essay about advantages and disadvantages of selling cigarettes

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Essay on Advantages and Disadvantages of Selling Cigarettes

Table of Contents

Advantages of Selling Cigarettes:

One of the primary advantages of selling cigarettes is the potential for profit. Cigarettes can be sold at a high markup, meaning that retailers can make a significant profit margin on each pack sold. Additionally, many smokers are addicted to nicotine and will continue to purchase cigarettes on a regular basis, providing a steady stream of customers for retailers.

Another advantage of selling cigarettes is that they are a small and lightweight product, making them easy to store and transport. This means that retailers can stock a large quantity of cigarettes without taking up too much space in their store or warehouse.

In addition, cigarette sales can help to drive foot traffic to a retailer’s store. While some customers may come in specifically to purchase cigarettes, others may be enticed to make additional purchases while they are there.

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Disadvantages of selling cigarettes:.

The health risks associated with cigarette smoking are a major disadvantage of selling cigarettes. Cigarette smoking is a leading cause of preventable death , with more than 480,000 deaths per year in the United States alone. By selling cigarettes, retailers are contributing to this public health issue.

Furthermore, selling cigarettes can be a legal liability for retailers. In many places, it is illegal to sell cigarettes to minors, and retailers can be held liable if they are caught doing so. Retailers can also be held liable for selling cigarettes that are counterfeit or tampered with.

Selling cigarettes can also harm a retailer’s reputation. Many people view cigarette sales as unethical, and may be hesitant to do business with a retailer that sells cigarettes. This can lead to lost business and a negative image in the community.

In addition, retailers who sell cigarettes may face higher insurance costs and may have difficulty obtaining loans or financing. Some financial institutions may be hesitant to do business with retailers who sell cigarettes due to the associated health risks and legal liabilities.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, while there are certainly advantages to selling cigarettes, the disadvantages outweigh the benefits. The health risks associated with cigarette smoking are too great to ignore, and retailers who sell cigarettes may face legal and financial liabilities as well as harm to their reputation. It is important for retailers to consider these factors when making decisions about whether or not to sell cigarettes in their stores. Ultimately, the health and well-being of their customers should be their top priority.

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Advantages and disadvantages of selling cigarettes essay

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Morality and the Business of Selling Tobacco

To the Editor:

Re “ The Tobacco Ties That Bind ,” by Peter B. Bach (Op-Ed, April 11):

I can’t begin to express my disappointment with the American Cancer Society because of its unforgivable relationship with Walgreens, which continues to sell tobacco products. As a former cancer patient, I wonder: Is it too much to ask that the “largest cancer charity” be independent of the single most egregious industry on our planet?

Being in bed with the tobacco industry and the pharmacies that promote smoking is simply unethical and a slap in the face of every cancer survivor.

MITCHELL BRODSKY Princeton, N.J., April 11, 2014

Peter B. Bach implies that by ending the sale of tobacco products, CVS pharmacies are some kind of moral actor while Walgreens remains a greedy business. Walgreens’s funding of the American Cancer Society by extension also compromises the moral standing of the society. In truth, they are all businesses.

CVS looks to improve its image and its bottom line. Both CVS and Walgreens sell all kinds of things, from empty-calorie sugary drinks and heart-attack food to dubious health aids; if their primary mission were really to improve people’s health, they would close down their drive-through windows and stop all those idling car engines.

As for the cancer society, its executives take home high six-figure salaries. Such groups spend vast sums on advertising, advocacy, lobbying and more fund-raising in the cycle that perpetuates their existence.

Compared with all this self-righteous hypocrisy, the tobacco industry seems a lot more honest: It admits to being a business and doesn’t pretend to sell anything other than a product that everyone knows is bad for him or her.

DAVID ROMANO Ozark, Mo., April 11, 2014

Home — Essay Samples — Nursing & Health — Nursing — Argumentative Essay On Smoking Cigarettes

Argumentative Essay on Smoking Cigarettes

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Words: 507 |

Published: Mar 13, 2024

Words: 507 | Page: 1 | 3 min read

Table of contents

Health effects of smoking, economic implications, impact on non-smokers, the case for regulation, references:.

• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020). Smoking & Tobacco Use. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/index.htm

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Question: Should We Ban Cigarettes?

Readers Question: Using data and your economic knowledge assess the case for and against a government completely banning the sale and consumption of cigarettes. AQA (15)

1. Cigarettes are a demerit good. People underestimate the costs of smoking, e.g. lower life expectancy. It has been suggested that the true cost of a packet of cigarettes is over $200. Therefore, the government is justified to try and stop people consuming goods which harm them.

2. Cigarettes have negative externalities on the rest of society. For example, it creates health problems of passive smoking. This leads to over consumption and is another justification for banning smoking.

3. Tax is insufficient for reducing consumption of cigarettes. Demand is very price inelastic because people become addicted. Therefore, banning cigarettes may be the only way to reduce consumption.

Problems of Banning Cigarette Sales and Consumption

1. It would encourage the black market. People are addicted so they would find a way to keep smoking. This would encourage criminal activity which the government would need to try and police. The potential profits for criminals would be very high. It could be a similar situation to prohibition in the 1920s and 30s in the US. Banning alcohol led to big rise in organised crime.

2. The government would lose all tax revenue. This amounts to over £7 billion. It would require other taxes to be increased.

3. It would cause unemployment amongst cigarette companies. However, South Korea is suggesting to bring the complete ban after 10 years. This gives people the chance to change their habits.

4. There are several alternative measures for discouraging cigarette sales. For example, banning cigarettes in public spaces has been quite effective in reducing consumption and discouraging people from starting to smoke. Also advertising to make people aware of the dangers of smoking (e.g. putting warnings on packets of cigarettes)

Cigarettes are definitely harmful to health. In some ways they are more likely to kill than other drugs which are criminalised. However, because cigarette use is so widespread, banning cigarettes completely would lead to very large black market and lose the government substantial tax revenues. It would make many ordinary people more likely to commit a crime to feed their habit. See also:

• Should Taxes on Cigarettes be Increased? 

6 thoughts on “Question: Should We Ban Cigarettes?”

cigarettes are harmful at certain stages. e cigarettes have given the right solution for it.

Both of them are deadly for health. There isn’t one better than the other.

how would you bring elasticity into this type of question ?

You could say the govt could use a tax to reduce demand for cigarettes. However, demand is very inelastic therefore a tax is insufficient. Therefore, banning it may be only solution to prevent people consuming this demerit good.

Do you people not see the bigger picture here. It’s about control and telling you what you can and cannot do. They won’t stop at cigarettes. Think about it you idiots.

The government gave our war veterans cigarettes to help with stress now they are telling us it is unhealthy and we are forced to give up. We are living in a communist country where we are not allowed to make our own decisions about our health or lifestyle. I have smoked all my life, worked hard paid huge amounts of tax and the way you have discriminated against smokers and treated us like leper’s is very degrading and I am not proud to say your a fair government if you thought of how smokers felt at all it would have been more acceptable but as per usual you treat the average workers as mere specks of dust

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Essay on Smoking

500 words essay on  smoking.

One of the most common problems we are facing in today’s world which is killing people is smoking. A lot of people pick up this habit because of stress , personal issues and more. In fact, some even begin showing it off. When someone smokes a cigarette, they not only hurt themselves but everyone around them. It has many ill-effects on the human body which we will go through in the essay on smoking.

Ill-Effects of Smoking

Tobacco can have a disastrous impact on our health. Nonetheless, people consume it daily for a long period of time till it’s too late. Nearly one billion people in the whole world smoke. It is a shocking figure as that 1 billion puts millions of people at risk along with themselves.

Cigarettes have a major impact on the lungs. Around a third of all cancer cases happen due to smoking. For instance, it can affect breathing and causes shortness of breath and coughing. Further, it also increases the risk of respiratory tract infection which ultimately reduces the quality of life.

In addition to these serious health consequences, smoking impacts the well-being of a person as well. It alters the sense of smell and taste. Further, it also reduces the ability to perform physical exercises.

It also hampers your physical appearances like giving yellow teeth and aged skin. You also get a greater risk of depression or anxiety . Smoking also affects our relationship with our family, friends and colleagues.

Most importantly, it is also an expensive habit. In other words, it entails heavy financial costs. Even though some people don’t have money to get by, they waste it on cigarettes because of their addiction.

How to Quit Smoking?

There are many ways through which one can quit smoking. The first one is preparing for the day when you will quit. It is not easy to quit a habit abruptly, so set a date to give yourself time to prepare mentally.

Further, you can also use NRTs for your nicotine dependence. They can reduce your craving and withdrawal symptoms. NRTs like skin patches, chewing gums, lozenges, nasal spray and inhalers can help greatly.

Moreover, you can also consider non-nicotine medications. They require a prescription so it is essential to talk to your doctor to get access to it. Most importantly, seek behavioural support. To tackle your dependence on nicotine, it is essential to get counselling services, self-materials or more to get through this phase.

One can also try alternative therapies if they want to try them. There is no harm in trying as long as you are determined to quit smoking. For instance, filters, smoking deterrents, e-cigarettes, acupuncture, cold laser therapy, yoga and more can work for some people.

Always remember that you cannot quit smoking instantly as it will be bad for you as well. Try cutting down on it and then slowly and steadily give it up altogether.

Get the huge list of more than 500 Essay Topics and Ideas

Conclusion of the Essay on Smoking

Thus, if anyone is a slave to cigarettes, it is essential for them to understand that it is never too late to stop smoking. With the help and a good action plan, anyone can quit it for good. Moreover, the benefits will be evident within a few days of quitting.

FAQ of Essay on Smoking

Question 1: What are the effects of smoking?

Answer 1: Smoking has major effects like cancer, heart disease, stroke, lung diseases, diabetes, and more. It also increases the risk for tuberculosis, certain eye diseases, and problems with the immune system .

Question 2: Why should we avoid smoking?

Answer 2: We must avoid smoking as it can lengthen your life expectancy. Moreover, by not smoking, you decrease your risk of disease which includes lung cancer, throat cancer, heart disease, high blood pressure, and more.

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#prosvscons

The Advantages and Disadvantages of Smoking Cigarettes

Exploring the good and the bad of smoking cigarettes.

Smoking cigarettes has been a contentious issue for decades, with ongoing debates about its impact on health and society. While some argue that smoking has certain advantages, others focus on its substantial disadvantages. In this article, we will explore the advantages and disadvantages of smoking cigarettes, shedding light on the various aspects of this complex and controversial topic.

From the potential short-term benefits to the long-term health risks, smoking cigarettes is a multifaceted topic that demands a comprehensive examination. By understanding both the positive and negative aspects, individuals can make informed decisions about smoking and its implications for their lives.

Despite widespread knowledge about the harmful effects of smoking, some argue that there are potential advantages to the habit. Let's explore some of these potential benefits in more detail.

Missing a pro?

While the perceived advantages of smoking exist, the overwhelming evidence indicates that the disadvantages and health risks far outweigh any potential benefits. It's crucial to recognize and understand the significant negative aspects of smoking cigarettes.

Missing a con?

In conclusion, while some individuals may perceive certain advantages to smoking cigarettes, it is essential to weigh these against the overwhelming evidence of its detrimental health effects and societal implications. Ultimately, the cons of smoking far outweigh any potential benefits, highlighting the urgent need for smoking cessation and public health interventions to combat the pervasive harms of smoking.

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#PROSVSCONS

Should Cigarettes Be Banned? Essay

• To find inspiration for your paper and overcome writer’s block
• As a source of information (ensure proper referencing)
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Introduction

• Arguments against the Issue
• Arguments for the Issue

For the recognition of whether or why cigarettes should be banned, this essay should start with a bit of history.

Cigarettes are made from tobacco leaves. Their use started in Central America around 6,000 B.C. After 5,000 BC, the Mayan community started chewing and smoking tobacco leaves and used them for medicinal purposes like healing wounds. Later on, people invented pipe smoking, which was followed by the manufacturing of cigarettes in the mid-1800s (Smoking, 2010).

On this page, the author won’t explore why smoking should be banned. The essay will evaluate arguments for and against cigarettes in particular. Many people smoke them to lighten up and enhance their concentration at places of work. Meanwhile, some claim that this relaxation method is too harmful to enjoy.

So, should cigarettes be banned? This essay attempts to find out.

Why Cigarettes Should Be Banned: Arguments against

Smoking cigarettes helps people to relax and get better concentration. Mental illness symptoms such as anxiety and Schizophrenia are alleviated by smoking (Russo, 2011); this has been medically proven. Smoking cigarettes helps in socialization as it sets the mood of a smoker into being jovial.

Governments obtain huge amount of money from cigarette manufacturing industries in form of taxes. These industries also create employment opportunities for many people. Banning of cigarette smoking would mean loss of thousands of jobs as well as revenue for the government (Fix, n.d.).

Smoking cigarettes helps in weight management due to the reduced appetite induced in the body by cigarettes. Therefore, smoking is a good and effective weight loss aid (Auctions, 2010).

Why Cigarettes Should Be Banned: Arguments for

Smoking cigarettes is one of the major causes of deaths. About 443, 000 people die out of cigarette smoking related illnesses in the U.S. every year (CDC, 2011 ). Cigarettes contain many harmful chemicals; it was found that cigarettes have more than 4,000 chemicals. Most of these components are known to cause cancer.

Smoking is known to cause lung cancer, bladder cancer, stomach Cancer, kidney cancer, cancer of oral cavity and cancer of the cervix. Ammonia, Tar and Carbon Monoxide are found in cigarettes and are very harmful to human body (Society, 2010).

Cigarette smoking has great effects on reproductive health. It is known to cause infertility, still births, low birth weight and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). In addition, it affects the bones by reducing their densities. Hip fractures in female cigarette smokers are higher than in female non smokers (CDC, 2011 ).

Banning of cigarette smoking would come with many benefits. First people’s health would be improved. Health benefits of stopping to smoke are more than the emotional or psychological comfort that are brought by smoking. Banning cigarette smoking would be of great benefit to the young people.

Those in their thirties, in terms of age in years, would still benefit from the reduced risks caused by cigarettes. Old people who would wish stop smoking cigarettes would not be late to do so. Banning of cigarette smoking will be beneficial to all smokers regardless of their age (Society, 2010).

Many cigarette smokers are at higher risk of being infected with different types of cancer. These include: “Lung, Larynx, Oral cavity, Esophagus, Kidney, Cervix, Bladder, stomach among other cancers” (Society, 2010, p. 1).

Smoking induces stress. A research in London showed that a group of people who stopped smoking had reduced stress than those who had continued to smoke after one year; this was because those who continued to smoke greatly depended on cigarettes.

A smoker is more prone to be stressed if he/she is not in a position to quench a thirst for smoking therefore failure to smoke will subjected smokers to stress (Benson, 2010). Banning of cigarette smoking would therefore reduce stress levels in people. Peer groups will be made of non smokers. People will look for other ways to cope with stress and anxiety other than smoking.

Economic burden on countries will be reduced by banning of cigarette smoking: “in the year 2000, 8.6 million people in U.S suffered from at least one chronic disease that was associated with cigarette smoking” (CDC, 2011, p. 1). Majority of these people ailed from more than one of the diseases caused by cigarette smoking (Society, 2010).

Though smoking cigarettes creates employment and contributes to government’s revenues, it causes more harm than good. The quality of life led by cigarette smokers is lowered. Furthermore, their quality of work is decreased because they might not attend to their duties regularly in extreme cases of being affected by ailments caused by cigarettes (Society, 2010).

Banning of cigarette smoking would eliminate exposure of the human body to harmful substances. Tar is carcinogenic. Nicotine is the addictive substance in cigarette that causes mental and emotional dependence on cigarettes (Society, 2010). Nicotine also elevates cholesterol levels in the body.

Carbon Monoxide takes oxygen from the body of the user and this may cause Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disorder (Netdoctor, 2005). Banning of cigarette smoking will reduce the above risks which are the main causes of poor health in cigarette smokers.

Reproductive health of people will to some extent be guaranteed by banning of cigarette smoking. Tobacco related infertility in women and impotence in men would be no more. Risks of miscarriage, premature births and still births would be reduced thus saving lives of babies (Society, 2010).

Cigarette smoking is a major health challenge. It causes many health problems including reproductive disorders, cancer, stress, heart diseases and stroke. Banning of cigarette smoking would largely benefit people’s health.

Auctions, G. (2010). Advantages and Disadvantages of Smokinng . Web.

Benson, J. (2010). Smoking increases stress levels . Web.

CDC. (2011). Smoking and Tobacco Use . Web.

Fix, W. Should Smoking be Banned . Web.

Netdoctor. (2005). Smoking Health Risks . Web.

Russo, J. (2011). Health Benefits of Smoking Cigarettes . Web.

Smoking, H. (2010). The History of Smoking . Web.

Society, A. C. (2010). Cigarette Smoking . Web.

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IvyPanda. (2018, October 10). Should Cigarettes Be Banned? Essay. https://ivypanda.com/essays/should-cigarette-smoking-be-banned/

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The pros and cons of a total smoking ban

Plans to phase out the sale of tobacco completely have won cross-party support

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Pro: saving lives

Con: black markets, pro: avoiding poverty, con: risk to civil liberties, pro: environmental protection, con: losing tax revenue.

Rishi Sunak's plans to phase out the sale of cigarettes appears to have gained cross-party backing, making a total smoking ban in the UK a real possibility.

The prime minister used his Conservative Party conference speech to announce plans to raise the age at which people can buy tobacco in England year by year until it applies to the whole population. This would mean a 14-year-old today will never legally be able to buy a cigarette, putting England on a par with the likes of New Zealand, which introduced a similar law last year, in having "some of the strictest smoking laws in the world", Sky News reported.

While an outright ban – even one introduced over several decades – may prove controversial, its chances of coming into law have received a boost after it won support from Labour, as well as Welsh and Scottish governments, where laws on smoking are devolved.

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"Political instincts on this issue are coalescing around a similar position," said BBC political editor Chris Mason, meaning the plan could be both "profound and long-lasting".

Almost six million people in England smoke, and tobacco remains the single biggest cause of preventable illness and death. Tobacco smoke can cause cancer, stroke and heart disease, with smoking-related illnesses costing the NHS £17 billion a year, according to campaign group  Action on Smoking and Health (ASH).

An independent government-commissioned review , which last year recommended proposals similar to those announced by Sunak, argued that tackling tobacco use and supporting smokers to quit would help prevent 15 types of cancer – including lung cancer, throat cancer and acute myeloid leukaemia. Recent data showed that one in four deaths from all cancers were estimated to be from smoking.

Speaking on BBC Radio 4 's "Today" programme, the prime minister said his proposals represented the "biggest public health intervention in a generation", a claim backed up by England's chief medical officer, Sir Chris Whitty, who stressed how beneficial the health improvements would be.

Simon Clark, of smokers' lobby group Forest, told the BBC that "creeping prohibition won't stop young adults smoking" but it will "simply drive the sale of tobacco underground and consumers will buy cigarettes on the black market where no-one pays tax and products are completely unregulated".

The illicit trade in tobacco products "poses major health, economic and security concerns around the world", according to the World Health Organization , which estimates 1 in every 10 cigarettes and tobacco products consumed globally is illicit.

Writing for The Conversation , Dr Brendan Gogarty, of the University of Tasmania, argued that "laws that rely on prohibition to reduce the prevalence and harm from drugs generally fail to achieve their aims".

Smoking causes a disproportionate burden on the most disadvantaged families and communities, last year's independent review found. The average smoker in the North East of England spends over 10% of their income on tobacco, compared to just over 6% in the South East.

This mirrors research from 2015 conducted by University of Nottingham, which found parents who smoke were "plunging nearly half a million children into poverty", The Independent reported.

As smokers quit, said Sudyumna Dahal for The Conversation , household budgets "become easier, facilitating what a study in the British Medical Journal describes as an income transfer from male smokers to females and other family members".

Therefore, argue anti-smoking campaigners, banning smoking would bring greater benefits to the less well-off.

Smokers and the groups who advocate on their behalf argue that their habit is a civil right, even if it kills the smoker. In a report published in 2019, the smokers’ group Forest argued that "smokers are the canaries for civil liberties".

It added that the call for a ban "directly violates the harm principle that assumes a person has autonomy over their own life and body as long as they do not hurt other people".

As The Spectator editor Fraser Nelson pointed out on Twitter , plans to phase out the sale of cigarettes could lead to the absurd situation where pensioners will have to produce ID to prove which side of the ever-moving line of legality they are on.

"I'd love to live in a smoke-free world," wrote Rachael Bletchly in the Daily Mirror . "I wish people would stop wrecking their health with cigarettes. But I don't think it's the job of politicians to police other grown-ups' filthy habits. And I fear that Rishi Sunak's new smoking ban is just well-meaning, populist puff."

Cigarette smoking has several negative environmental impacts and banning smoking would bring these to an end. Smokers release pollution into the atmosphere, cigarette butts litter the environment, and the toxic chemicals in the residues cause soil and water pollution.

Tobacco is commonly planted in rainforest areas and has contributed to major deforestation, said Conserve Energy Future .

A 2013 report in the journal Tobacco Control found that cigarette manufacturing “consumes scarce resources in growing, curing, rolling, flavouring, packaging, transport, advertising and legal defence” and “also causes harms from massive pesticide use”.

Taxation on smoking raises more than £8.8 billion per year for the Treasury, noted Politics.co.uk . The TaxPayers’ Alliance rejected the argument that smokers also cost the taxman more due to their health burden, arguing that smokers who suffer major health problems are more likely to die prematurely, reducing expenditure on state pensions and other age-related benefits.

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Stop Smoking: It's Deadly and Bad for the Economy

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The Advantages and Disadvantages of Selling Cigarettes Essay

The sale of cigarettes has long been a contentious issue worldwide, with significant debate over the advantages and disadvantages it presents. Cigarettes, though legal and heavily taxed in many countries, have profound health, economic, and social implications. This essay explores the various benefits and drawbacks associated with the sale of cigarettes.

Advantages of Selling Cigarettes

• Revenue Generation : The sale of cigarettes generates substantial tax revenue for governments. These funds are often used to support public services such as healthcare, education, and infrastructure development.
• Employment Opportunities : The tobacco industry provides jobs in various sectors, including agriculture, manufacturing, retail, and marketing. This can be particularly important in regions where alternative employment opportunities are limited.
• Personal Freedom : In a free market economy, adults have the right to make their own choices, including the decision to purchase and consume cigarettes. Banning the sale of cigarettes could be seen as an infringement on personal liberties.
• Support for Tobacco Farmers : In some regions, tobacco farming is a major source of income for rural communities. The sale of cigarettes ensures that these farmers can maintain their livelihoods.

Disadvantages of Selling Cigarettes

• Serious Health Issues : Cigarette smoking is a leading cause of various severe health conditions, including lung cancer, heart disease, stroke, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The health risks associated with smoking are well-documented and significant.
• Secondhand Smoke : Non-smokers exposed to secondhand smoke are also at risk of developing health issues, including respiratory infections, heart disease, and lung cancer.
• Healthcare Expenses : The healthcare costs associated with treating smoking-related illnesses are enormous. Governments and individuals spend billions annually on medical care for conditions caused by smoking.
• Lost Productivity : Smoking can lead to reduced productivity due to illness, disability, and premature death. This has economic implications for both employers and the economy at large.
• Addiction : Nicotine, the addictive substance in cigarettes, creates dependency, making it difficult for smokers to quit. This addiction can lead to long-term health problems and decreased quality of life.
• Youth Smoking : Despite age restrictions, cigarettes are often accessible to minors, leading to early addiction and long-term health consequences. The marketing of cigarettes can sometimes indirectly target younger audiences, perpetuating the cycle of addiction.
• Pollution : Cigarette production and disposal contribute to environmental pollution. Tobacco farming involves the use of pesticides and deforestation, while cigarette butts are a common form of litter that pollutes land and waterways.
• Resource Consumption : The production of cigarettes consumes significant natural resources, including water and arable land, which could be used for other, more sustainable agricultural practices.

Balancing the Pros and Cons

Addressing the pros and cons of selling cigarettes requires a multifaceted approach. Policymakers must balance the economic benefits with the substantial health and social costs. Potential strategies include:

• Higher Taxes : Increasing taxes on cigarettes can reduce smoking rates while generating revenue that can be used for public health initiatives.
• Strict Regulations : Implementing and enforcing regulations on advertising, packaging, and sales can help reduce smoking rates and limit access to minors.
• Education : Public health campaigns can educate people about the dangers of smoking and promote cessation programs. This can help reduce the prevalence of smoking and its associated health risks.
• Support Services : Providing support services for those trying to quit smoking, such as counseling and nicotine replacement therapies, can help reduce addiction rates.
• Diversification Programs : Supporting tobacco farmers in diversifying their crops and finding alternative sources of income can reduce economic dependency on tobacco cultivation and promote more sustainable agricultural practices.

The sale of cigarettes presents both significant advantages and disadvantages. While it contributes to economic stability and personal freedom, it also poses severe health risks, economic burdens, and social challenges. Striking a balance requires comprehensive strategies that include regulation, education, and support for alternative livelihoods. By addressing these issues, societies can mitigate the negative impacts of cigarette sales while considering the economic realities of the industry.

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Advantages and disadvantages of selling cigarettes essay?

Question: Advantages and disadvantages of selling cigarettes essay?

Selling cigarettes is a controversial issue, and it has both advantages and disadvantages. In this essay, we will examine the pros and cons of selling cigarettes.

Advantages of selling cigarettes:-

1. Revenue: Selling cigarettes generates significant revenue for both the government and the tobacco companies. Governments can earn substantial tax revenue from the sale of cigarettes, which can be used to fund various public services.

2. Employment: The tobacco industry creates jobs in various fields, from farming to manufacturing and sales. This can provide employment opportunities for many people.

3. Personal choice: Some argue that selling cigarettes is a matter of personal choice. Individuals should have the freedom to decide whether or not they want to smoke.

Disadvantages of selling cigarettes:-

1. Health risks: Smoking cigarettes is a significant health risk and is responsible for many deaths worldwide. Selling cigarettes makes them more accessible, increasing the likelihood of people taking up smoking and developing smoking-related health problems.

2. Addiction: Nicotine is a highly addictive substance, and selling cigarettes perpetuates addiction, making it difficult for people to quit smoking.

3. Environmental impact: The production and disposal of cigarettes have significant environmental impacts. Tobacco farming and cigarette manufacturing can lead to deforestation and water pollution. The disposal of cigarette butts also contributes to litter and pollution.

4. Social costs: The social costs of smoking, such as healthcare expenses, lost productivity, and premature death, are substantial. These costs are often borne by society as a whole, rather than just the individuals who smoke.

In conclusion, while selling cigarettes can generate revenue and provide employment, it also has significant health, environmental, and social costs. It is up to governments and individuals to weigh the pros and cons and decide whether selling cigarettes is a desirable practice.

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Advantages and Disadvantages of Electronic Cigarettes

Despite nearly nine thousand publications on e-cigarettes (EC) in the PubMed database, there is still no consensus in the scientific community and among decision makers regarding the risks and benefits of using these products. As we emphasized in the call for papers, further research is needed to provide new evidence-based knowledge to better inform the public about the possible risks as well as the benefits for smokers related to the use of e-cigarettes. We proposed a wide range of topics, which included laboratory studies related to the presence of harmful substances in the liquid and aerosol, in vivo and in vitro health effects studies, the role of nicotine in addiction, and observational population studies on the use of EC.

The papers submitted for the Special Issue (SI) fit into the proposed topics. Two papers concern reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated during the use of an e-cigarette containing synthetic nicotine [ 1 ] and the influence of flavoring substances on the appearance of ROS in the aerosol [ 2 ]. Flavoring substances are also the subject of research by Bebenek et al. [ 3 ]. The authors analyze their influence on the content of free and protonated nicotine and the consequences associated with nicotine addiction. In turn, animal studies [ 4 ] have hypothesized that exposure to flavored e-cigarettes would cause lung inflammation in C57BL/6 J mice. This study revealed that flavor-based e-cigarette exposure elicited sex-specific alterations in lung inflammation, with cherry flavors/benzaldehyde eliciting female-specific and tobacco flavor resulting in male-specific increases in lung inflammation. Such studies indicate the potential toxicity of some flavorings added to e-liquid which should be taken into account when formulating regulations.

In in vivo studies, Cichońska et al. [ 5 ] conclude that e-cigarette usage adversely affects the antioxidant capacity of saliva, in comparison to non-smokers, to the same extent as smoking traditional cigarettes. This might present an important clinical risk of oral cavity disorders. Additionally, in their review paper, Szumilas et al. [ 6 ] review the literature in terms of the impact of e-cigarette aerosol on the cells and tissues of the oral cavity.

In turn, in vitro studies have shown that e-cigarette vapor condensate (ECVC) has a negative effect on both osteoblast viability and function, with these effects being mediated, in part, by nicotine-dependent mechanisms and also reactive carbonyl species derived from e-liquid humectants. Reduced osteoblast viability, coupled with a reduction in OPG secretion as observed following ECVC treatment, may lead to increased bone resorption following chronic exposure, in turn potentially impacting bone development in younger users, while increasing bone-associated disease progression and negatively impacting orthopedic and dental surgery outcomes [ 7 ].

Another article in this SI is devoted to the study of the storage conditions and type of clearomizers on the increase in heavy metal levels in e-cigarette liquids retailed in Romania [ 8 ]. It has been found that the long period and high storage temperature of e-liquids in the clearomizer have an effect on increasing the level of heavy metals in the generated aerosol. This is important information for users of these products, aiming to reduce the harmfulness of their use.

In many reports published by prestigious scientific institutions, special attention is paid to the threat that e-cigarettes may pose to young people. Therefore, we welcomed the paper describing the results of a cross-sectional study conducted in Poland [ 9 ]. The main aim of this study was the assessment of the factors associated with the use of electronic cigarettes among high school students. Two parameters used to assess public health were used for this purpose: health literacy (HL) and the health locus of control (HLC). Personal health literacy is the degree to which individuals have the ability to find, understand, and use information and services to inform health-related decisions and actions for themselves and others. The health locus of control refers to the belief that health is in one’s control (internal control) or is not in one’s control (external control). Among adults, the external locus of control is associated with negative health outcomes, whereas the internal locus of control is associated with favorable outcomes. The obtained results showed that students smoking conventional cigarettes were more prone to using e-cigarettes. To sum up, it was an unexpected result that HL is not associated with the use of e-cigarettes. A greater likelihood of using e-cigarettes was positively associated with higher HLC scores, as in the case of traditional smoking.

There are currently ongoing debates about the relationship between e-cigarette use, NRT use, and the uptake and provision of other quit methods including behavioral support. It has been suggested, for instance, that widespread e-cigarette use may be reducing the need for stop smoking services (SSSs). Meanwhile, research by Harweell et al. [ 10 ] does not support this argument; some smokers participating in the study were still willing to receive additional support in quitting from SSSs, even if they were already using e-cigarettes.

Another paper [ 11 ] uses data from Wave 3 of The Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) study which is a nationally representative longitudinal study of tobacco use and health in the United States. The authors assess associations between e-cigarette use and self-reported hypertension, a highly prevalent health condition and major contributor to cardiovascular disease burden. According to the authors, after adjusting for potential confounders, current vaping (OR = 1.31) and current smoking (OR = 1.27) were both associated with higher odds of hypertension; those odds were lower for respondents who were concurrently smoking and vaping (OR = 1.77). The results obtained make an important contribution to the evaluation of the association of e-cigarette use with major adverse cardiovascular endpoints (e.g., stroke and myocardial infarction).

Controversies around the risks posed by e-cigarettes are often due to the wide variety of products and user behavior, the underestimation or overestimation of risk, as well as the wrong methodological approach. In this context, we pay particular attention to two further works. Talhout et al. [ 12 ] used several approaches to quantify the health risk of tobacco products, either the absolute risk or that relative to a tobacco cigarette. The hazard index (HI) and relative potency factor (RPF) approaches may be used for the quantification of health risk, provided that sufficient and relevant hazard and exposure data are available. None of the methods are ready to be used in regulation yet due to a lack of relevant data on hazard and exposure, but also due to a variety of regulatory needs and wishes. However, the application of these methods may be possible in due time.

One of the reasons for the controversy surrounding e-cigarettes is the different, often contradictory results of studies covering the same research topic. The reasons may vary. However, the most important is the research methodology. This topic was discussed in two papers by Soulet and Sussman. In the first paper [ 13 ], the authors critically reviewed laboratory studies published after 2017 on the metal content of EC aerosol, focusing on the consistency between their experimental design, the actual use of the device, and the corresponding exposure risk assessment. The authors showed the most important reasons for the variation in results in the reviewed papers. They included inadequate BA test protocols unsuited to the power of the heater; miscalculation of exposure levels based on experimental results; devices manufactured many months before the experiment, which could be the cause of corrosion of the e-cigarette’s metal components; and lack of sufficient information to allow repetition of the study.

Similar topics are addressed in the second paper [ 14 ]. They review the literature on laboratory studies quantifying the production of potentially toxic organic by-products (carbonyls, carbon monoxide, and free radicals) in e-cigarette aerosol emissions, focusing on the consistency between their experimental design and a realistic usage of the devices. The authors conclude that laboratory testing requires a much more flexible standard, not only providing appropriate technical guidelines, but facilitating the incorporation of end users to complement laboratory logistics.

We agree with the authors of these papers that an objective assessment of the risk of using e-cigarettes requires the elimination of incorrect research methodology and signals the necessity to upgrade current laboratory-testing standards.

The papers posted in the SI cover various research areas related to e-cigarettes. In our opinion, they show two important directions for further research. The first is the role of flavor additives in the overall assessment of the harmfulness of e-cigarettes, and the second is the need to take steps toward standardizing methods at least for areas of research in which we observe considerable variation in the results obtained, which at present makes it difficult to take rational regulatory action and recommendations.

Funding Statement

This research received no external funding.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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• Volume 22, Issue suppl 1
• Potential advantages and disadvantages of an endgame strategy: a ‘sinking lid’ on tobacco supply
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• Nick Wilson ,
• George W Thomson ,
• Richard Edwards ,
• Tony Blakely
• Department of Public Health , University of Otago, Wellington , New Zealand
• Correspondence to Associate Professor Nick Wilson, Department of Public Health, Wellington School of Medicine, University of Otago, PO Box 7343, Wellington South, Wellington 6002, New Zealand; Nick.wilson{at}otago.ac.nz

Background One possible supply-side strategy for the tobacco endgame is a government-mandated ‘sinking lid’ on tobacco supply (tradeable but decreasing quotas on sales or imports).

Methods We considered literature on quota systems and from a tobacco endgame workshop at the University of Michigan.

Findings Likely strengths of the sinking lid strategy include: (1) that it can provide a clear timetable and an unambiguous signal of a tobacco end-date; (2) that supply reduction is likely to increase product price levels, and there is very strong evidence that increasing price is a highly effective tobacco control intervention. Its feasibility is also supported by the growing international experience with, and political acceptability of, using quota and auction systems in other domains (eg, greenhouse gases, other air pollutants and for fisheries). However, the main disadvantages of this strategy are probably the need for strong political will and high public support (to pass a new law), potential legal challenges by industry (eg, under trade agreements), and vulnerability to problems from illegal supplies of tobacco and from corruption.

Conclusions The sinking lid strategy is a plausible option that is worth considering when investigating possible tobacco endgame strategies, though it may be most applicable in well-organised jurisdictions with low (<15%) adult smoking prevalence. This idea could benefit from further research, such as studies in virtual worlds, and real-world testing on small island jurisdictions, or closed systems, such as military bases.

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This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-commercial License, which permits use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non commercial and is otherwise in compliance with the license. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ and http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/legalcode

https://doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2012-050791

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Introduction

One possible supply-side strategy for the tobacco endgame at a jurisdiction-level is a ‘sinking lid’ on tobacco sales and/or imports. The basics of this idea have been described previously, 1 but to summarise it could involve government-mandated set percentage point reductions in annual tobacco sales/import quotas from either: (1) the market share of each tobacco company at a baseline year; or (2) available tradeable quotas to either tobacco companies or to wholesalers (eg, that could be auctioned off regularly in declining amounts by a government agency). In the second option, the supply could even be controlled by a non-profit agency, as in the proposed regulated market model. 2 Also, tobacco companies or wholesalers could be permitted to trade quotas on a government-regulated spot market. As supply became more constrained, tobacco price levels would be likely to rise, unless demand dropped sufficiently due to other tobacco control enhancements. Such higher price levels would reduce youth uptake of smoking, increase quitting and reduce relapse. As demonstrated through tobacco tax-driven price increases, increasing price is one of the most effective and most evidence-based mechanisms in tobacco control. 3–5

The strategy would almost certainly be more successful if accompanied by intensified demand reduction measures, such as mass media campaigns to promote quitting (ideally funded by tobacco tax revenue and revenue from the auction sales of quota). Additional price regulation mechanisms (such as minimum price levels), may further prevent industry manipulation to blunt the price signal to smokers as supply declined. When the target prevalence level or end-date (eg, a target prevalence of <1%, or an end-date for legal tobacco sales) was approached, then all residual smokers could be switched to: pharmaceutical-grade nicotine products, be permitted to grow their own tobacco, and/or be permitted to use controlled amounts of government-supplied tobacco/nicotine products via a ‘smoker's licence’ 6 ).

Here we elaborate further on the potential advantages and disadvantages of the sinking lid strategy idea, and consider future research options. To inform this commentary, we considered literature on quota systems and one of us (NW) attended a June 2012 workshop on tobacco endgames at the University of Michigan (Ann Arbor, USA).

Developments relevant to the sinking lid strategy

There appear to be no further developments in advancing sinking lid-type strategies in the USA since Senator Michael Enzi proposed the ‘Help End Addiction to Lethal Tobacco Habits Act’ in 2007. 7 However, in New Zealand, the sinking lid approach was recommended for further consideration by a Select Committee of Parliament, which had performed an inquiry into the tobacco industry in 2010. 8 Nevertheless, progressing this approach has not been substantially picked up in the New Zealand Government's official response, 9 and its subsequent tobacco control activities have been more focused on introducing multiyear series of annual tobacco tax increases. Although this country has announced a goal for a ‘Smokefree Nation by 2025’, there is still a marked lack of detail around definitions, plans and processes. 10 , 11

International experience with running various quota systems, often with large corporate players involved, provides some evidence that governments can run these successfully, and that they can have the desired impact. One example of a successful auction system is for sulphur dioxide emission ‘allowances’, and this system has been functioning in the USA since 1995 (it is currently run by the Environmental Protection Agency). 12 Such an approach has been expanded to nitrogen oxides, and there is a grouping of 27 eastern US states which are part of a cap-and-trade system that is designed to reduce emissions of the target pollutants (sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides) by 70%. 13 Reviews of this US experience are favourable, 14 , 15 and there is also evidence for greenhouse gas emission reductions from the ‘Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative’ in the USA. 15 Perhaps because of this experience in the USA, some public health experts have recently advocated for a cap-and-trade system for controlling the excessive nutrients in the US food system (salt, sugar and unhealthy fats). 16

By contrast with the US experience above, the international experience with quota systems and emissions trading systems for carbon appears more mixed. For example, the European Union's Emissions Trading Scheme has not performed as well as expected due to suboptimal design of the scheme (eg, excess distribution of free carbon allowances), and the impact of the global financial crisis on European economic activity. 17 Nevertheless, the system has, without doubt, delivered carbon emission reductions, and it has been responsive to energy sector developments (eg, the German nuclear energy phase-down). 17 Australia is now following suit, though its newly introduced pricing mechanism for carbon will not evolve into a cap-and-trade scheme until 2015. 18 , 19 China has announced seven emissions trading pilots, 20 and there are emerging permit schemes in South Korea and Mexico. 19

Even more common, internationally, are quota (or ‘catch share’) systems for fisheries, where total quotas can be reduced if necessary, and can be traded. One review has reported that ‘implementation of catch shares halts, and even reverses, the global trend toward widespread collapse’ of fisheries. 21 More recent evidence from North American fisheries also suggests that these systems may generate some shift towards more ecological stewardship 22 (ie, more sustainable long-term management). Nevertheless, it has been noted that such systems do not remove all incentives for poor stewardship, and that programme design is critical. 22 Furthermore, some modelling work suggests that catch quota control when combined with a ‘large closed area’ to fishing can be the most effective system for maintaining both short and long-term economic performance’. 23 In terms of a specific country example, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has praised Iceland for the quality of its tradeable quota system that has helped ensure a sustainable (and profitable) fishery. 24

Nevertheless, the examples described above still differ in critical aspects from a sinking lid of quotas on tobacco. Thus, while some societies might be described as suffering ‘fossil fuel addiction’, 25 this is not the same as many citizens consuming a physiologically ‘addictive’ product daily (as it is with most smokers). Also these other quota systems do not usually aim for a rapid reduction in supply down to a very low level or with a complete sales end-date (eg, over 10–15 years as might be planned for tobacco).

Advantages of the sinking lid strategy

A likely strength of the sinking lid strategy is that it provides a clear timetable for policymakers and can include an unambiguous signal of the tobacco sales end-date. It is much more difficult to predict a target date for achievement of the endgame (eg, of <1% smoking prevalence) solely using instruments such as ongoing tobacco tax rises. It is highly plausible that a clear timetable to an end-date would increase motivational tension in smokers and associated quitting behaviour (potentially via both planned and unplanned 26 quit attempts). Such an approach could also facilitate more focused activity by the health sector around promoting and supporting smoking cessation.

Another likely advantage is that some of the mechanisms involved in the strategy are well understood. That is, the likely consequence of supply reduction, increased price (driven by tobacco tax increases), is a highly evidence-based tobacco control intervention in most countries. There are also the working analogies for how governments manage tradeable quota systems as discussed above. These aspects will provide some reassurance for policymakers concerned with achieving endgame success, and officials concerned with short-revenue streams. Indeed, by maintaining both tobacco taxation for the bulk of the revenue and also introducing revenue from auctioned quotas, a greater proportion of the tobacco price could potentially be shifted from tobacco industry profits into government revenue (especially if there was also a maximum pretax price that retailers and manufacturers could charge). 27 In some jurisdictions, this could provide additional total revenue in the short term (for other tobacco control interventions or for health sector funding), until smoking prevalence falls appreciably, and then total revenue from this source declines. As with all tobacco endgame strategies, if governments wish to maintain constant revenue streams, then other types of taxes may need to be raised (eg, on pollutants such as carbon) as tobacco tax revenues start to decline.

As per most other endgame strategies in this supplement, this strategy is likely to be highly compatible with a wide suite of adjunct evidence-based tobacco control interventions (eg, expanded smokefree area laws, mass media campaigns, quitlines and other smoking cessation support). Indeed, for equity reasons (given that smokers are more likely to be people on relatively low incomes), it is optimal that strong adjunct interventions are part of a package so that demand is reduced in such a way that price does not become exorbitant in the short to medium term.

The sinking lid strategy would also be compatible with some other endgame strategies, such as a smoker's licence system 6 (though for reasons of practicality, cost and political acceptability, this is perhaps best introduced at very low smoking prevalences). It could also be complemented with the strategy of phasing-down nicotine levels in all cigarettes on the market 28 and of differential phase-outs for different types of tobacco products (depending on existing country-specific tobacco markets and views on harm reduction).

But there are trade-offs in terms of developing a strong and comprehensive endgame package versus a more simple approach that minimises demands on limited political capital and organisational capacity. Therefore, it may be more appropriate for small jurisdictions to run only with the sinking lid strategy, and accompany it with only traditional demand reduction interventions (smoking cessation support, etc).

Disadvantages of the sinking lid strategy

Requires strong political leadership.

Probably the major disadvantage with the sinking lid strategy in democratic countries is that it faces the requirement of there being enough strong political leadership and public support to pass the necessary law. This political will would need to be particularly strong if the new law detailed the novel feature of including an endpoint, such as prohibiting legal tobacco sales and the start of any smoker's licence system. While public support has been described as a likely endgame requirement, 29 the level of political leadership and continuing resolve may have to at least reach that recently shown by the Australian Government around introducing the world's first plain packaging law for tobacco products (which combines the removal of virtually all brand imagery with requiring larger pictorial health warnings). 30 Low corruption levels would also be necessary to protect against pressure from the tobacco industry and its allies (retailers, advertisers and law firms, etc).

Litigation risk

The act of passing a law for a sinking lid strategy is far more likely to trigger tobacco company litigation against the government, compared with the use of incremental tobacco control strategies (eg, continuously raising tobacco tax). This litigation could be for loss of their investments 31 (eg, as per legal action by the industry, using Australia's bilateral investment treaty with Hong Kong on the plain packaging issue 32 ). However, it is uncertain if such litigation would succeed, and the risk of litigation might be reduced if the endpoint of the sinking lid strategy was just a low smoking prevalence (eg, <1%) rather than a defined endpoint for legal tobacco sales. Also, while such litigation could increase costs to governments, such costs would almost certainly be trivial in relation to the health and social costs of continued tobacco sales.

Illegal supply

As supply was reduced, and as tobacco price levels increased, the problems of cross-border smuggling, thefts and illegal sales from duty-free purchases or local tobacco growers could rise (as they could with other price increase strategies). Such problems could definitely reduce the effectiveness of the sinking lid strategy and could undermine public and political support if the social costs associated with the criminality of supply were perceived to be too high. So the illegal supply problem may limit the viability of a sinking lid strategy to jurisdictions: with strong border controls; that are geographically isolated, such as islands; that have a well controlled (or no) tobacco growing sector; that have effective law enforcement; and have low corruption levels. Some of these issues can potentially be addressed through further investing in customs and police institutions, and removing tobacco growing within a country's own borders (eg, by a complete tobacco farming buyout programme). Other supportive measures to reduce these problems could include: eliminating duty-free allowances, prohibiting mail-order and internet sales on tobacco, and tighter controls on who is permitted to sell tobacco (eg, licensing of retailers).

Industry counter-responses

Beforehand, or once a sinking lid strategy was underway, tobacco companies could potentially disrupt it in various ways. For example, company collusion could disrupt any auction system for quota allocation, and companies might bribe officials to damage the auction system indirectly. This risk might suggest that the sinking lid strategy is probably more suited for nations with both low corruption levels and a strong civil service. But some risks could also be countered in advance, for instance, with governments having back-up tobacco supply arrangements with tobacco companies not currently supplying in the jurisdiction. Alternately, where the supply to wholesalers or retailers was only permitted to be from a non-profit agency, 2 the risk of such responses may be reduced.

Possible next steps for further research and policy

For the reasons given above, we acknowledge that the sinking lid strategy might ultimately be only an endgame strategy suited for well-organised jurisdictions with other favourable features, such as: relatively low smoking prevalence in adults (eg, under 15%), and the other features referred to above (eg, minimal corruption). 29 Nevertheless, settings using this strategy could achieve major population health gain, compared with the status quo in most countries of small incremental steps to gradually reduce smoking prevalence. Furthermore, we suspect that the world will probably need a range of different tobacco endgame strategies to cope with diverse country settings. Some of the research options that may advance understanding of a sinking lid strategy are as follows.

Qualitative research

Key informant interviews with the officials who run quota systems (eg, for air pollution and fisheries) could be conducted. Similarly, for key stakeholders such as senior politicians and senior officials, on their attitudes towards adopting a sinking lid strategy in their country. Particular contrasts could be drawn with key informants’ views on the feasibility of alternative endgame strategies—particularly the most similar one of continuous large tobacco tax increases into the future.

Reviewing existing quota systems

There could be further review of the experience of how established quota systems work in practice, especially those where the quotas are reduced over time (eg, for carbon emissions, sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide emissions and quotas for endangered fish species). Australia's new carbon pricing mechanism provides a number of state-of-the-art design features 19 that could be worthy of further examination.

Experiments in virtual worlds

‘Virtual worlds’ are used to study economic behaviour, such as the nature of exchange 33 and purchasing behaviour in virtual supermarkets. 34 Such an approach could be used for endgame experiments whereby the full tobacco endgame in a jurisdiction is simulated (eg, at a scale of 1 day equals 1 year). A range of hired business people could function as simulated ‘tobacco company executives’ trying to maximise profits and outmanoeuvre the ‘regulators’ (from treasury and health ministries) who are running the auctions and other components of the sinking lid strategy.

Real-world testing

The sinking lid strategy could be applied in a relatively closed system, such as on a military base (especially if on an island), or for the occupants of a large naval vessel such as an aircraft carrier. A small island jurisdiction is a more real-world option, particularly an island which is, or is part of, an OECD country with a social science research base (eg, Iceland). To kick-start the process, a philanthropic organisation could perhaps offer a multimillion dollar ‘tobacco endgame prize’ for any island jurisdiction that wishes to operationalise the sinking lid strategy and permit appropriate validation by researchers, and with appropriate ethical oversight (eg, such prizes for other topic areas have been put forward by the X Prize Foundation, (X Prize Foundation, Playa Visa, California, USA, http://www.xprize.org/ )). Technical assistance ‘when needed’ from other countries could be permitted, as has previously been suggested for advancing tobacco control on the small Pacific island nation of Niue. 35 Nevertheless, remote island jurisdictions without airports (eg, Tokelau) may be even more suitable, as then the smuggling risk is reduced accordingly.

Conclusions

The sinking lid strategy needs to be considered as an endgame strategy even though it might only be applicable in certain types of jurisdictions. This idea could benefit from further research to access its feasibility (eg, via key informant interviews). Evaluation in simulated online worlds may be worthwhile, along with real-world testing that starts with small island jurisdictions, or closed systems such as military bases.

Acknowledgments

The authors thank the organisers of the workshop at the University of Michigan School of Public Health (Ann Arbor, USA) and the workshop funders (see below).

• Thomson G ,
• Blakely T ,
• Chaloupka FJ ,
• Yurekli A ,
• ↵ International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) . Effectiveness of tax and price policies for tobacco control. IARC Handbooks of Cancer Prevention in Tobacco Control . Volume 14 . Lyon : IARC , 2011 .
• ↵ NZ Parliament . Government Response to the Report of the Māori Affairs Committee on its Inquiry into the tobacco industry in Aotearoa and the consequences of tobacco use for Māori (Final Response) . Wellington : New Zealand (NZ) Parliament , 2011 . http://www.parliament.nz/NR/rdonlyres/3AAA09C2-AD68–4253–85AE-BCE90128C1A0/187795/DBHOH_PAP_21175_GovernmentFinalResponsetoReportoft.pdf (accessed 21 Nov 2012 ).
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• Chestnut L ,
• Tietenberg T
• Rosenthal MB
• van Renssen S
• Caripis L ,
• Foerster A ,
• Costello C ,
• Gaines SD ,
• Essington TE
• Stefansson G ,
• Rosenberg AA
• Haraldsson G ,
• Ferguson SG ,
• Shiffman S ,
• Gitchell JG ,
• Gilmore AB ,
• Branston JR ,
• Edwards R ,
• Kaplan HS ,
• Schniter E ,
• Waterlander WE ,
• Steenhuis IH

Contributors All authors contributed to the overall design of the article. NW attended the University of Michigan workshop and relevant new literature was identified by NW, GT and RE. The manuscript was drafted by NW and was critically revised by all other authors, who also approved the final version. NW is the guarantor.

Funding The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation and American Legacy Foundation funded the workshop. Nick Wilson and Tony Blakely are also supported by the BODE 3 programme which is modelling tobacco endgame strategies and receives funding support from the Health Research Council of New Zealand (Project number 10/248).

Competing interests None.

Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.

Open Access This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 3.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/

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How To Write An Advantages Or Disadvantages Essay

One of the first things you should do is read the marking criteria  to see what the examiners expect. This is really important, as you need to know what they are looking for in the band 7+ boxes. 

WRITING TASK 2 Advantages/Disadvantages STRUCTURE

The structure that I advise my students to use, will be sure to get you a band score of 7+. You need to practice using this structure, with as many questions as you can, before sitting your IELTS test. This writing task 2 structure has been proven to be successful for my students and when perfected, can easily help you to achieve a high band score. 

TIP >>  Remember to write in a formal tone, this is an academic essay, therefore your writing should be formal. 

4-PARAGRAPH STRUCTURE >>

This is the introduction to the essay and where you should start off by paraphrasing the question. 

This means that you rewrite the question in your own words using synonyms. You can’t just copy the question again or use the same words in the question. Paraphrase and show off your vocabulary knowledge by using synonyms. When practising your essay writing, use an online thesaurus  to help you. This is a great tool and can help you to learn many new words.

There are two sentences you need in the introduction >>

Paraphrase the question

Start the paragraph by introducing the main advantage. This is where you need to have a topic sentence. The next sentence(s) should explain, going into detail. The third sentence should give an example that supports the advantage.

SAMPLE Advantages/Disadvantages ESSAY >>

(Word Count = 302 / Band Score 9)

WRITING TASK 2 BAND SCORE 9 CRITERIA >>

Related posts, you borrowed some books from your school or college library- ielts general writing task 1 [semi-formal letter], ielts direct question essay model answer: family and children, 1 thought on “how to write an advantages or disadvantages essay”, leave a comment cancel reply.

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