histories :

I am inclined to think that the very name was not as yet given to the whole country, and in fact did not exist at all before the time of Hellen, the son of Deucalion; the different tribes, of which the Pelasgian was the most widely spread, gave their own names to different districts. But when Hellen and his sons became powerful in Phthiotis, their aid was invoked by other cities , and those who associated with them gradually began to be called Hellenes, though a long time elapsed before the name was prevalent over the whole country. Of this, Homer affords the best evidence; for he, although he lived long after the Trojan War , nowhere uses this name collectively, but confines it to the followers of Achilles from Phthiotis, who were the original Hellenes; when speaking of the entire host, he calls them Danäans, or Argives, or Achaeans.

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Early history of ancient greece.

Ancient Greek history is most easily understood by dividing it into time periods. The region was already settled, and agriculture initiated, during the Paleolithic era as evidenced by finds at Petralona and Franchthi caves (two of the oldest human habitations in the world). The Neolithic Age (c. 6000 - c. 2900 BCE) is characterized by permanent settlements (primarily in northern Greece), domestication of animals, and the further development of agriculture. Archaeological finds in northern Greece ( Thessaly , Macedonia, and Sesklo, among others) suggest a migration from Anatolia in that the ceramic cups and bowls and figures found there share qualities distinctive to Neolithic finds in Anatolia. These inland settlers were primarily farmers, as northern Greece was more conducive to agriculture than elsewhere in the region, and lived in one-room stone houses with a roof of timber and clay daubing.

The Cycladic Civilization (c. 3200-1100 BCE) flourished in the islands of the Aegean Sea (including Delos , Naxos , and Paros ) and provides the earliest evidence of continual human habitation in that region. During the Cycladic Period, houses and temples were built of finished stone and the people made their living through fishing and trade . This period is usually divided into three phases: Early Cycladic, Middle Cycladic, and Late Cycladic with a steady development in art and architecture . The latter two phases overlap and finally merge with the Minoan Civilization , and differences between the periods become indistinguishable.

The Minoan Civilization (2700-1500 BCE) developed on the island of Crete, and rapidly became the dominant sea power in the region. The term 'Minoan' was coined by the archaeologist Sir Arthur Evans, who uncovered the Minoan palace of Knossos in 1900 CE and named the culture for the ancient Cretan king Minos. The name by which the people knew themselves is not known. The Minoan Civilization was thriving, as the Cycladic Civilization seems to have been, long before the accepted modern dates which mark its existence and probably earlier than 6000 BCE.

The Minoans developed a writing system known as Linear A (which has not yet been deciphered) and made advances in shipbuilding, construction, ceramics, the arts and sciences, and warfare . King Minos was credited by ancient historians (Thucydides among them) as being the first person to establish a navy with which he colonized, or conquered, the Cyclades. Archaeological and geological evidence on Crete suggests this civilization fell due to an overuse of the land causing deforestation though, traditionally, it is accepted that they were conquered by the Mycenaeans. The eruption of the volcano on the nearby island of Thera (modern-day Santorini) between 1650 and 1550 BCE and the resulting tsunami is acknowledged as the final cause for the fall of the Minoans. The isle of Crete was deluged and the cities and villages destroyed. This event has been frequently cited as Plato's inspiration in creating his myth of Atlantis in his dialogues of the Critias and Timaeus .

The Mycenaeans & Their Gods

The Mycenaean Civilization (approximately 1900-1100 BCE) is commonly acknowledged as the beginning of Greek culture , even though we know almost nothing about the Mycenaeans save what can be determined through archaeological finds and through Homer's account of their war with Troy as recorded in the Iliad . They are credited with establishing the culture owing primarily to their architectural advances, their development of a writing system (known as Linear B , an early form of Greek descended from the Minoan Linear A), and the establishment, or enhancement of, religious rites. The Mycenaeans appear to have been greatly influenced by the Minoans of Crete in their worship of earth goddesses and sky gods, which, in time, become the classical Greek pantheon .

Greek mythology provided a solid paradigm of the creation of the universe, the world, and human beings. An early myth relates how, in the beginning, there was nothing but chaos in the form of unending waters. From this chaos came the goddess Eurynome who separated the water from the air and began her dance of creation with the serpent Ophion. From their dance, all of creation sprang and Eurynome was, originally, the Great Mother Goddess and Creator of All Things.

By the time Hesiod and Homer were writing (8th century BCE), this story had changed into the more familiar myth concerning the titans, Zeus ' war against them, and the birth of the Olympian Gods with Zeus as their chief. This shift indicates a movement from a matriarchal religion to a patriarchal paradigm. Whichever model was followed, however, the gods clearly interacted regularly with the humans who worshipped them and were a large part of daily life in ancient Greece . Prior to the coming of the Romans, the only road in mainland Greece that was not a cow path was the Sacred Way which ran between the city of Athens and the holy city of Eleusis , the birthplace of the Eleusinian Mysteries celebrating the goddess Demeter and her daughter Persephone .

By 1100 BCE, around the time of the Bronze Age Collapse , the great Mycenaean cities of southwest Greece were abandoned and, some claim, their civilization destroyed by an invasion of Doric Greeks. Archaeological evidence is inconclusive as to what led to the fall of the Mycenaeans. As no written records of this period survive (or have yet to be unearthed) one may only speculate on causes. The tablets of Linear B script found thus far contain only lists of goods bartered in trade or kept in stock. It seems clear, however, that after what is known as the Greek Dark Ages (approximately 1100-800 BCE, so named because of the absence of written documentation) Greek colonization was ongoing in much of Asia Minor, and the islands surrounding mainland Greece and began to make significant cultural advances. Beginning in c. 585 BCE the first Greek philosopher, Thales of Miletus, was engaged in what, today, would be recognized as scientific inquiry on the Asia Minor coast, and this region of Ionian colonies would make significant breakthroughs in Greek philosophy and mathematics.

From the Archaic to the Classical Periods

The Archaic Period (800-500 BCE) is characterized by the introduction of republics instead of monarchies (which, in Athens, moved toward democratic rule) organized as a single city-state or polis , the institution of laws (Draco's reforms in Athens), the great Panathenaic Festival was established, distinctive Greek pottery and Greek sculpture were born, and the first coins minted on the island kingdom of Aegina . This, then, set the stage for the flourishing of the Classical Period of ancient Greece given as 500-400 BCE or, more precisely, as 480-323 BCE, from the Greek victory at the Battle of Salamis to the death of Alexander the Great . This was the Golden Age of Athens, when Pericles initiated the building of the Acropolis and spoke his famous eulogy for the men who died defending Greece at the Battle of Marathon in 490 BCE. Greece reached the heights in almost every area of human learning during this time and the great thinkers and artists of antiquity ( Phidias , Plato, Aristophanes, to mention only three) flourished. Leonidas and his 300 Spartans fell at Thermopylae and, the same year (480 BCE), Themistocles won victory over the superior Persian naval fleet at Salamis leading to the final defeat of the Persians at the Battle of Plataea in 479 BCE.

Democracy (literally Demos = people and Kratos = power, so power of the people) was established in Athens allowing all male citizens over the age of twenty a voice in the Greek government . The Pre-Socratic philosophers , following Thales' lead, initiated what would become the scientific method in exploring natural phenomena. Men like Anaximander , Anaximenes , Pythagoras, Democritus, Xenophanes, and Heraclitus abandoned the theistic model of the universe and strove to uncover the underlying, first cause of life and the universe.

Their successors, among whom were Euclid and Archimedes, continued to advance Greek science and philosophical inquiry and further established mathematics as a serious discipline. The example of Socrates and the writings of Plato and Aristotle after him have influenced western culture and society for over two thousand years. This period also saw advances in architecture and art with a movement away from the ideal to the realistic. Famous works of Greek sculpture such as the Parthenon Marbles and Discobolos (the discus thrower) date from this time and epitomize the artist's interest in depicting human emotion, beauty, and accomplishment realistically, even if those qualities are presented in works featuring immortals .

All of these developments in culture were made possible by the ascent of Athens following the victory over the Persians in 480 BCE. The peace and prosperity which followed the Persian defeat provided the finances and stability for culture to flourish. Athens became the superpower of the day and, with the most powerful navy, was able to demand tribute from other city-states and enforce its wishes. Athens formed the Delian League , a defensive alliance whose stated purpose was to deter the Persians from further hostilities.

The city-state of Sparta , however, doubted Athenian sincerity and formed their own association for protection against their enemies, the Peloponnesian League (so named for the Peloponnese region where Sparta and the others were located). The city-states which sided with Sparta increasingly perceived Athens as a bully and a tyrant, while those cities which sided with Athens viewed Sparta and its allies with growing distrust. The tension between these two parties eventually erupted in what has become known as the Peloponnesian Wars. The first conflict (c. 460-445 BCE) ended in a truce and continued prosperity for both parties while the second (431-404 BCE) left Athens in ruins and Sparta, the victor, bankrupt after her protracted war with Thebes .

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This time is generally referred to as the Late Classical Period (c. 400-330 BCE). The power vacuum left by the fall of these two cities was filled by Philip II of Macedon (382-336 BCE) after his victory over the Athenian forces and their allies at the Battle of Chaeronea in 338 BCE. Philip united the Greek city-states under Macedonian rule and, upon his assassination in 336 BCE, his son Alexander assumed the throne.

Alexander the Great & the Coming of Rome

Alexander the Great (356-323 BCE) carried on his father's plans for a full scale invasion of Persia in retaliation for their invasion of Greece in 480 BCE. As he had almost the whole of Greece under his command, a standing army of considerable size and strength, and a full treasury, Alexander did not need to bother with allies nor with consulting anyone regarding his plan for invasion and so led his army into Egypt , across Asia Minor, through Persia, and finally to India . Tutored in his youth by Plato's great student Aristotle, Alexander would spread the ideals of Greek civilization through his conquests and, in so doing, transmitted Greek art, philosophy, culture, and language to every region he came in contact with.

In 323 BCE Alexander died and his vast empire was divided between four of his generals. This initiated what has come to be known to historians as the Hellenistic Period (323-31 BCE) during which Greek thought and culture became dominant in the various regions under these generals' influence. After the wars of the Diadochi ('the successors' as Alexander's generals came to be known), Antigonus I established the Antigonid Dynasty in Greece which he then lost. It was regained by his grandson, Antigonus II Gonatas, by 276 BCE who ruled the country from his palace at Macedon .

The Roman Republic became increasingly involved in the affairs of Greece during this time and, in 168 BCE, defeated Macedon at the Battle of Pydna . After this date, Greece steadily came under the influence of Rome. In 146 BCE, the region was designated a Protectorate of Rome and Romans began to emulate Greek fashion, philosophy and, to a certain extent, sensibilities. In 31 BCE Octavian Caesar annexed the country as a province of Rome following his victory over Mark Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium . Octavian became Augustus Caesar and Greece a part of the Roman Empire .

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Bibliography

• Brendan Nagle, D. The Ancient World. Pearson, 2009.
• Durant, W. Caesar and Christ. Simon and Schuster, 1972.
• Durant, W. The Life of Greece. Simon & Schuster, 2011.
• Graves, R. The Greek Myths. Penguin, NY, 1993
• The Internet Classics Archive | The History of Herodotus by Herodotus , accessed 1 Dec 2016.
• Thucydides Book I , accessed 1 Dec 2016.
• Waterfield, R. The First Philosophers. Oxford University Press, USA, 2009.

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Ancient Greece

By: History.com Editors

Updated: March 13, 2024 | Original: March 5, 2010

The term Ancient, or Archaic, Greece refers to the years 700-480 B.C. The period is known for its art, architecture and philosophy. Ancient Greece saw advances in art, poetry and technology, and is known as the age in which the polis, or city-state, was invented. The polis became the defining feature of Greek political life for hundreds of years.

The Birth of the City-State

During the so-called “Greek Dark Ages” before the Archaic period, people lived scattered throughout Greece in small farming villages. As they grew larger, these villages began to evolve. Some built walls, most built a marketplace (an agora) and a community meeting place. 

They developed governments and organized their citizens according to some sort of constitution or set of laws. They raised armies and collected taxes. And every one of these city-states (known as poleis) was said to be protected by a particular god or goddess, to whom the citizens of the polis owed a great deal of reverence, respect and sacrifice. (Athens’ deity was Athena, for example; so was Sparta’s.)

Though their citizens had in common what Herodotus called “the same stock and the same speech, our shared temples of the gods and religious rituals, our similar customs,” every Greek city-state was different. The largest, Sparta , controlled about 300 square miles of territory; the smallest had just a few hundred people. 

Did you know? Greek military leaders trained the heavily armed hoplite soldiers to fight in a massive formation called a phalanx: standing shoulder to shoulder, the men were protected by their neighbor's shield. This intimidating technique played an important role in the Persian Wars and helped the Greeks build their empire.

However, by the dawn of the Archaic period in the seventh century B.C., the city-states had developed a number of common characteristics. They all had economies that were based on agriculture, not trade: For this reason, land was every city-state’s most valuable resource. Also, most had overthrown their hereditary kings, or basileus, and were ruled by a small number of wealthy aristocrats.

These people monopolized political power. (For example, they refused to let ordinary people serve on councils or assemblies.) They also monopolized the best farmland, and some even claimed to be descended from the Greek gods . Because “the poor with their wives and children were enslaved to the rich and had no political rights,” Aristotle said, “there was conflict between the nobles and the people for a long time.”

Colonization

Emigration was one way to relieve some of this tension. Land was the most important source of wealth in the city-states; it was also, obviously, in finite supply. The pressure of population growth pushed many men away from their home poleis and into sparsely populated areas around Greece and the Aegean. 

Between 750 B.C. and 600 B.C., Greek colonies sprang up from the Mediterranean to Asia Minor, from North Africa to the coast of the Black Sea. By the end of the seventh century B.C., there were more than 1,500 colonial poleis.

Each of these poleis was an independent city-state. In this way, the colonies of the Archaic period were different from other colonies we are familiar with: The people who lived there were not ruled by or bound to the city-states from which they came. The new poleis were self-governing and self-sufficient.

The Rise of the Tyrants

As time passed and their populations grew, many of these agricultural city-states began to produce consumer goods such as pottery, cloth, wine and metalwork. Trade in these goods made some people—usually not members of the old aristocracy—very wealthy. These people resented the unchecked power of the oligarchs and banded together, sometimes with the aid of heavily-armed soldiers called hoplites, to put new leaders in charge.

These leaders were known as tyrants. Some tyrants turned out to be just as autocratic as the oligarchs they replaced, while others proved to be enlightened leaders. (Pheidon of Argos established an orderly system of weights and measures, for instance, while Theagenes of Megara brought running water to his city.) However, their rule did not last: The classical period brought with it a series of political reforms that created the system of Ancient Greek democracy known as demokratia, or “rule by the people.”

Archaic Renaissance?

The colonial migrations of the Archaic period had an important effect on its art and literature: They spread Greek styles far and wide and encouraged people from all over to participate in the era’s creative revolutions. 

The epic poet Homer, from Ionia, produced his “Iliad” and “Odyssey” during the Archaic period. Sculptors created kouroi and korai, carefully proportioned human figures that served as memorials to the dead. Scientists and mathematicians made progress too: Anaximandros devised a theory of gravity; Xenophanes wrote about his discovery of fossils and Pythagoras of Kroton discovered his famous Pythagorean Theorem.

The economic, political, technological and artistic developments of the Archaic period readied the Greek city-states for the monumental changes of the next few centuries.

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• Ancient History

Introduction to Ancient Greece Lesson

Learning objectives

In this lesson, students will learn about the key events, influential figures, and cultural achievements that defined ancient Greece and how these contributions have shaped Western civilization. They will explore the development of Greek city-states, the significance of Greek philosophy and democracy, and the lasting impact of Greek art, science, and political thought on the modern world. Students will have the opportunity to achieve this through choosing their own method of learning, from reading, research, and video watching options, as well as the chance to engage in extension activities. This lesson includes a self-marking quiz for students to demonstrate their learning.

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Option 1: reading.

Step 1: Download a copy of the reading questions worksheet below:

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Download a copy of the research worksheet and use the internet to complete the tables.

Option 3: Watch video

Step 1: Download a copy of the viewing questions worksheet below:

Step 2: Answer the set questions by watching the following video:

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History 101: Ancient Greece

From artistry to politics, ancient Greece left a considerable impression on world history. Learn why Greek and Roman gods share so many similarities, how the alphabet got its name, and how the legacy of ancient Greece has evolved over thousands of years.

Anthropology, Archaeology

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A brief History of Greece & the islands

The Parthenon of the Acropolis of Athens

Greece is a country with a very rich history and the homeland of many famous personalities throughout the centuries. This section features information about the history of Greece (from the Stone and Bronze Αge to the Twentieth century), but also information about historical facts: famous personalities of ancient Greece, archaeological sites, historical monuments, and more. For quality videos about the history, you can visit the Youtube channel TinyEpics .

Table of contents • By period • Facts • By location

The history by periods

Excavations have shown that the first settlement dates back to the Palaeolithic era (11000 - 3000 BC) . During the second millennium BC, Greece gave birth to the great stone and bronze civilizations: the Minoans (3500 BC - 1100 BC), the Mycenaeans (1750 BC - 1050 BC), and the Cycladic civilization (3100 BC - 1000 BC). These were the first important civilizations in Greece but also world history.

Classical period

The Classical period (6th-4th century BC) is very famous worldwide. The peak of the classical period is the 5th century BC when the foundations of Western civilization were created in Athens. This city-state became the greatest naval power of Greece at that time and developed all domains of science and culture , including mathematics , physics , philosophy , architecture , music , drama , rhetoric , and even a new regime called democracy . It is not exaggerating to say that this period changed the history of the world .

Athens and Sparta were the most powerful city-states and the other city-states were allied with one or the other of these two. In the 5th century, the allied Greek city-states managed to repel the invasion of the Persians. However, the Peloponnesian War that followed, between Athens and Sparta, led to the decline of the glorious classical era .

That was when the Kingdom of Macedonia , a tribe residing in northern Greece, came to power defeating and conquering the other Greek city-states . After the death of King Phillip II, his son Alexander started a large expedition in Asia. In 334 BC, Alexander the Great invaded the Persian Empire and his army conquered the lands up until India. However, in 323 BC, he died in Babylon at the age of 33 and the Macedonian empire is torn apart and governed by his heirs.

Roman period

From 168 BC onwards, the Romans conquered Greece and a new period started. This is when the ancient world falls into the hands of the Romans. At that time, the country became the field of many important battles and new cities were constructed, such as Nikopolis in western Greece. Athens and the Greek culture overall declined , but Greek became the second official language of the Roman Empire. The Romans read the classical philosophers and based their religion on the Olympian gods. In the 3rd century AD, the powerful Roman Empire started to decline and it is divided into two pieces, the Eastern and the Western Roman Empire .

Byzantine period

While the Western Roman Empire was gradually conquered by barbaric North-European tribes, the Eastern Roman Empire with Constantinople (Byzantium) as its capital developed and was turned into the Byzantine Empire which lasted for about 1,000 years. At this point in history, Christianity becomes the official religion of the new empire, new territories are occupied and new state laws are formed. These laws will later constitute the first laws of the modern Greek state , as it will be formed in the 19th century.

Ottomans period and Independence war

In 1453 AD , the Ottoman Turks conquered Constantinople and gradually the rest of Greece , which had already partly been dominated by the Venetians and the Knights of Saint John. The country suffered a lot under the Ottoman yoke and frequent rebellions would rise. As these revolutions were unorganized, they were all suspended by the Ottoman army, until March 1821 when the Greek War of Independence broke out. This year is a cornerstone of the history of the country. After many fights, massacres, and seizes, the country finally got its freedom in 1829 , when the first independent Greek state was formed and Ioannis Kapodistrias , a Greek diplomat in the Russian courtyard, was set as its governor . The first Greek state included Peloponnese , Sterea , and the Cyclades islands .

Twentieth century

After Kapodistrias was assassinated in 1831, Prince Otto from Bavaria became the first king of Greece , followed by George I from Denmark in 1863. At that time, the Ionian islands were donated to Greece by Britain as a gift to the new king, and then Thessaly was attached to the Greek state by the Turks. In the early 20th century, Macedonia , Crete , and the Eastern Aegean islands were also attached to the Greek state after the First World War. This was the time when the figure of an important Greek politician was raised, Eleftherios Venizelos , the most famous Greek prime minister of modern history.

The year 1922 was troublesome for Greece as many Greek refugees from Asia Minor came to the mainland, after the burning of Smyrna. Although at first, it was very difficult for refugees to adapt to their new lives, they gradually contributed a lot to the development of the country.

During World War II , Greece resisted a lot of the Axis forces, but eventually, most of the Greek territory was conquered by the Germans and some parts by the Italians.

After the Second World War, the Dodecanese islands , which were still under Italian occupation since the early 20th century, also became part of the Greek state in 1947.

Three decades of political turmoil followed, including a military junta from 1967 to 1974. Since 1975 , the regime of Greece is the Unitary Parliamentary Republic .

Discover more about history

Discover the history by location.

Destinations Select a Destination Aegina Agistri Alonissos Amorgos Anafi Andros Antiparos Arachova Astypalea Athens Chania Chios Corfu Delphi Donoussa Elafonissos Epidaurus Ermioni Folegandros Fourni Gythio Halki Halkidiki Heraklion Hydra Ikaria Ios Iraklia Ithaca Kalavryta Kalymnos Karpathos Kea Kefalonia Kimolos Kos Koufonisia Kyparissia Kythira Kythnos Lassithi Lefkada Lemnos Leros Lesvos Lipsi Mathraki Meganisi Mesolongi Meteora Milos Monemvasia Mycenae Mykonos Mystras Nafpaktos Nafplion Naxos Nisyros Olympia Parga Paros Patmos Patra Paxi Pelion Poros Porto Heli Rethymno Rhodes Samos Santorini Schinoussa Serifos Sifnos Sikinos Simi Skiathos Skopelos Skyros Sparti Spetses Syros Thassos Thessaloniki Tilos Tinos Zagorochoria Zakynthos

PHOTOS OF GREECE HISTORY

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Open Yale Courses

You are here, introduction to ancient greek history.

This is an introductory course in Greek history tracing the development of Greek civilization as manifested in political, intellectual, and creative achievements from the Bronze Age to the end of the classical period. Students read original sources in translation as well as the works of modern scholars.

This Yale College course, taught on campus twice per week for 75 minutes, was recorded for Open Yale Courses in Fall 2007.

Pomeroy, Burstein, Donlan and Roberts. Ancient Greece . Oxford University Press: New York, 1999.

Kagan, Donald. “Problems in Ancient History.” In The Ancient Near East and Greece . 2nd ed., vol. 1. Prentice-Hall: New York, 1975.

Herodotus, The Histories .

Plutarch, The Rise and Fall of the Athens .

Thucydides, The Peloponnesian War .

Students will have an opportunity to choose one of two programs for completing their work in the course:

Plan A Students electing Plan A will take an in-class midterm and final examination. The midterm will cover all assigned readings to that date. Students in this program will also submit a paper on Herodotus, not to exceed 1500 words. The topic for the paper will be announced in class.

Plan B Students electing Plan B will take an in-class midterm and final examination and will enroll in discussion sections which meet once a week for fifty minutes. These sections will offer the students an opportunity to discuss in detail issues raised in the course. Students in Plan B are encouraged to propose topics for discussion to the teaching fellow who will lead the discussions. Students following Plan B will submit a paper, not more than 1500 words long, on a topic of their own choosing, subject to the approval of the section leader.

Students in Plan B are required to attend their section meetings regularly and to come prepared to discuss the topic announced the week before by the section leader. Classroom participation will be one factor in determining grades.

The grades for students electing Plan A will be determined by computing the average grade on the paper, the midterm examination and the final examination; all three will count equally.

Grades for students electing Plan B will be determined by weighing the midterm, final and paper grades at 30% each and performance in section at 10%.

Athens in Greece

Sep 16, 2014

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Athens in Greece. Power Point By: Karley Bounds. Athens and Sparta organized rival alliances in 400's B.C. History of Athens.

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Athens in Greece Power Point By: Karley Bounds Athens and Sparta organized rival alliances in 400's B.C.

History of Athens Athens is one of the oldest named cities in the world, having been continuously inhabited for at least 7000 years. Situated in southern Europe, Athens became the leading city of ancient Greece. During the Middle Ages, Athens experienced decline and then a recovery under the Byzantine Empire. Athens were relatively prosperous during the Crusades, benefiting from the Italian trade. After a long period of decline under the rule of the Ottoman empire, Athens re-emerged in the 19th century as the capital of an independent state.

Acropolis The Acropolis, Dedicated to Athena, was a religious shrine and high fortress for the Athenian people. Amid the largest and most apparent achievement of Athens, is the marble Parthenon, situated at the highest point of the Acropolis. The Parthenon held several temples to the goddess Athena.

Athena Athena, also known as Athene, was a Greek Goddess of wisdom, war, the arts, industry, justice, and skill. her mother is Metis and she is the daughter of Zeus. Athena was also known as the Roman god Minerva. It was said that when he swallowed Metis when she was pregnant for her and that Athena was born out of his head.

The Women's of Athens The womens of Athens were just above slaves. Most weren't taught to read or write. There are three general classes Athenian womens could be classified in, they are the lower class, which were slave women, the second class, which were Athenian citizen women, and the third class, which was known as the Hetaerae. Hetaerae women were the ones that were taught how to read and write.

Classes of Athens There are two main classes in Athens, they are citizens and slaves. Citizenship allotted many privileges to the populations of Athens. Women were excluded from becoming citizens. Citizens could own land, slaves, belong to the assembly, and could have some political sway. While slaves were excluded from religious festivals of Athens. They could not own land, were denied some civil rights, and could not participate in political activities. Some of the younger slaves' masters even allowed apprenticeships in their workshop.

Athens against Sparta Athenians: You could get a good education and could pursue any of several kinds of arts or sciences. You could serve in the navy or army, but only if you wanted to. (this applied to boys only, girls were restricted to other pursuits. Spartan: They focused on obedience and war. Slavery this possible by freeing the young men from household and industrial duties and allowing them to focus on their military duties. Young men were trained to be warriors while young girls were trained to be mothers of warriors.

Democracy Democracy began at Athens. But they were not a representative democracy, instead it was direct democracy. Representative democracy is where people vote for representatives who decide issues in their name. Direct democracy is where every citizen can vote on every issue. In Athens, they had an assembly, or a lawmaking group. Any of the free men could speak in the assembly and vote on a new law.

Trading in Athens The Athens didn't get enough food for the city's people, so they traded. Athenians traded with other city-states and some foreign lands to get the goods they needed. They acquired grain from Egypt and wood from Italy. In exchange, they traded olive oil, silver, honey, and painted pottery. Athens developed its own coins. They were made of such metals as gold, silver, and bronze. They decorated the flat sided of their coins. Athens developed its own coins to make trading much easier.

Work Cited • Picture of the map of the allies of Athens and Sparta. [Online Image] http://static.howstuffworks.com/gif/willow/ancient-greece3.gif, February 17, 2011 • Picture of the Acropolis. [Online Image] http://www.travlang.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/acropolis-landmark_321.jpg, February 17, 2011 • Picture of Athena. http://www.comicbookmovie.com/images/users/uploads/17374/Athena.jpg, February 17, 2011 • Picture of the women of Athens. [Online Image]http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/prehistory/aegean/culture/womenofathens.html, February 18, 2011 • Picture of slaves. [Online Image]http://www.pbs.org/empires/thegreeks/img/background/illustrations/32b.jpg, February 18, 2011 • Picture of where Athen and Sparta are located. [Online Image]http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_3My9-7xbqSU/R14LTnQzYtI/AAAAAAAAABA/Njoq6EeURss/s320/athens+sparta.bmp, February 22, 2011 • Picture for Democracy. [Online Image]http://www.initiativesamendment.org/background.htm, February 22, 2011 • Picture of statue. [Online Image]http://www.sikyon.com/athens/athens_eg.html, February 23, 2011 • Picture of coins. [Online Image]http://www.eramuslim.com/fckfiles/image/Gold-coin%20US.jpg, February 23,2011

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