BMC Health Services Research
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Improving care for people with disabilities
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Advancing epidemic preparedness of health systems
Guest edited by Yibeltal Assefa Alemu, Carl Abelardo T. Antonio, Julie Balen & Megan Schmidt-Sane
Health services for substance use disorders
Guest edited by Chaisiri Angkurawaranon, Berkeley Franz, João Pedro Silva
Health workforce planning
Guest edited by Madhan Balasubramanian and Sunny C. Okoroafor
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Analysis of the structure of Basic Health Units in Brazil to conduct telehealth actions: a comparison of two cross-sectional studies
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How nurses and their work environment affect patient experiences of the quality of care: a qualitative study
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Aims and scope
BMC Health Services Research is an open access, peer-reviewed journal that considers articles on all aspects of health services research. The journal has a special focus on digital health, governance, health policy, health system quality and safety, healthcare delivery and access to healthcare, healthcare financing and economics, implementing reform, and the health workforce.
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Qualitative Health Research
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Qualitative Health Research provides an international, interdisciplinary forum to enhance health and health care and further the development and understanding of qualitative health research. The journal is an invaluable resource for researchers and academics, administrators and others in the health and social service professions, and graduates, who seek examples of studies in which the authors used qualitative methodologies. Each issue of Qualitative Health Research provides readers with a wealth of information on conceptual, theoretical, methodological, and ethical issues pertaining to qualitative inquiry. A Variety of Perspectives We encourage submissions across all health-related areas and disciplines. Qualitative Health Research understands health in its broadest sense and values contributions from various traditions of qualitative inquiry. As a journal of SAGE Publishing, Qualitative Health Research aspires to disseminate high-quality research and engaged scholarship globally, and we are committed to diversity and inclusion in publishing. We encourage submissions from a diverse range of authors from across all countries and backgrounds. There are no fees payable to submit or publish in Qualitative Health Research .
Original, Timely, and Insightful Scholarship Qualitative Health Research aspires to publish articles addressing significant and contemporary health-related issues. Only manuscripts of sufficient originality and quality that align with the aims and scope of Qualitative Health Research will be reviewed. As part of the submission process authors are required to warrant that they are submitting original work, that they have the rights in the work, that they have obtained, and that can supply all necessary permissions for the reproduction of any copyright works not owned by them, and that they are submitting the work for first publication in the Journal and that it is not being considered for publication elsewhere and has not already been published elsewhere. Please note that Qualitative Health Research does not accept submissions of papers that have been published elsewhere. Sage requires authors to identify preprints upon submission (see https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/preprintsfaq ). This Journal is a member of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) .
This Journal recommends that authors follow the Recommendations for the Conduct, Reporting, Editing, and Publication of Scholarly Work in Medical Journals formulated by the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE).
Qualitative Health Research is an international, interdisciplinary, refereed journal for the enhancement of health care and to further the development and understanding of qualitative research methods in health care settings. We welcome manuscripts in the following areas: the description and analysis of the illness experience, health and health-seeking behaviors, the experiences of caregivers, the sociocultural organization of health care, health care policy, and related topics. We also seek critical reviews and commentaries addressing conceptual, theoretical, methodological, and ethical issues pertaining to qualitative enquiry.
Dalhousie University School of Nursing, Canada | |
Auckland University of Technology, New Zealand | |
University of Alberta, Canada | |
Birkbeck University of London, UK | |
University of Alberta, Canada |
Université Lumière Lyon 2, France | |
The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong | |
University of Tarapaca, Chile | |
University of Queensland, Australia | |
University of Colorado, USA | |
York University, Canada | |
University of Haifa, Israel | |
Auckland University of Technology, Aotearoa New Zealand | |
Auckland University of Technology, New Zealand | |
Medical University of South Carolina | |
Birkbeck University of London, UK | |
University of Queensland, Australia | |
University of Utah, USA | |
University of Münster, Germany | |
Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, India | |
University of Manitoba, Canada | |
University of Florida, USA | |
University of Queensland, Australia | |
Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong | |
Hunter College - Silberman School of Social Work, New York, NY |
University of Utah, USA |
UC Berkeley, USA | |
Boston College, USA | |
University of British Columbia, Okanagan | |
Aalborg University, Denmark | |
Korea National University of Transportation, South Korea | |
Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, USA | |
AUT University Auckland, New Zealand | |
Freie Universtität Berlin, Germany | |
Kings College London | |
University of Calgary, Canada | |
University of Brighton, UK | |
Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Milan, Italy | |
University of Illinois at Chicago, USA | |
Utah Tech University, USA | |
Auckland University of Technology, New Zealand | |
Laurentian University, Canada | |
VinUniversity, Vietnam | |
University of New South Wales, Australia | |
University of Alberta, Canada | |
Portland State University, USA | |
University of British Columbia, Canada | |
Professor in the Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada | |
Ewha Woman's University, South Korea | |
University of Bologna, Italy | |
Khon Kaen University, Thailand | |
University of British Columbia, Canada | |
University of Alberta, Canada | |
University of New Brunswick, Canada |
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Journal of Public Health Research
The Journal of Public Health Research is an online Open Access, peer-reviewed scholarly journal in the field of public health science. The aim of the journal is to stimulate debate and dissemination of knowledge in the public health field in order to improve efficacy, effectiveness and efficiency of public health interventions to improve health outcomes of populations. This aim can only be achieved by adopting a global and multidisciplinary approach.
The Journal of Public Health Research publishes contributions from both the ‘traditional’ disciplines of public health, including hygiene, epidemiology, health education, environmental health, occupational health, health policy, hospital management, health economics, law and ethics as well as from the area of new health care fields including social science, communication science, eHealth and mHealth philosophy, health technology assessment, genetics research implications, population-mental health, gender and disparity issues, global and migration-related themes. In support of this approach, the Journal of Public Health Research strongly encourages the use of real multidisciplinary approaches and analyses in the manuscripts submitted to the journal. In addition to Original research , Systematic Review, Meta-analysis , Meta-synthesis and Perspectives and Debate articles, the Journal of Public Health Research publishes newsworthy Brief Reports , Letters and Study Protocols related to public health and public health management activities.
Open access article processing charge (APC) information
Publication in the journal is subject to payment of an article processing charge (APC). The APC serves to support the journal and ensures that articles are freely accessible online in perpetuity under a Creative Commons licences.
The APC for this journal is currently 795 USD.
The article processing charge (APC) is payable when a manuscript is accepted after peer review, before it is published. The APC is subject to taxes where applicable. Please see further details here.
Submission information
Submit your manuscript today under the following link: Click here to Submit
Please also check the Submission Guidelines for more information on how to submit your article to the journal: Click here to read the Submission Guidelines
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Journal of Health Research
Subject Area and Category
- Health Policy
- Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health
Publication type
08574421, 2586940X
Information
How to publish in this journal
The set of journals have been ranked according to their SJR and divided into four equal groups, four quartiles. Q1 (green) comprises the quarter of the journals with the highest values, Q2 (yellow) the second highest values, Q3 (orange) the third highest values and Q4 (red) the lowest values.
Category | Year | Quartile |
---|---|---|
Health Policy | 2019 | Q4 |
Health Policy | 2020 | Q4 |
Health Policy | 2021 | Q3 |
Health Policy | 2022 | Q3 |
Health Policy | 2023 | Q3 |
Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health | 2019 | Q4 |
Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health | 2020 | Q4 |
Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health | 2021 | Q3 |
Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health | 2022 | Q3 |
Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health | 2023 | Q3 |
The SJR is a size-independent prestige indicator that ranks journals by their 'average prestige per article'. It is based on the idea that 'all citations are not created equal'. SJR is a measure of scientific influence of journals that accounts for both the number of citations received by a journal and the importance or prestige of the journals where such citations come from It measures the scientific influence of the average article in a journal, it expresses how central to the global scientific discussion an average article of the journal is.
Year | SJR |
---|---|
2019 | 0.143 |
2020 | 0.196 |
2021 | 0.262 |
2022 | 0.337 |
2023 | 0.344 |
Evolution of the number of published documents. All types of documents are considered, including citable and non citable documents.
Year | Documents |
---|---|
2018 | 81 |
2019 | 53 |
2020 | 73 |
2021 | 27 |
2022 | 110 |
2023 | 54 |
This indicator counts the number of citations received by documents from a journal and divides them by the total number of documents published in that journal. The chart shows the evolution of the average number of times documents published in a journal in the past two, three and four years have been cited in the current year. The two years line is equivalent to journal impact factor ™ (Thomson Reuters) metric.
Cites per document | Year | Value |
---|---|---|
Cites / Doc. (4 years) | 2018 | 0.000 |
Cites / Doc. (4 years) | 2019 | 0.309 |
Cites / Doc. (4 years) | 2020 | 0.530 |
Cites / Doc. (4 years) | 2021 | 0.894 |
Cites / Doc. (4 years) | 2022 | 1.274 |
Cites / Doc. (4 years) | 2023 | 1.357 |
Cites / Doc. (3 years) | 2018 | 0.000 |
Cites / Doc. (3 years) | 2019 | 0.309 |
Cites / Doc. (3 years) | 2020 | 0.530 |
Cites / Doc. (3 years) | 2021 | 0.894 |
Cites / Doc. (3 years) | 2022 | 1.444 |
Cites / Doc. (3 years) | 2023 | 1.376 |
Cites / Doc. (2 years) | 2018 | 0.000 |
Cites / Doc. (2 years) | 2019 | 0.309 |
Cites / Doc. (2 years) | 2020 | 0.530 |
Cites / Doc. (2 years) | 2021 | 0.952 |
Cites / Doc. (2 years) | 2022 | 1.580 |
Cites / Doc. (2 years) | 2023 | 1.343 |
Evolution of the total number of citations and journal's self-citations received by a journal's published documents during the three previous years. Journal Self-citation is defined as the number of citation from a journal citing article to articles published by the same journal.
Cites | Year | Value |
---|---|---|
Self Cites | 2018 | 0 |
Self Cites | 2019 | 2 |
Self Cites | 2020 | 4 |
Self Cites | 2021 | 2 |
Self Cites | 2022 | 9 |
Self Cites | 2023 | 1 |
Total Cites | 2018 | 0 |
Total Cites | 2019 | 25 |
Total Cites | 2020 | 71 |
Total Cites | 2021 | 185 |
Total Cites | 2022 | 221 |
Total Cites | 2023 | 289 |
Evolution of the number of total citation per document and external citation per document (i.e. journal self-citations removed) received by a journal's published documents during the three previous years. External citations are calculated by subtracting the number of self-citations from the total number of citations received by the journal’s documents.
Cites | Year | Value |
---|---|---|
External Cites per document | 2018 | 0 |
External Cites per document | 2019 | 0.284 |
External Cites per document | 2020 | 0.500 |
External Cites per document | 2021 | 0.884 |
External Cites per document | 2022 | 1.386 |
External Cites per document | 2023 | 1.371 |
Cites per document | 2018 | 0.000 |
Cites per document | 2019 | 0.309 |
Cites per document | 2020 | 0.530 |
Cites per document | 2021 | 0.894 |
Cites per document | 2022 | 1.444 |
Cites per document | 2023 | 1.376 |
International Collaboration accounts for the articles that have been produced by researchers from several countries. The chart shows the ratio of a journal's documents signed by researchers from more than one country; that is including more than one country address.
Year | International Collaboration |
---|---|
2018 | 22.22 |
2019 | 16.98 |
2020 | 24.66 |
2021 | 22.22 |
2022 | 19.09 |
2023 | 27.78 |
Not every article in a journal is considered primary research and therefore "citable", this chart shows the ratio of a journal's articles including substantial research (research articles, conference papers and reviews) in three year windows vs. those documents other than research articles, reviews and conference papers.
Documents | Year | Value |
---|---|---|
Non-citable documents | 2018 | 0 |
Non-citable documents | 2019 | 2 |
Non-citable documents | 2020 | 2 |
Non-citable documents | 2021 | 2 |
Non-citable documents | 2022 | 0 |
Non-citable documents | 2023 | 0 |
Citable documents | 2018 | 0 |
Citable documents | 2019 | 79 |
Citable documents | 2020 | 132 |
Citable documents | 2021 | 205 |
Citable documents | 2022 | 153 |
Citable documents | 2023 | 210 |
Ratio of a journal's items, grouped in three years windows, that have been cited at least once vs. those not cited during the following year.
Documents | Year | Value |
---|---|---|
Uncited documents | 2018 | 0 |
Uncited documents | 2019 | 68 |
Uncited documents | 2020 | 95 |
Uncited documents | 2021 | 118 |
Uncited documents | 2022 | 66 |
Uncited documents | 2023 | 93 |
Cited documents | 2018 | 0 |
Cited documents | 2019 | 13 |
Cited documents | 2020 | 39 |
Cited documents | 2021 | 89 |
Cited documents | 2022 | 87 |
Cited documents | 2023 | 117 |
Evolution of the percentage of female authors.
Year | Female Percent |
---|---|
2018 | 59.86 |
2019 | 62.39 |
2020 | 56.35 |
2021 | 41.79 |
2022 | 52.90 |
2023 | 56.40 |
Evolution of the number of documents cited by public policy documents according to Overton database.
Documents | Year | Value |
---|---|---|
Overton | 2018 | 0 |
Overton | 2019 | 0 |
Overton | 2020 | 0 |
Overton | 2021 | 0 |
Overton | 2022 | 0 |
Overton | 2023 | 0 |
Evoution of the number of documents related to Sustainable Development Goals defined by United Nations. Available from 2018 onwards.
Documents | Year | Value |
---|---|---|
SDG | 2018 | 53 |
SDG | 2019 | 30 |
SDG | 2020 | 47 |
SDG | 2021 | 17 |
SDG | 2022 | 64 |
SDG | 2023 | 36 |
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by Sundar Pichai
Google Keyword Blog | 25-Jan-2021
by Steph Hannon
Google Keyword Blog | 11-Dec-2020
by Karen DeSalvo & Kristie Canegallo
Google Keyword Blog | 10-Dec-2020
Google Keyword Blog | 24-Nov-2020 [Spanish version]
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10-Nov-2020
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by Mollie Javerbaum & Meghan Houghton
Google Keyword Blog | 10-Sep-2020
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by Dave Burke
Google Keyword Blog | 31-Jul-2020
by Apple & Google
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Google Keyword Blog | 13-May-2020
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Google Africa Blog
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by Julie Black
Google Keyword Blog | 6-Apr-2020
by Jen Fitzpatrick & Karen DeSalvo
Google Keyword Blog | 3-Apr-2020
by Emily Moxley
Google Keyword Blog | 21-Mar-2020
Google Keyword Blog | 15-Mar-2020
Google Keyword Blog | 6-Mar-2020
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by Krishnamurthy (Dj) Dvijotham & Taylan Cemgil
Google Deepmind | 17-Jul-2023
by Shekoofeh Azizi & Laura Culp
Google Research Blog | 26-Apr-2023
by Alex D’Amour & Katherine Heller
Google Research Blog | 18-Oct-2021
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Nat. Med. 1–7 (2023).
Azizi, S., Culp, L., Freyberg, J., Mustafa, B., Baur, S., Kornblith, S., Chen, T., Tomasev, N., Mitrović, J., Strachan, P., Mahdavi, S. S., Wulczyn, E., Babenko, B., Walker, M., Loh, A., Chen, P.-H. C., Liu, Y., Bavishi, P., McKinney, S. M., Winkens, J., Roy, A. G., Beaver, Z., Ryan, F., Krogue, J., Etemadi, M., Telang, U., Liu, Y., Peng, L., Corrado, G. S., Webster, D. R., Fleet, D., Hinton, G., Houlsby, N., Karthikesalingam, A., Norouzi, M. & Natarajan, V.
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Schrouff, J., Harris, N., Koyejo, O. O., Alabdulmohsin, I., Schnider, E., Opsahl-Ong, K., Brown, A., Roy, S., Mincu, D., Chen, C., Dieng, A., Liu, Y., Natarajan, V., Karthikesalingam, A., Heller, K. A., Chiappa, S. & D’Amour, A.
NeurIPS (2022).
McKinney, S. M.
medRxiv (2022).
Freeman, B., Hammel, N., Phene, S., Huang, A., Ackermann, R., Kanzheleva, O., Hutson, M., Taggart, C., Duong, Q. & Sayres, R.
HCOMP 9, 60–71 (2021).
Azizi, S., Mustafa, B., Ryan, F., Beaver, Z., Freyberg, J., Deaton, J., Loh, A., Karthikesalingam, A., Kornblith, S., Chen, T., Natarajan, V. & Norouzi, M.
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arXiv [cs.CV] (2021).
arXiv [eess.IV] (2021).
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by Mike Schaekermann & Ivor Horn
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by Dave Steiner & Rory Pilgrim
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by Lou Wang
Google Keyword Blog | 14-Jun-2023
Google Keyword Blog | 08-Feb-2022
by Abhijit Guha Roy & Jie Ren
Google Research Blog | 27-Jan-2022
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TensorFlow Blog | 11-Oct-2021
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Google Keyword Blog | 18-May-2021
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Google Research Blog | 19-Feb-2020
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Google Keyword Blog | 25-Apr-2020
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Speed, C., Arneil, T., Harle, R., Wilson, A., Karthikesalingam, A., McConnell, M. & Phillips, J.
PLOS Digit Health 2, e0000236 (2023).
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Circulation (2022).
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Front. Physiol. 13, 898251 (2022).
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Google Research Blog | 4-Dec-2017
by Phing Lee
Google Keyword Blog | 17-Nov-2017
Kolmogorov, M., Billingsley, K. J., Mastoras, M., Meredith, M., Monlong, J., Lorig-Roach, R., Asri, M., Alvarez Jerez, P., Malik, L., Dewan, R., Reed, X., Genner, R. M., Daida, K., Behera, S., Shafin, K., Pesout, T., Prabakaran, J., Carnevali, P., Yang, J., Rhie, A., Scholz, S. W., Traynor, B. J., Miga, K. H., Jain, M., Timp, W., Phillippy, A. M., Chaisson, M., Sedlazeck, F. J., Blauwendraat, C. & Paten, B.
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Google Health Studies
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Proceedings of the 29th Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking 1–15. Association for Computing Machinery (2023).
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Bae, S., Borac, S., Emre, Y., Wang, J., Wu, J., Kashyap, M., Kang, S.-H., Chen, L., Moran, M., Cannon, J., Teasley, E. S., Chai, A., Liu, Y., Wadhwa, N., Krainin, M., Rubinstein, M., Maciel, A., McConnell, M. V., Patel, S., Corrado, G. S., Taylor, J. A., Zhan, J. & Po, M. J.
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Optimizing Health Care Utilization for Patients With Complex Medical Needs—Should We Be Targeting Social Risks?
- 1 Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
- 2 Division of Epidemiology, Department of Population Health Science, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
In recent years, increased attention has been focused on adverse social determinants of health (SDOH) and health-related social needs (HRSN), which are known to have profound and deleterious impacts on morbidity and mortality. 1 These social risk factors include living in an area with high crime rates, having food insecurity, and being uninsured. Individuals with multiple chronic conditions (MCC) have complex medical needs that can be exacerbated by social risks. However, documenting the link between social risks and health outcomes for adults with MCC has largely been limited to specific disease conditions, with individual social risks considered independently. 2 , 3 With a growing number of adults living with MCC, elucidating the cumulative and collective impact of social risks is an emerging priority. In an effort to rigorously address this issue, this study by Tucher et al 4 leveraged rich data from the Kaiser Permanente Northern California (KPNC) health care system to determine the relative contribution of numerous social risks (eg, neighborhood deprivation, social isolation, financial insecurity) in association with ambulatory and inpatient health care utilization over 12 months among adults with MCC. As hypothesized, Tucher et al 4 found that social risks were significantly associated with increased health care utilization. Interestingly, Tucher et al 4 also observed a dose-response association between experiencing a greater number of social risks and increased utilization across a variety of outcomes, including emergency department visits, inpatient admissions, and outpatient visits. Tucher et al 4 posited that by identifying potential drivers of health care utilization among individuals with MCC, they could “inform policymakers and clinical leaders when planning social resource allocation and targeting, program expansions, and refining care management strategies.” While Tucher et al 4 sought to generate evidence to inform policymakers and clinical leaders, ambiguity remains about the best path forward in addressing social risks to improve health outcomes.
Earlier this year, the National Institute of Minority Health convened a 2-day workshop “Research Strategies to Optimize Health Care for People with Multiple Chronic Conditions from Populations Experiencing Health Disparities.” 5 Nearly every session over the 2 days discussed how SDOH and HRSN impact health outcomes for individuals with MCC. Further, in November 2023, the Biden Administration published the US Playbook To Address Social Determinants of Health, 6 with the goal to “accelerate innovation across sectors to develop practical solutions that equitably improve social circumstances and achieve better health outcomes.” The playbook outlined 3 strategies to address SDOH in the US: (1) expand data gathering and sharing, (2) support flexible funding for social needs, and (3) support backbone organizations. 6 Applying these 3 broad strategies to address social risks for patients with MCC may offer an opportunity to optimize their health care utilization by reducing unnecessary or avoidable care and improving outcomes.
Integrated health care systems, such as KPNC, have been pioneers in the first strategy, with systematic, longitudinal SDOH data collection of their members. Indeed, notable strengths of the study by Tucher et al 4 include the large (approximately 100 000 adults), diverse (eg, 10.6% Asian patients, 11.1% Black patients, and 18.3% Hispanic patients; 50% of patients earning <$50 000/y) sample of KPNC members insured by Medicaid, Medicare, and private insurance, irrespective of their chronic conditions, in addition to multidimensional measures of social risk (eg, neighborhood deprivation index, social vulnerability index, financial strain, food insecurity, and housing instability). Although this study by Tucher et al 4 underscores why we as researchers should care about social risks for individuals with MCC, to make the case for why a health system should invest limited resources to routinely collect social risk data and address the identified needs (the second playbook strategy), a robust cost-benefit evaluation is warranted. Implementing systematic data collection and referral processes can be expensive and resource intensive (ie, comprehensive screening and referrals often require a staff member, such as a medical assistant or patient navigator). 7 Through Medicaid and the Children’s Health Insurance Program, there have been some recent successful attempts at the state-level to support social risk assessment, referral, and intervention, as evidenced by North Carolina, New Jersey, Oregon, Arizona, Massachusetts, Arkansas, and Washington. 6 However, these programs are Medicaid-specific, and in the absence of federal dollars to support this endeavor for individuals with Medicare or private insurance, the playbook’s second strategy would require substantial investments from individual states and/or health care systems.
The third playbook strategy is particularly compelling, as it focuses on support to organizations that link health care systems to community-based organizations. 6 Rather than putting the onus to address social risks on the health care system, this strategy proposes to leverage existing organizations that have experience administering programs that address unmet social needs. An identified opportunity is to have Medicare pay for community health workers to screen patients for SDOH and subsequently connect them to available resources. Acknowledging the potential challenges, particularly regarding, sustainability and scale-up, this type of strategy could be a promising place to start to address social risks for adults with MCC, as suggested by Tucher et al. 4
The stakes are high for the millions of people in the US who are living with MCC and who experience social risks. The study by Tucher et al 4 brings much needed attention to these complex issues, where the solutions are equally complex to integrate and sustain. Continued efforts to develop, implement, and evaluate approaches to addressing the interplay among these issues are warranted, given the clinical and policy implications, and, most importantly, implications for the individual patients and their families.
Published: September 27, 2024. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.35152
Open Access: This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the CC-BY License . © 2024 Pinheiro LC. JAMA Network Open .
Corresponding Author: Laura C. Pinheiro, PhD, MPH, Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, 420 E 70th St, Box 331, New York, NY 10065 ( [email protected] ).
Conflict of Interest Disclosures: Dr Pinheiro reported receiving grants from Pfizer, Conquer Cancer Foundation, and National Cancer Institute outside the submitted work.
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Pinheiro LC. Optimizing Health Care Utilization for Patients With Complex Medical Needs—Should We Be Targeting Social Risks? JAMA Netw Open. 2024;7(9):e2435152. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.35152
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Advancing collaborative research for health: why does collaboration matter?
Carla saenz.
1 Pan American Health Organization, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
Timothy M Krahn
2 Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
Maxwell J Smith
3 Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
Michelle M Haby
Sarah carracedo, ludovic reveiz, associated data.
No data are available.
The calls for health research to be collaborative are ubiquitous—even as part of a recent World Health Assembly resolution on clinical trials—yet the arguments in support of collaborative research have been taken for granted and are absent in the literature. This article provides three arguments to justify why health research ought to be collaborative and discusses trade-offs to be considered among the ethical values guiding each argument.
SUMMARY BOX
- Health research ought to be collaborative in emergency and non-emergency situations.
- Arguments for collaborations in health research are grounded in the values of efficiency, benefit maximisation and equity.
- Health research collaboration can encompass many differences and take place in very diverse settings. The values of efficiency, benefit maximisation and equity do not dictate a formula for research collaborations in specific circumstances.
- It may be necessary to consider trade-offs between these values. One may be justified to depart from (more robust) collaboration in specific circumstances. However, it is never acceptable to compromise respect and fairness to advance research collaboration.
The COVID-19 pandemic has made it clear that the impact of research is not limited to advancing people’s health in the future. Research can also be impactful for current health threats. 1 Research that was conducted very quickly led to the timely development of effective COVID-19 diagnostic tests, vaccines, therapeutics and public health interventions. 2 Yet this success story should not obscure challenges in the conduct of COVID-19 research. 3 For example, multiple repetitive, small trials have consumed an important share of research resources while not being able to yield much-needed knowledge about the efficacy of the interventions under study. 4 , 7 These challenges have been acknowledged to the extent that there have been various calls for increased collaboration in research, 38 , 10 along with a World Health Assembly resolution calling for increased coordination of clinical trials. 11 Furthermore, as part of the response to the mpox emergency, WHO urged for ‘collaborative research’. 12
The call for research to be collaborative has been ubiquitous, even before the pandemic, 13 , 17 yet the justification to proceed collaboratively when conducting research is not obvious. What do collaborations add to research? Why should we advance research collaborations, instead of just ensuring that research needs are met? Why are research collaborations described as an ethical imperative, particularly in the context of health emergencies?
In this article, we explain why research collaborations are ethically valuable, provide three arguments to justify why health research ought to be collaborative and discuss trade-offs to be considered among the ethical values guiding each argument.
An ethical framework for collaborative health research
Health is recognised as a common good 18 19 that critically affects our life prospects and welfare, even our very survival. Health research is vital for advancing health; it is through the conduct of research that we find cures for diseases and ways to prevent and alleviate suffering. To the extent that we ought to promote health, we ought to promote health research. 20 The ethical value of health confers ethical value to health research.
Therefore, health research is not an ethically neutral activity, that is, one that is impartial to what is ethically valuable and as such optional. Research is an ethically loaded undertaking because it is crucial to advance our common good. 21 While the connection between research and our health and well-being has been globally palpable during the pandemic, the impact of health research on our health and well-being transcends emergency circumstances because our health and well-being are also threatened by numerous other diseases and health conditions.
This understanding of health research as an ethical endeavour frames the discussion about collaborations in health research. Specifically, the ethical character of health research dictates the ways in which it should be conducted. Whether we conduct this research faster or slower, with greater impact or lesser impact, reaching everybody or only a few with its benefits is not ethically neutral, because something as important as our health and well-being is at stake. That is, since conducting health research constitutes an ethical duty, the way in which that duty is discharged is ethically relevant; it can be done in a way that is more right or wrong, more good or bad. 22 23
Arguments for collaboration in health research
Health research is a complex enterprise that is conducted in vastly diverse settings. Accordingly, in emergency and non-emergency situations, it can encompass collaborations among very different parties, including governmental entities, academia, pharmaceutical companies, international organisations and non-governmental organizations (NGOs). Collaborating institutions may be in the same jurisdiction or in distant countries. They may also be very differently resourced, even when they are located within the same country.
The collaborative conduct of health research can entail the following: (1) seeking the involvement of researchers in the locations where research is going to be conducted, (2) seeking the involvement of researchers in the locations where the research results are expected to be beneficial, (3)seeking the involvement of researchers conducting similar studies to avoid duplication and (4) seeking the involvement of researchers with relevant expertise, whether or not they are in the locations where research is going to be conducted or where the research results are expected to be beneficial. 24 25
Ideally, collaborative research should entail all those four types of collaboration, and more robust collaboration, understood as collaboration that entails more of these types, is in general preferable over less collaborative research. A common path for health research involves a lengthy process that starts in a laboratory, evolves to trials with human participants, which ultimately prove if an intervention is safe and efficacious and moves forward to studies in real-life scenarios to learn about its effectiveness or the challenges posed by its implementation. The further researchers are in the process of putting into practice research results, the stronger the argument for proceeding collaboratively and pursuing all types of collaboration. However, it may be justifiable for researchers to depart from the ideal scenario that includes the four types of collaborations outlined above, provided there are good reasons to do so.
Nonetheless, it is not obvious why collaborations in health research are not just a matter of researcher preference, convenience or standard practice but an ethical imperative. That health research is ethically valuable does not explain why it ought to be conducted collaboratively. One may think that it is only justified to team up with those with the highest knowledge and expertise on the research topic, which tend to be in HICs or high-income settings, thus restricting collaborations to those in geographical proximity or those with certain status and reputation. 26 While the Nuffield Council on Bioethics’ Research in Global Health Emergencies report has made a key contribution stressing that research collaboration is inherently ethical in emergency situations, specific ethical arguments that apply to emergency and non-emergency settings, along with clarification about the implications of these arguments in particular circumstances are still needed. 17
There are at least three important reasons why collaboration in health research is ethically valuable and ought to be advanced (see table 1 ). First, collaborations can help research to be conducted faster. Aggregating data from different research sites can yield statistically meaningful results faster. The urge for speed attracts support in emergencies, although there is no prima facie reason to justify delaying the production of research results for non-emergency situations, for example, to treat cancer or chronic conditions. Indeed, speed in non-emergency times is also important to speed up the attainment of the benefit. Furthermore, teaming up with local researchers may be necessary to be able to conduct studies (eg, to have access to the affected patient population or existing samples) or to be able to navigate ethical and regulatory requirements to initiate and adequately oversee them within reasonable time frames. Collaboration can help reduce unnecessary duplication of efforts. 7 We refer to these reasons as the efficiency argument for collaboration in research. 927 , 29
Value | Rationale | Main type of collaboration |
Efficiency | To expedite the conduct of research | |
Benefit maximisation | To facilitate the implementation of research results | |
Equity | To build research capacity |
Second, collaborations can facilitate the implementation of research results. Health research seeks to improve the health and well-being of populations, which are the potential benefits of research, that is, its social value. Yet, this value is realised only when research results are implemented. Teaming up with researchers based in the area where research results are meant to be beneficial establishes relationships and builds trust that can expedite the implementation of research results. Moreover, working closely with local researchers helps in the adjustment of research protocols so they are responsive to the specific needs and priorities of affected communities. This enhances the social value of the study, thus facilitating the uptake of its results. This is the benefit maximisation argument for collaboration in research.
Third, collaborations can help to build research capacity. 25 There is significantly more research capacity in high-income countries (HICs) than in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), 30 where many studies are being conducted (often because they host populations with the conditions being researched) or where research results are meant to be beneficial. This situation is often reproduced within countries because there tends to be a research capacity gap between high-income and low-income settings. Teaming up with researchers from LMICs and low-income settings can enhance their research capacity, which in turn can further the prospects for equity in health. Local research capacity is necessary to lead research that addresses the specific health needs of LMICs and low-income settings, and thus effectively address issues that cause health inequities. 24 31 This is the equity argument for advancing collaborative research.
Acceptable and unacceptable trade-offs
Concerns for efficiency, benefit maximisation and equity do not dictate a formula for health research collaborations, that is, for optimally dividing roles and responsibilities among collaborating parties. Research collaboration encompasses a wide set of arrangements ranging from close partnerships to informal cooperative interactions. 32 In general, the stronger the collaborative ties, the better the collaboration may realise the values of efficiency, benefit maximisation and equity that justify and guide research collaborations. However, these values are realised in specific circumstances that may involve various challenges. Moreover, the values are realised in different time frames, for example, equity may only be realised after a long period of collaboration.
Therefore, these values may need to be balanced against each other in particular circumstances to find the optimal approach to a specific collaboration. This is in general how ethical values direct action in every facet of life: instead of dictating a univocal recipe for action, they guide an analysis that considers specific circumstances. Furthermore, research collaborations are not the only way to realise these values of efficiency, benefit maximisation and equity in global health. Similarly, there may be practical obstacles to realise these values through research collaborations that must be taken into account when assessing the best course of action, for example, administrative hurdles, language barriers or even lack of access to knowledge about local expertise. 33
In situations like outbreaks or health emergencies that are characterised by the absence of effective countermeasures, it may be justified to give higher priority to efficiency and benefit maximisation, which in turn may call for a less robust collaboration with researchers in affected areas if no prior collaboration has been established. While discussions about research plans and methodology are key components of collaborative research and crucial to build capacity and advance equity, they take time that in these circumstances may be better used expediting the initiation of the study. However, a higher priority should not be confused with absolute priority to any value, for example, a higher priority to efficiency and benefit maximisation in specific circumstances should not preclude equity.
Trade-offs between the values of efficiency, benefit maximisation and equity may be acceptable when discharging the duty to conduct health research collaboratively. 23 34 Yet it is often the case that the achievement of any one of them is dependent on the others. For instance, benefit maximisation can be threatened if research is not efficient. Equity can be threatened when there is inefficiency (ie, efficiency leads to greater benefits and thus greater equity). Benefit maximisation can be threatened if research is inequitable.
Other trade-offs are, however, ethically unacceptable. Research collaboration must always adhere to the bedrock principles of respect and fairness, which are embedded in the standards of research integrity. 17 35 For example, it would be unethical to exploit collaborators or fail to give credit when credit is due in order to advance efficiency in the publication of research results. Respect and fairness must never be compromised to advance efficiency, benefit maximisation or equity in research collaborations.
The way forward
Research is a powerful tool to advance people’s health. Collaboration with researchers from affected areas or areas expected to implement research results is not optional but ethically required to advance the values of efficiency, benefit maximisation and equity. Clarifying the reasons why health research ought to be conducted collaboratively and the values that guide research collaborations is, however, only a first step to foster collaboration in health research. Additional practical guidance is necessary to identify research collaborators and establish effective collaborations that advance the best balance of the ethical values at stake.
As with other aspects of research, no algorithm but actual ethics analysis is needed to elucidate the best course of action, for example, when and why departures from more robust collaborations and trade-offs between the values are justified. Robust collaborative research that realises the values of efficiency, benefit maximisation and equity should be advanced as the moral default, in the way we currently advance research that includes populations historically excluded from research as the default and exclude groups only if justified. Proceeding collaboratively when conducting health research is an ethical duty, even if one may be justified in specific circumstances to depart from it or to adopt limited collaborative arrangements.
In order to advance research collaboration across the globe, it is critical for researchers to know what research is underway and who has relevant expertise and capacities. Transparency in research, which includes registration that feeds into WHO’s International Clinical Trials Registry Platform 36 and publication of research results in indexed journals, is, therefore, essential. But it does not suffice. Strategies to promote fair, respectful health research collaborations must be developed as part of our global health agenda. While frameworks and models to advance collaborations in health research have been proposed (eg, the Bergen Model of Collaborative Functioning 37 ), they have not specified why collaborations in health research are not just an option but ought to be pursued. As we move forward, the reasons why health research ought to be collaborative, as shown in this article, should meaningfully guide the strategies to advance such collaborations and address practical challenges of implementing research collaborations, for example, overcoming the various barriers that hamper collaborations.
The authors alone are responsible for the views expressed in this article and they do not necessarily represent the official positions of the Pan American Health Organization.
Funding: Many of the authors work for the Pan American Health Organization, which serves the Regional Office for the Americas of the World Health Organization, and have developed this manuscript as part of their work. The Pan American Health Organization owns the copyright of this work, as per the Organization’s rules.
Handling editor: Helen J Surana
Patient consent for publication: Not applicable.
Provenance and peer review: Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.
Data availability statement
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The Power Behind the Kirk Kerkorian School of Medicine's Research Engine
Collaborating with researchers around the world continues to expand and enhance biostatistician Kavita Batra's reputation in the scientific community.
Kavita Batra is an assistant professor, medical research biostatistician, and interim executive director of research and scholarly activity at the Kirk Kerkorian School of Medicine at UNLV. (Photo by Julian Fox)
- September 25, 2024
- By Paul Joncich
From her office in the Las Vegas Medical District, Kirk Kerkorian School of Medicine at UNLV biostatistician Kavita Batra routinely fires off information-packed emails to places like Turkey, Poland, and Italy.
Collaborating with researchers all over the world and working on multiple projects at a time, the sheer volume of information that flows back through Batra’s inbox would make your head spin. There are data sets, spreadsheets, formulas, graphs, and research-related queries. Not only must she stay organized, but she also must compartmentalize and prioritize her workday to meet multiple deadlines imposed upon her by similarly overachieving colleagues, students and collaborators eager to see their work go to publication.
On top of that, as her reputation grows, there are new requests to collaborate and invitations to sit on editorial boards of science and medical journals, where she’ll be tasked with even more responsibility to make unbiased decisions on the manuscripts submitted by the scientific community.
The latest editorial board invitation came from Scientific Reports , the fifth most cited journal in the world. Batra also sits on editorial boards or consults for publications including Annals of Epidemiology and the Journal of Medicine, Surgery and Public Health , among others.
Growing up in India, she attended one of the country’s most prestigious dental schools and practiced dental surgery for five years before becoming a public health officer, where she fell in love with statistics that revealed disease trends. Moving to the U.S. at the age of 30, she received her master’s and PhD from UNLV School of Public Health .
In less than four years since joining the school of medicine, Batra has collaborated with dozens of medical students, residents, fellows, and faculty, publishing more than 100 peer-reviewed publications, including full-length journal articles, book chapters, monographs, and books. Her collaborations extend beyond the school of medicine as she also works with the UNLV Schools of Public Health and Dental Medicine.
But that’s not all. She has nearly 100 additional scholarly outcomes, including editorials, published abstracts, posters, and oral presentations at various levels, ranging from local to international, resulting from her independent research and mentoring efforts.
Busier than ever, Batra still manages to look up from her computer screen and greet visitors with a smile. “Have time to answer a few questions for a magazine article?” I ask.
“I would be honored to participate,” she replies, unfailingly polite.
What drives you to work in research?
The primary motivation behind my research stems from my desire to solve problems and the sense of accomplishment that comes with it when you are doing meaningful work. I take pride in being a part of multidisciplinary research teams that are dedicated to improving patients’ well-being. Additionally, it is fulfilling to know that the work I do has practical applications.
What project/accomplishment are you most proud of?
To me, nothing is bigger than contributing to the pool of knowledge by offering my expertise to help our clinicians and medical trainees achieve their scholarly goals. My clinical training in dental medicine and doctorate in public health allow me to share both the perspectives of the individual patient and the population’s health. With these two lenses, I am positioned well to make significant contributions to interdisciplinary research.
In addition, I, along with my co-investigators, received a $650,000 grant from the Department of Health and Human Services-Division of Healthcare Financing and Policy to perform a robust linkage of the large datasets for analyzing maternal and neonatal drivers of the high Medicaid burden in Nevada.
Any interesting projects in the pipeline you’d like to talk about?
Yes, my long-term goal — shared with our associate dean for research, Dr. Deborah Kuhls — is to develop a structured, research-focused mentoring program for our school community. Research is a long journey to the end result, and it is important that we create an environment conducive to learn and conduct research. In this initiative, we have a long road ahead, and the office of research is well committed to travel this long distance.
How does research help raise the image and reputation of the school of medicine?
I think research is an integral part of the foundational skills and offers a competitive advantage that medical professionals need to acquire in the continuum of their learning process. Publications and high-quality scholarly outcomes can position our learners and medical trainees well in this professional world. Needless to mention, more research and scholarly productivity of our learners, trainees, and faculty will work better with our university’s goal to maintain its R1 designation overall.
Simply put, more research leads to more scholarly outcomes, which in turn leads to more funding, more visibility nationally and internationally, all of these lead to a strong reputation, brand name, and a good standing in academic health. In addition, I am thankful to our leadership, [Dr. Marc J. Kahn, dean of the medical school and vice president for health affairs; Dr. Kuhls; and Dr. Robert Hernandez] who are constantly supportive of expanding our medical research enterprise.
Do you feel like the school is developing in this area?
Yes, I can totally see that we are heading in the right direction — no doubt! Quantitatively, I have witnessed a significant increase in research output since the time I was hired almost four years ago. This is definitely a good sign.
I also noticed that the completion rates of the research projects have also increased with more emphasis on manuscripts. It is evident that we are transitioning to the “Getting Things Done” model, in which we are taking a more structured and action-oriented approach to stimulate the research and scholarly activity. A huge thanks to Dr. Aditi Singh and Dr. Buddhadeb Dawn for supporting the first structured research elective for our residents in the internal medicine department.
Is there anything else you would like to share?
Yes, I would like to share my belief and what I have learned in my research journey. And that is: “If the right opportunity does not knock, build a door.” Always remember that the starting point of great success begins when you discipline yourself.
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Social, economic, and environmental effects of electricity and heat generation in yenisei siberia: is there an alternative to coal.
1. Introduction
2. materials and methods, 3.1. electricity generation, 3.2. heat generation, 3.3. the impact of energy production on the quality of atmospheric air, 3.3.1. electricity generation, 3.3.2. heat generation, 3.4. social and economic effects of energy generation, 3.4.1. public health, 3.4.2. economic effects, 4. conclusions, author contributions, data availability statement, acknowledgments, conflicts of interest.
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Click here to enlarge figure
Tyva Republic | Khakassia Republic | Krasnoyarsk Krai | |
---|---|---|---|
Consumption | 802.5 | 16,588 | 54,306.4 |
Power plant production | 37.2 | 30,086 | 65,406.4 |
Receiving electricity from adjacent regions | 889.7 | NA | 6352.8 |
Transmission of electric power to adjacent regions | –124.4 | –13,498 | –17,452.8 |
Region | Heat Generation Facilities (Thermal Power Plant) | Main Fuel Type |
---|---|---|
Tyva Republic | Kyzylskaya | Kaa-Khem hard coal |
Khakassia Republic | Abakanskaya Abazinskaya Sorskaya | Irsha-Borodinsky, Chernogorsky brown coal grades |
Krasnoyarsk Krai | Berezovskaya Nazarovskya Krasnoyarskaya GRES-2 Krasnoyarskaya No. 1 Krasnoyarskaya No. 2 Krasnoyarskaya No. 3 Kanskaya Zheleznogorskaya Minusinskaya JSC RUSAL-Achinsk LLC Teplo-Sbyt-Servis | Berezovsky, Nazarovsky, Borodinsky, Irsha-Borodinsky brown coal grades |
Norilsk industrial district | Norilskaya No. 1 Norilskaya No. 2 Norilskaya No. 3 | Natural gas |
Region | Particulate Matter | Sulfur Dioxide | Nitrogen Oxide | Carbon Dioxide |
---|---|---|---|---|
Tyva Republic | 94.8 | 99.6 | 96.0 | 98.7 |
Khakassia Republic | 46.6 | 54.3 | 74.8 | 16.7 |
Krasnoyarsk Krai | 60.2 | 4.9 | 65.7 | 23.6 |
Municipality | Generation Facility (Thermal Power Plant) | Emissions of Pollutants from the Generation Facility in 2020, Thousand tons | Share of Generation Facility Emissions in the Total Emissions of the Municipality, % |
---|---|---|---|
Kyzyl | Kyzylskaya | 1.1 | 25.8 |
Abakan | Abakanskaya | 11.2 | 92.6 |
Abaza | Abazinskaya | 1.6 | 69.6 |
Sharypovo district | Berezovskaya | 13.1 | 90.9 |
Nazarovo | Nazarovskya | 29.4 | 92.7 |
Krasnoyarsk | Krasnoyarsk No. 1, No. 2, No. 3 | 36.7 | 33.5 |
Kansk | Kanskaya | 2.1 | 16 |
Zelenogorsk | Krasnoyarskaya GRES-2 | 3.9 | 19.6 |
Minusinsk district | Minusinskaya | 2.9 | 80.6 |
Substance | Total for Registered Energy Sources | Thermal Power Plants | Recorded Boiler Houses | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tons per Year | Tons per Year | % | Tons per Year | % | |
Nitrogen dioxide | 9985.8 | 8219.7 | 82.3 | 1766.1 | 17.7 |
Nitrogen oxide | 4664.5 | 4378.3 | 93.9 | 286.2 | 6.1 |
Carbon (soot) | 1105.5 | 238.2 | 21.5 | 867.2 | 78.4 |
Sulfur dioxide | 25,515.2 | 20,039.4 | 78.5 | 5475.8 | 21.5 |
Carbon oxide | 7356.1 | 1554.6 | 21.1 | 5801.5 | 78.9 |
Benzapyrene | 0.0 | 0.0 | 50.0 | 0.0 | 50.0 |
Inorganic dust: 70–20% silicon dioxide | 19,183.5 | 14,280.7 | 74.4 | 4902.7 | 25.6 |
Total | 67,810.5 | 48,710.9 | 71.8 | 19,099.6 | 28.2 |
Region | Population | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Russian Federation | All population | 337.9 | 351.6 | 353.5 | 359.8 | 356.2 | 370.6 |
Children (0–14 years old) | 1157.6 | 1173.8 | 1168.3 | 1171 | 1160 | 1020 | |
Tyva Republic | All population | 296.3 | 260.4 | 260.2 | 258.5 | 266.8 | 259.4 |
Children (0–14 years old) | 670.8 | 535.5 | 545.8 | 543.6 | 570 | 511 | |
Khakassia Republic | All population | 311.7 | 348 | 370.6 | 368.2 | 378.1 | 364.9 |
Children (0–14 years old) | 898.2 | 1077.6 | 1155.3 | 1145.5 | 1165 | 961 | |
Krasnoyarsk Krai | All population | 276.1 | 289.3 | 297 | 294.5 | 296.3 | 336 |
Children (0–14 years old) | 983 | 992.3 | 997 | 996.1 | 964 | 877 |
Region | Share of the Activity, % | Wages in Sector to the Average Wage in the Economy | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
In Gross Value Added | in Employment (Including Coal Mining) | All Economy | Industry Average | |
Tyva Republic | 2.2 | 2 (2.6) | 1.01 | 0.75 |
Khakassia Republic | 11.8 | 3 (5.2) | 1.27 | 2.17 |
Krasnoyarsk Krai | 3.3 | 3.2 (3.6) | 1.08 | 1.27 |
Region | Fuel Type | Unit of Measure | Calorific Value, Kcal per Unit | Price, RUB per Unit | Unit Price, RUB per Kcal |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tyva Republic | 2BR Coal | kg | 4100 | 2.868 | 0.0007 |
Khakassia Republic | 3.017 | 0.0007 | |||
Krasnoyarsk Krai | 2.518 | 0.0006 | |||
Tyva Republic | Mixed firewood | kg | 2600 | 2.260 | 0.0009 |
Khakassia Republic | 1.709 | 0.0007 | |||
Krasnoyarsk Krai | 3.489 | 0.0014 | |||
Tyva Republic | Pellets | kg | 4100 | 6.400 | 0.0016 |
Khakassia Republic | 0.0016 | ||||
Krasnoyarsk Krai | 0.0016 | ||||
Tyva Republic | Electricity | kW per hour | 864 | 3.650 | 0.0042 |
Khakassia Republic | 2.360 | 0.0027 | |||
Krasnoyarsk Krai | 2.830 | 0.0033 |
City | Difference in Cost Compared to Coal, RUB per Kcal | Heating Rate, Gcal per One Square Meter of Total Living Space per Month | Additional Household Spending on Heating, RUB per Year | Stoves in the Private Sector are Counted, pcs | Total Cost of Switching to a more Environmentally Friendly Fuel, RUB One Million | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Achinsk | Pellets | 0.001 | 0.0504 | 45,360 | 6361 | 288.5 |
Electricity | 0.0027 | 122,472 | 779.0 | |||
Kansk | Pellets | 0.001 | 0.0494 | 44,460 | 7060 | 313.9 |
Electricity | 0.0027 | 120,042 | 847.5 | |||
Minusinsk | Pellets | 0.001 | 0.0234 | 21,060 | 11,747 | 247.4 |
Electricity | 0.0027 | 56,862 | 668.0 | |||
Nazarovo | Pellets | 0.001 | 0.0458 | 41,220 | 4480 | 184.7 |
Electricity | 0.0027 | 111,294 | 498.6 |
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Syrtsova, E.; Pyzhev, A.; Zander, E. Social, Economic, and Environmental Effects of Electricity and Heat Generation in Yenisei Siberia: Is there an Alternative to Coal? Energies 2023 , 16 , 212. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16010212
Syrtsova E, Pyzhev A, Zander E. Social, Economic, and Environmental Effects of Electricity and Heat Generation in Yenisei Siberia: Is there an Alternative to Coal? Energies . 2023; 16(1):212. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16010212
Syrtsova, Ekaterina, Anton Pyzhev, and Evgeniya Zander. 2023. "Social, Economic, and Environmental Effects of Electricity and Heat Generation in Yenisei Siberia: Is there an Alternative to Coal?" Energies 16, no. 1: 212. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16010212
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The latest editorial board invitation came from Scientific Reports, the fifth most cited journal in the world. Batra also sits on editorial boards or consults for publications including Annals of Epidemiology and the Journal of Medicine, Surgery and Public Health, among others.
Inspired by renowned medical districts in Boston, Chicago and Houston, the Tampa Medical Research District has officially launched. An event on Sept. 12 at the Hotel Haya in Ybor was designed as a ...
Research Methods in Medicine & Health Sciences is a peer reviewed journal, publishing rigorous research on established "gold standard" methods and new cutting edge research methods in the health sciences and clinical medicine. View full journal description.
The energy sector is one of the most important pollutants in the atmosphere and causes significant emissions of greenhouse gases. In Russia, coal is the main contributor to the fossil fuel consumption of thermal power plants and boilers, thus affecting atmospheric air pollution by releasing particulate matter and nitrogen oxides, which are strongly associated with a negative impact on human ...
Select journal (required) Volume number: Issue number (if known): Article or page number: Purpose-led Publishing is a coalition of three not-for ... This research was supported by U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) grants ICER-1558389 and 1717770 'Belmont Forum Collaborative Research: ARCTIC-ERA: ARCTIC climate change and its impact on ...
Methodology and research are mentioned as one of the activities of library institutions in Russia per the federal law O bibliotechnom dele [On Library Services] (No. 78-FZ) of 29 December 1994, updated 08 June 2015 (O bibliotechnom dele, 1994).As dictated by the law in Article 15, Section 5, the state facilitates, funds, and promotes the research activities of library institutions.