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The questions can be used by faculty to prepare students to understand the new format of Next Generation (NextGen) test items that are like those that will be used by the National Council of State Boards of Nursing (NCSBN) licensing exam beginning in April 2023 to test students’ ability to make clinical judgments.

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The names of the case studies are provided with hyperlinks to all items.

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Neurological Disorders (Stroke, Seizures, CVA) NCLEX Practice Quiz (150 Questions)

Welcome to your NCLEX reviewer and practice questions quiz for neurological disorders. This nursing test bank will test your competence in the nursing care of patients with neurological disorders such as cerebrovascular accident ( stroke ), seizures , spinal cord injuries, and more! This quiz aims to help students and registered nurses alike grasp and master the concepts of neurological disorders.

Neurological Disorders Nursing Test Banks

This section is the practice questions for neurological disorders. This nursing test bank set includes 150 NCLEX-style practice questions . Question content of these nursing test banks includes nursing care management of patients with neurological disorders such as stroke , multiple sclerosis , seizures, traumatic brain injury , spinal cord injuries, and more. Get a deep dive understanding of each question by reading our comprehensive rationale. Use these questions as an alternative to Quizlet or ATI.

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Saunders Comprehensive Review for the NCLEX-RN Saunders Comprehensive Review for the NCLEX-RN Examination is often referred to as the best nursing exam review book ever. More than 5,700 practice questions are available in the text. Detailed test-taking strategies are provided for each question, with hints for analyzing and uncovering the correct answer option.

Strategies for Student Success on the Next Generation NCLEX® (NGN) Test Items Next Generation NCLEX®-style practice questions of all types are illustrated through stand-alone case studies and unfolding case studies. NCSBN Clinical Judgment Measurement Model (NCJMM) is included throughout with case scenarios that integrate the six clinical judgment cognitive skills.

Saunders Q & A Review for the NCLEX-RN® Examination This edition contains over 6,000 practice questions with each question containing a test-taking strategy and justifications for correct and incorrect answers to enhance review. Questions are organized according to the most recent NCLEX-RN test blueprint Client Needs and Integrated Processes. Questions are written at higher cognitive levels (applying, analyzing, synthesizing, evaluating, and creating) than those on the test itself.

NCLEX-RN Prep Plus by Kaplan The NCLEX-RN Prep Plus from Kaplan employs expert critical thinking techniques and targeted sample questions. This edition identifies seven types of NGN questions and explains in detail how to approach and answer each type. In addition, it provides 10 critical thinking pathways for analyzing exam questions.

Illustrated Study Guide for the NCLEX-RN® Exam The 10th edition of the Illustrated Study Guide for the NCLEX-RN Exam, 10th Edition. This study guide gives you a robust, visual, less-intimidating way to remember key facts. 2,500 review questions are now included on the Evolve companion website. 25 additional illustrations and mnemonics make the book more appealing than ever.

NCLEX RN Examination Prep Flashcards (2023 Edition) NCLEX RN Exam Review FlashCards Study Guide with Practice Test Questions [Full-Color Cards] from Test Prep Books. These flashcards are ready for use, allowing you to begin studying immediately. Each flash card is color-coded for easy subject identification.

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An investment in knowledge pays the best interest. Keep up the pace and continue learning with these practice quizzes:

• Nursing Test Bank: Free Practice Questions UPDATED ! Our most comprehenisve and updated nursing test bank that includes over 3,500 practice questions covering a wide range of nursing topics that are absolutely free!
• NCLEX Questions Nursing Test Bank and Review UPDATED! Over 1,000+ comprehensive NCLEX practice questions covering different nursing topics. We’ve made a significant effort to provide you with the most challenging questions along with insightful rationales for each question to reinforce learning.

13 thoughts on “Neurological Disorders (Stroke, Seizures, CVA) NCLEX Practice Quiz (150 Questions)”

Thanks, sir. Really the best preparation on NURSESLABS

The practice quizzes are great help.

They helped me prepare for the exam

This is the best practice test I’ve ever taken since my 1.5 years of being in nursing school. Correlates very well with my PowerPoint and really hits the high points.

Thank you for these informative practice questions. One thing though, question 49 is unclear. I suggest maybe review the wording, I found it confusing in trying to understand what the question was asking.

God bless you great for the good teaching

Hello, I came across a question with the abbreviation q.i.d . Just wanted to say they have done away with those abbreviations. The questions are amazing, very helpful. Thank you

These mcqs are very informative. These will help us in our exam.

How long do we have to wait to repeat the challenge questions?

Once. But you can visit the page again via incognito or by clearing your browser cache/cookies.

I want to solve Mcqs

You’re at the right place!

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Seizures Case Study (45 min)

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Ms. Cerulean is a 22  year old female admitted via EMS after a seizure witnessed by family members about 20 minutes ago. She has an IV in place.

What initial nursing assessments need to be performed for Mr. Cerulean?

• Full set of Vital Signs
• Neuro check with LOC and pupillary assessment

Upon assessment, Ms. Cerulean is lethargic, localizes to pain, but does not follow commands. She is diaphoretic, and her vitals are stable.

Why is the patient experiencing a decreased level of consciousness at this time?

• She is in a postictal state, a state of low level of consciousness that occurs after a generalized seizure for 10-30 minutes.

Suddenly, the patient begins jerking. Her muscles are cycling back and forth between tight contractions and rhythmic jerking. What is this called?

• This would be called a tonic-clonic generalized seizure

What is/are your priority nursing action(s) at this time?

• Turn to side
• Nothing in her mouth
• suction available if needed
• Monitor SpO2 and apply oxygen as needed
• Do not restrain
• Pad side rails to prevent injury

What medication(s) would you expect to give to Ms. Cerulean?

• Benzodiazepines – Ativan IV or Valium PR
• Barbiturates – Phenobarbital
• Antiepileptic drugs
• Levetiracetam, fosphenytoin, phenytoin (loading dose + maintenance dose)

Per provider orders, you administer 2mg Ativan IV Push twice in 10 minutes. Ms. Cerulean continues to seize without ceasing. The provider determines that she needs to be intubated for airway protection. Per orders, you administer a loading dose of levetiracetam and fosphenytoin and the EEG technician is on the way to place the EEG electrodes.

What is the name of the condition Ms. Cerulean is in now?

• Because her seizures have not stopped for > 10 minutes, she is now considered to be in status epilepticus

What is the purpose of the EEG?

• To measure brain activity to determine the severity of the seizure. It can also sometimes pinpoint where the seizure is originating
• It can also indicate whether or not seizures are still occurring, even after phenobarbital or a paralytic medication is administered.
• They should have a seizure action plan and know how to keep her safe in the event of a seizure. This includes knowing how to administer medications and when to call 911: seizure lasting longer than 5 minutes, cyanosis or apnea, or back-to-back seizures.

Ms. Cerulean is placed on a phenobarbital IV drip and additional doses of levetiracetam and fosphenytoin are administered q6h per provider orders. After 20 hours, the EEG finally begins to show decreased seizure activity.

What are the risks of a prolonged seizure?

• Prolonged seizures can cause damage to neurons in the brain, leaving long term neurological deficits.
• Because of possible airway compromise, prolonged seizures can also lead to hypoxia, which also can cause brain damage and leave neurological deficits

Three days later, Ms. Cerulean is awake and able to be extubated. She doesn’t appear to have any neurological deficits at this time and is able to ambulate safely in the halls. She will likely be discharged home in the morning.

[faq lesson=”true” blooms=”Application” question=”What education topics should be included in discharge teaching for Ms. Cerulean and her family?”

• Importance of compliance with antiepileptic drugs to prevent breakthrough seizures.

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Seizures NCLEX Questions

This quiz contains NCLEX questions for seizures ( epilepsy ).

Seizures occur when there is an abnormal discharge of electrical signals in the brain. Some patients can experience epilepsy , which is a condition where a patient has recurrent seizures.

Before taking the quiz, don’t forget to watch the lecture on seizures .

As the nurse, it is important to know how to care for a patient experiencing a seizure, the various types, triggers, medications, and treatments.

This topic is part of a neuro NCLEX review, so be sure to check out the other NCLEX reviews as well.

This quiz will test your knowledge on seizures (epilepsy) in preparation for the NCLEX exam.

• A. GABA, glutamate

B. Norepinephrine, GABA

C. Glutamate, GABA

D. Dopamine, glutamate

A. A 32-year-old with a blood glucose of 20 mg/dL.

B. A 63-year-old whose CT scan shows an ischemic stroke.

C. A 72-year-old who is post opt day 5 from open heart surgery.

D. A 16-year-old with bacterial meningitis.

E. A 58-year-old experiencing ETOH withdrawal.

A. Assess the patient for a rash

B. Initiate seizure precautions

C. Hold the next dose of Phenytoin

D. Continue to monitor the patient

A. “I’m at risk for seizure activity during my menstrual cycle.”

B. “I will limit my alcohol intake to 2 glasses of wine per day.”

C. “It’s important I get plenty of sleep.”

D. “I will be sure to stay hydrated, especially during hot weather.”

A. Focal Impaired Awareness (complex partial)

• C. Tonic-clonic
• A. Continue assisting the patient to the restroom and let them sit down.

B. Initiate the emergency response system.

C. Lay the patient down on their side with a pillow underneath the head.

D. Assess the patient’s medication history.

A. Continue to monitor the patient

B. Suction the patient

C. Initiate the emergency response system

D. Restrain the patient to prevent further injury

A. Crying and anxiety

B. Immediate return to baseline behavior

C. Sleepy, headache, and soreness

D. Unconsciousness

A. “This type of seizure is hard to detect because the child may appear like he or she is daydreaming.”

• B. “Be sure your child wears a helmet daily.”

C. “It is common for the child to feel extremely tired after experiencing this type of seizure.”

D. “Avoid high fat and low carbohydrate diets.”

A. “My friend reported that during the seizure I was staring off and rubbing my hands together, but I don’t remember doing this.”

B. “I remember having vision changes, but it didn’t last long.”

C. “I woke up on the floor with my mouth bleeding.”

D. “After the seizure I was very sleepy, and I had a headache for several hours.”

A. Oxygen and suction at bedside

B. Bed in highest position

C. Remove all pillows from the patient’s head

D. Have restraints on stand-by

E. Padded bed rails

F. Remove restrictive objects or clothing from patient’s body

G. IV access

A. Keep the patient nothing by mouth.

B. Hold seizure medications until after the test.

C. Allow the patient to have coffee, milk, and juice only.

D. Wash the patient’s hair prior to the test.

E. Administer a sedative prior to the test.

A. “Every morning I take this medication with a full glass of milk with my breakfast.”

B. “I know it is important to have my drug levels checked regularly.”

C. “I will report a skin rash immediately to my doctor.”

D. “This medication can lower my body’s ability to clot and fight infection.”

B. Flumazenil

C. Calcium Chloride

D. Idarucizumab

A. Respiratory depression

B. Hypertension

C. Disseminated intravascular clotting

D. Hypotension

A. High carbohydrates and high fat

B. Low fat, high salt, and high carbohydrates

C. High fat and low carbohydrates

D. High glucose, high fat, and low carbohydrates

1. Neurons in the brain are tasked with handling and transmitting information. There are different types of neurons, such as excitatory and inhibitory. Excitatory neurons release the neurotransmitter _____________, while inhibitory neurons release the neurotransmitter ________________.

A.  GABA, glutamate

The answer is C. Excitatory neurons release glutamate and inhibitory neurons release GABA.

2. You’re assessing your patient load for the patients who are at MOST risk for seizures. Select all the patients below that are at risk:

The answers are A, B, D, and E. All the patients are at risk except option C. Remember all the risk factors: illness (especially CNS types like bacterial meningitis), fever, electrolyte/metabolic issues (low blood sugar, acidosis etc), ETOH (alcohol) withdraw, brain injury, STROKE, congenital brain defects, tumors etc.

3. A patient with a history of epilepsy is taking Phenytoin. The patient’s morning labs are back, and the patient’s Phenytoin level is 7 mcg/mL. Based on this finding, the nurse will?

The answer is B. A normal Phenytoin level is 10 to 20 mcg/mL. The patient’s level is low; therefore, the patient is at risk for seizures. The nurse should initiate seizure precautions. Remember a patient being under medicated is a trigger for developing a seizure.

4. You’re educating a 25-year-old female about possible triggers for seizures. Which statement requires you to re-educate the patient about the triggers?

The answer is B. The patient should avoid all alcohol because it can lead to a seizure. Hormone shifts (menstrual cycle, ovulation, pregnancy) sleep deprivation, and dehydration can lead to a seizure.

5.       True or False: A patient who is experiencing a tonic-clonic seizure is experiencing a focal (partial) seizure.

Answer FALSE:  A patient who is experiencing a tonic-clonic seizure is experiencing a GENERALIZED seizure. This type of seizure affects both sides of the brain.

6. A 7-year-old male patient is being evaluated for seizures. While in the child’s room talking with the child’s parents, you notice that the child appears to be daydreaming. You time this event to be 10 seconds. After 10 seconds, the child appropriately responds and doesn’t recall the event. This is known as what type of seizure?

C.  Tonic-clonic

The answer is D. This is an absence seizure and is most common in children. The hallmark of it is staring that appears to be like a daydreaming state. It is very short and the post ictus stage of this type of seizure is immediate.

7. Your patient has a history of epilepsy. While helping the patient to the restroom, the patient reports having this feeling of déjà vu and seeing spots in their visual field. Your next nursing action is to?

A.  Continue assisting the patient to the restroom and let them sit down.

The answer is C. The patient is reporting signs and symptoms of an aura (this is a warning sign before a seizure event). Lay the patient down on their side with a pillow underneath the head and remove any restrictive clothing. Also, time the seizure. If the seizure lasts more than 5 minutes or if the patient starts to have seizures back-to-back activate the emergency response system.

8. Keeping the previous question in mind, the patient is now experiencing characteristics of a tonic-clonic seizure.  The seizure started at 1402 and it is now 1408, and the patient is still experiencing a seizure. The nurse should?

The answer is C. Tonic-clonic seizures should last about 1-3 minutes. If the seizure lasts MORE than 5 minutes, the patient needs medical treatment FAST to stop the seizure….this is known as status epilepticus.

9. Your patient has entered the post ictus stage for seizures. The patient’s seizure presented with an aura followed by body stiffening and then recurrent jerking. The patient had incontinence and bleeding in the mouth from injury to the tongue. What is an expected finding in this stage based on the type of seizure this patient experienced?

The answer is C. Based on the findings during the seizure the patient experienced a tonic-clonic seizure. In the post ictus stage (after the seizure) the patient is expected to be sleepy (very tired), have soreness, and a headache. The nurse should let the patient sleep.

10. You’re developing discharge instructions to the parents of a child who experiences atonic seizures. What information below is important to include in the teaching?

B.  “Be sure your child wears a helmet daily.”

The answer is B. This type of seizure leads to a sudden loss of muscle tone. The patient will go limp and fall, which when this happens the head is usually the first part of the body to hit the floor or an object nearby. It is important the child wears a helmet daily to protect their head from injury. Option A is a characteristic of an absence seizure. Option C is a characteristic of a tonic-clonic seizure during the post ictus stage. And option D is wrong because some patients benefit from this type of diet known as the ketogenic diet.

11. You’re assessing a patient who recently experienced a focal type seizure (partial seizure). As the nurse, you know that which statement by the patient indicates the patient may have experienced a focal impaired awareness (complex partial) seizure?

The answer is A. The patient will experience an alternation in consciousness (hence the name focal IMPAIRED awareness) AND will perform an action without knowing they are doing it called automatism like lip-smacking, rubbing the hands together etc. With a focal onset AWARE seizure (also called partial simple seizure) the patient is aware and will remember what happens (like vision changes etc.).

12. You have a patient who has a brain tumor and is at risk for seizures. In the patient’s plan of care you incorporate seizure precautions. Select below all the proper steps to take in initiating seizure precautions:

The answers are A, E, F, and G. The bed needs to be in the LOWEST position possible, a pillow should be underneath the patient’s head to protect it from injury, AVOID using restraints (this can cause musculoskeletal damage).

13. You’re patient is scheduled for an EEG (electroencephalogram). As the nurse you will:

The answers are B and D. An EEG is a painless procedure that will assess the patient’s brain activity (if a seizure occurs during the test this can allow the physician to determine what type of seizure it is). Therefore, the nurse would hold seizure medications (this can affect the test) and would NOT allow the patient to have caffeine like coffee or stimulant drugs (the patient can eat prior to the test just NO caffeine).  The patient’s hair should be cleaned prior to the test so the technician can apply the electrodes and get them to stick to the scalp easily. A sedative is not needed before this test.

14. A patient is taking Phenytoin for treatment of seizures. Which statement by the patient requires you to re-educate the patient about this medication?

The answer is A. This medication should NOT be taken with milk products or antacids because it affects absorption. All the other options are correct.

15. The nurse is ordered to administer Lorazepam to a patient experiencing status epilepticus. As a precautionary measure, the nurse will also have what reversal agent on standby?

The answer is B. Flumazenil is the reversal agent for Lorazepam, which is a benzodiazepine.

16. A patient who is having a tonic-clonic seizure is prescribed Phenobarbital. During administration of this drug, it is important the nurse monitors for:

The answers are A and D. This medication stimulates the GABA receptors and helps with inhibitory neurotransmission. It can lead to respiratory depression and hypotension, therefore, it is very important the nurse monitors the patient for this.

17. An 8-year-old child, who is not responding to anti-seizure medications, is prescribed to start a ketogenic diet. This diet will include:

The answer is C. This is a type of diet used in the pediatric population with epilepsy whose seizures cannot be controlled by medication. It is a high fat and low carb diet.

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Seizure case study with questions and answers

Seizure example case study: How to investigate and treat seizure

This page is currently being written and will be available soon. To be updated when it is complete please like us on Facebook, follow us on Twitter or subscribe on YouTube using the ‘follow us’ buttons.

Related page:  headache example case study with questions and answers

Click the tags below or use our search bar for other cases and detailed pages on managing  seizure.

Health Encyclopedia

How much do you know about seizures.

A seizure is an uncontrolled electrical discharge from brain cells. It causes mental and physical symptoms. Epilepsy is a group of long-term (chronic) conditions in which a person has unprovoked, recurring seizures. Find out more about epilepsy and seizures by taking this quiz. It is based on information from the Epilepsy Foundation.

Medical Reviewers:

• Campellone, Joseph, MD
• Fetterman, Anne, RN, BSN
• Turley, Raymond Kent, BSN, MSN, RN
• Ask a Medical Librarian Make an Appointment Physicians & Services Physicians who treat Epilepsy

Epilepsy and Seizures Questions & Answers

• Author: David Y Ko, MD; Chief Editor: Selim R Benbadis, MD  more...
• Sections Epilepsy and Seizures
• Practice Essentials
• Pathophysiology
• Epidemiology
• Patient Education
• Physical Examination
• Overview of Epileptic Seizures Classification
• Focal-Onset Seizures
• Generalized-Onset Seizures
• Classification of Epileptic Syndromes
• Approach Considerations
• Prolactin Study
• Serum Studies of Anticonvulsant Agents
• Electroencephalography and Video-Electroencephalography
• Anticonvulsant Therapy
• Anticonvulsants for Specific Seizure Types
• Anticonvulsants in Specific Patient Populations
• Discontinuing Anticonvulsant Agents
• Nonpharmacologic Management
• Lobectomy and Lesionectomy
• Activity Modification and Restrictions
• Long-Term Monitoring
• Medication Summary
• Anticonvulsants, Other
• Anticonvulsants, Barbiturates
• Anticonvulsants, Benzodiazepine
• Anticonvulsants, Succinimide
• Anticonvulsants, Hydantoins
• GABA Receptor Positive Modulators
• Questions & Answers

What is epilepsy?

What determines the signs and symptoms of seizures in epilepsy?

Which questions are asked to help clarify the type of seizure a patient experienced?

How are epileptic seizures diagnosed?

What is the role of lab tests in the evaluation of suspected epileptic seizures?

Which imaging studies are performed after epileptic seizures?

How is the clinical diagnosis for epilepsy confirmed?

What is the role of video EEG monitoring in the diagnosis of seizures and epilepsy?

What is the goal of treatment for epilepsy?

What is the standard of care for a single, unprovoked epileptic seizure?

When do seizures require treatment?

Which medications are used in the treatment of epileptic seizures?

What are nonpharmacologic treatment options for epileptic seizures?

What is the role of surgery in the treatment of epilepsy?

What are the possible causes of epileptic seizures?

How is epilepsy defined?

What is required for the diagnosis of epilepsy?

What are the clinical signs or symptoms of epileptic seizures?

Where can more information regarding seizure types be found?

Where can more information be found regarding epileptic syndromes and epilepsy treatment?

When were the first epileptic seizures recognized in history?

What role did Hippocrates have in the history of epilepsy?

When did modern investigation of the etiology of epilepsy begin?

What are epileptic seizures?

How is the brain involved in epileptic seizures?

How does the pathophysiology of focal-onset epileptic seizures differ from generalized-onset epileptic seizures?

What is the electroencephalographic (EEG) hallmark of focal-onset epileptic seizures?

How is paroxysmal depolarization shift (PDS) characterized in epileptic seizures?

How does an interictal spike transition to an epileptic seizure?

Which pathophysiologic mechanisms cause focal-onset epileptic seizures?

How do medications work to prevent epileptic seizures?

What is the role of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) release in the pathophysiology of epileptic seizures?

Which mechanisms lead to decreased neurotransmitter inhibition in epileptic seizures?

What is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in epileptic seizures?

What is the role of chloride channels in the pathophysiology of epileptic seizures?

Which medications modulate chloride channels in epilepsy?

How does alteration of the normal state of the chloride channels affect the pathophysiology of epilepsy?

What is the role of excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) in the pathophysiology of epilepsy?

What is the role of inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) in the pathophysiology of epileptic seizures?

Which nervous system channels are subject to modulation in epilepsy?

What are the characteristics of each channel involved in the pathophysiology of epileptic seizures?

How many different electrophysiologic responses of gamma-aminobutyric acid A (GABA-A) receptors exist in epileptic seizures?

What is the role of gamma-aminobutyric acid A (GABA-A) inhibition in the pathophysiology of epileptic seizures?

What is the role of gamma-aminobutyric acid B (GABA-B) inhibition in the pathophysiology of epileptic seizures?

How are gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurons activated in epileptic seizures?

What is the role of feedforward inhibition in the pathophysiology of epileptic seizures?

How does the activation of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic neurons affect epileptic seizures?

What is the role of feedback inhibition in the pathophysiology of epileptic seizures?

What is the role of synaptic reorganization in the pathophysiology of epileptic seizures?

What is the role of hippocampal sprouting in the pathophysiology of epileptic seizures?

What is the role of intracellular calcium buffering in the pathophysiology of epileptic seizures?

Which mechanisms lead to increased excitation in the pathophysiology of epilepsy?

What is the role of glutamate in the pathophysiology of epileptic seizures?

How is fast neurotransmission achieved in the pathophysiology of epilepsy?

What is the role of calcium in the pathophysiology of epileptic seizures?

How do nonsynaptic interactions affect the pathophysiology of epilepsy?

What is the role of the limbic system in the pathophysiology of focal-onset epilepsy?

How frequently is hippocampal sclerosis found in epilepsy?

What is the role of mossy-fiber sprouting in the pathophysiology of epilepsy?

What is the role of denervation in the pathophysiology of epilepsy?

What is the role of recurrent excitatory collaterals in the pathophysiology of epilepsy?

What is the best understood pathophysiologic mechanism of generalized seizures?

What is the role of altered thalamocortical rhythms in the pathophysiology of generalized seizures?

What is the role of thalamic relay neurons in the pathophysiology of generalized seizures?

What is the role of nucleus reticularis of the thalamus (NRT) in the pathophysiology of generalized seizures?

What are the functional states of T-calcium in the pathophysiology of generalized seizures?

What is the role of hyperpolarization in the pathophysiology of generalized seizures?

What is the pathophysiologic mechanism of medications that prevent absence seizures?

What is the role of increased GANA levels in the pathophysiology of epileptic seizures?

What is the prevalence of seizures in Rett syndrome?

What is the prevalence of seizures in Prader-Willi syndrome?

What is Sturge-Weber syndrome?

What causes epilepsy?

What is the role of genetics in the etiology of epilepsy?

What categories of genetic disorders cause epileptic seizures?

Which genetic syndromes cause seizures?

What is the prevalence of seizures in Angelman syndrome?

What is the prevalence of seizures in Pitt-Hopkins syndrome?

What are major features of tuberous sclerosis?

What are minor features of tuberous sclerosis?

What is required for a definite diagnosis of tuberous sclerosis?

What is the prevalence of epileptic seizures in tuberous sclerosis?

What is the prevalence of seizures in chromosomal 22q deletion syndrome?

What is the prevalence of seizures in Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome?

What is the prevalence of seizures in chromosome 1p36 deletion syndrome?

Which metabolic disorders may cause epileptic seizures?

Which rare diseases cause epileptic seizures?

Which mitochondrial diseases may cause epileptic seizures?

How is myoclonic epilepsy with ragged red fibers (MERRF) characterized?

What causes autosomal dominant nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy?

What causes autosomal dominant juvenile myoclonic epilepsy?

What causes benign familial neonatal seizures?

Which genetic mutations cause seizure syndromes?

What is the incidence of recurrent nonfebrile seizures in the US?

What is the prevalence of epileptic seizures in developed nations?

Which factors affect the prognosis of epilepsy?

What are the common morbidities of epileptic seizures?

What are the mortality risks of epilepsy?

Which factors increase the risk for sudden, unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP)?

What is the mechanism of death in sudden, unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP)?

Where can the NIH report on sudden, unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) be found?

What should be included in patient education about injury prevention during seizures?

Where are patient education resources found?

Presentation

Which questions may help to clarify the type of seizure in the evaluation of epilepsy?

What is the role of the physical exam in the diagnosis of epilepsy?

What is the 1981 International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) classification of epileptic seizures?

What is semiologic classification of epileptic seizures?

What revisions have been made to the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) classification of epileptic seizures?

What are the types of focal-onset seizures?

How are simple and complex focal seizures differentiated?

What is the basis for the diagnosis of different seizure types?

How is impaired conscientiousness assessed in epileptic seizures?

How do complex focal seizures progress?

What are the signs and symptoms of complex focal seizures of frontal-lobe origin?

What are the features of complex focal seizures on EEG?

How do secondary generalized seizures progress?

How are generalized tonic-clonic seizures classified?

What are the types of generalized-onset seizures?

How are generalized-onset seizure types classified and diagnosed?

What are absence seizures?

How are absence seizures diagnosed in adults?

What are the signs and symptoms of absence seizures in children?

What is the role of the classic ictal EEG in the diagnosis of absence seizures?

What are myoclonic seizures?

What are clonic seizures?

What are tonic seizures?

What is the ictal correlate of tonic seizures?

What are tonic-clonic (grand mal) seizures?

What is the ictal correlate of generalized tonic-clonic seizures?

What are atonic seizures?

What is epileptic syndrome?

What is the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) classification of epileptic syndromes?

What are some localization-related epilepsies and syndromes?

What are some generalized epilepsies and syndromes?

What is the ILAE 5-axis diagnostic scheme for epilepsy?

Which epilepsy terms did ILAE propose abandoning in 2001?

What are the criticisms of the ILAE 5-axis diagnostic scheme for epilepsy?

What is the basis for diagnosis of epileptic seizures?

How is the clinical diagnosis of epileptic seizures confirmed?

Which conditions should be considered in the differential diagnoses of epileptic seizures?

What are the differential diagnoses for Epilepsy and Seizures?

Which imaging studies are recommended for the diagnosis of epileptic seizures?

What is the role of prolactin assays in the evaluation of epileptic seizures?

What are the American Academy of Neurology (AAN) recommendations for the use of prolactin to diagnose epileptic seizures?

When are serum antiepileptic drug (AED) levels measured in the management of epilepsy?

Why do serum antiepileptic drug (AED) baseline trough levels decrease over time?

How is the serum antiepileptic drug (AED) trough level used in the management of epilepsy?

What is the usefulness of serum concentrations of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) in the management of epileptic seizures?

Which neuroimaging studies are used in the diagnosis of epileptic seizures?

Which findings on EEG aid in the diagnosis of epileptic seizures?

What is the role of video-EEG in the diagnosis of epileptic seizures?

What are the benefits of monotherapy in the treatment of epilepsy?

What are the indications for social and/or vocational rehabilitation in the treatment of epilepsy?

When is referral to a neurologist or epileptologist indicated for treatment of epileptic seizures?

What are the risk factors for recurrence of epileptic seizures?

Which abnormalities on the electroencephalogram (EEG) increase the risk of recurrent epileptic seizures?

What is the risk of recurrence in patients with one generalized tonic-clonic seizure?

How is the risk of recurrence of epileptic seizures managed in patients with one abnormality?

What is the mainstay of treatment for epilepsy?

Which anticonvulsants are used in the treatment of epileptic seizures?

Where can information be found on which anticonvulsants are used to treat specific epileptic seizure types?

Which anticonvulsants are used to treat absence seizures?

Which anticonvulsants are used to treat tonic or atonic seizures?

Which anticonvulsant drugs are used to treat myoclonic seizures?

Which anticonvulsant drugs are used to treat juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME)?

Which anticonvulsant drugs are used to treat primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures?

Which anticonvulsant drugs are used to treat generalized and unclassified epilepsies?

What are the antiepileptic drug (AED) options for the treatment of focal-onset seizures?

How does the efficacy of specific anticonvulsants for the treatment of epilepsy vary among patient groups?

What is the efficacy of lamotrigine in the treatment of epilepsy?

How do newer medications compare to carbamazepine in the treatment of epileptic seizures?

What are the medication options if carbamazepine fails to control epileptic seizures?

What are the FDA warnings regarding use of ezogabine in the treatment of epileptic seizures?

What are the treatment options for medically refractory epilepsy?

What is the probability of achieving seizure freedom in pediatric patients?

What is the role of immunotherapy in the treatment of epileptic seizures?

What is the efficacy of immunotherapy for the treatment of medically refractory epilepsy?

What is the focus of future advances in the medical treatment of epileptic seizures?

In which patient populations does the use of anticonvulsants vary for the treatment of epileptic seizures?

What are considerations when administering medications to neonates and children for the treatment of epilepsy?

What are considerations when administering medications to elderly patients for the treatment of epilepsy?

What are the medication options for the treatment of epilepsy in women taking oral contraceptives?

What are the AAN/AES treatment guidelines for epilepsy during pregnancy?

Why are frequent drug serum levels obtained in pregnant women with epilepsy?

What are the considerations for performing amniocentesis in women with epilepsy?

How is epilepsy managed in patients with hepatic and renal insufficiency?

When is discontinuation of medication considered for patients with epilepsy?

What is the recurrence rate of juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME) during adulthood?

How is the risk of epileptic seizure recurrence assessed?

Which factors increase the risk of epileptic seizure recurrence after discontinuation of medication?

What is the likelihood of epileptic seizure recurrence after discontinuation of medication?

How long does it take to gradually discontinue epilepsy medications?

What are some nonpharmacologic treatment options for epilepsy?

What is the role of a ketogenic diet in the treatment of epilepsy?

What is the efficacy of the Atkins diet in the treatment of epilepsy?

What is the role of vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) in the treatment of epilepsy?

What is the efficacy of vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) for the treatment of epilepsy?

What are positive predictors of a favorable outcome with vagal nerve stimulation (VNS) therapy for epilepsy?

What is the role of implantable neurostimulators in the treatment of epilepsy?

What are the surgical options for the treatment of epilepsy?

What are curative surgical options for patients with epilepsy?

What is the role of lobectomy in the treatment of epilepsy?

What is the role of lesionectomy in the treatment of epilepsy?

What is the role of surgery in the treatment of drug-resistant epilepsy?

What is the efficacy of surgery for drug-resistant epilepsy?

What activity restrictions are advisable for patients with epilepsy?

When are precautions against head trauma necessary in patients with epilepsy?

How do driving restrictions vary among patients with epilepsy?

Which precautions should patients with epilepsy take when swimming or bathing?

Which precautions should patients with epilepsy take when using power tools?

Are any devices approved for seizure tracking and epilepsy management?

Medications

Which medications are used for the treatment of epileptic seizures?

Which medications in the drug class Anticonvulsants, Hydantoins are used in the treatment of Epilepsy and Seizures?

Which medications in the drug class Anticonvulsants, Succinimide are used in the treatment of Epilepsy and Seizures?

Which medications in the drug class Anticonvulsants, Benzodiazepine are used in the treatment of Epilepsy and Seizures?

Which medications in the drug class Anticonvulsants, Barbiturates are used in the treatment of Epilepsy and Seizures?

Which medications in the drug class Anticonvulsants, Other are used in the treatment of Epilepsy and Seizures?

Which medications in the drug class GABA Receptor Positive Modulators are used in the treatment of Epilepsy and Seizures?

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Contributor Information and Disclosures

David Y Ko, MD Associate Professor of Clinical Neurology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine David Y Ko, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Neurology , American Clinical Neurophysiology Society , American Epilepsy Society Disclosure: Serve(d) as a director, officer, partner, employee, advisor, consultant or trustee for: SK<br/>Serve(d) as a speaker or a member of a speakers bureau for: Eisai, Lundbeck, Sunovion, Supernus, UCB.

Selim R Benbadis, MD Professor, Director of Comprehensive Epilepsy Program, Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Tampa General Hospital, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine Selim R Benbadis, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Neurology , American Academy of Sleep Medicine , American Clinical Neurophysiology Society , American Epilepsy Society , American Medical Association Disclosure: Serve(d) as a director, officer, partner, employee, advisor, consultant or trustee for: Bioserenity, Catalyst, Ceribell, Eisai, Jazz, LivaNova, Neurelis, Neuropace, SK Life Science Science, Sunovion, Takeda, UCB<br/>Serve(d) as a speaker or a member of a speakers bureau for: Catalyst, Jazz, LivaNova, Neurelis, SK Life Science, Stratus, UCB<br/>Received research grant from: Cerevel Therapeutics; Ovid Therapeutics; Neuropace; Jazz; SK Life Science, Xenon Pharmaceuticals, UCB, Marinus, Longboard.

Jose E Cavazos, MD, PhD, FAAN, FANA, FACNS Professor with Tenure, Departments of Neurology, Pharmacology, and Physiology, Assistant Dean for the MD/PhD Program, Program Director of the Clinical Neurophysiology Fellowship, University of Texas School of Medicine at San Antonio; Co-Director, South Texas Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, University Hospital System; Director, San Antonio Veterans Affairs Epilepsy Center of Excellence and Neurodiagnostic Centers, Audie L Murphy Veterans Affairs Medical Center

Jose E Cavazos, MD, PhD, FAAN, FANA, FACNS is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Neurology , American Clinical Neurophysiology Society , American Epilepsy Society , American Neurological Association , and Society for Neuroscience

Disclosure: LGCH, Inc Ownership interest Consulting

Ramon Diaz-Arrastia, MD, PhD Professor, Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Southwestern Medical School; Director, North Texas TBI Research Center, Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Parkland Memorial Hospital

Ramon Diaz-Arrastia, MD, PhD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha , American Academy of Neurology , New York Academy of Sciences , and Phi Beta Kappa

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Mark Spitz, MD Professor, Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center

Mark Spitz, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Neurology , American Clinical Neurophysiology Society , and American Epilepsy Society

Disclosure: pfizer Honoraria Speaking and teaching; ucb Honoraria Speaking and teaching; lumdbeck Honoraria Consulting

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Medscape Salary Employment

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