thesis citation bibtex

Plagiarism Checker

Compare your paper to billions of pages and articles with Scribbr’s Turnitin-powered plagiarism checker.

Run a free check

AI Detector

Detect AI-generated content like ChatGPT3.5, GPT4 and Gemini in seconds

Try for free

Paraphraser

Rewrite and paraphrase texts instantly with our AI-powered paraphrasing tool.

Check your Citations

Improve your in-text citations and references for errors and inconsistencies using Scribbr's AI technology or human experts.

Grammar Checker

Eliminate grammar errors and improve your writing with our free AI-powered grammar checker.

AI Proofreader

Correct your document in minutes.

Upload my document

Proofreading & Editing

Have a human editor polish your writing to ensure your arguments are judged on merit, not grammar errors.

Get expert writing help

universalSourceForm.defaults.intro.title

universalSourceForm.overwrites.thesis.intro.text,universalSourceForm.defaults.intro.text

Guide to BibTeX Type PhdThesis

BibTeX is a reference management tool that is commonly used in LaTeX documents. The “phdthesis” BibTeX type is used for PhD dissertations or theses. In this guide, we will explain the required and optional fields for the “phdthesis” BibTeX type.

Need a simple solution for managing your BibTeX entries? Explore CiteDrive!

• Web-based, modern reference management
• Collaborate and share with fellow researchers
• Integration with Overleaf
• Comprehensive BibTeX/BibLaTeX support
• Save articles and websites directly from your browser
• Search for new articles from a database of tens of millions of references

Required Fields

The “phdthesis” BibTeX type requires the following fields:

• author : The author of the thesis.
• title : The title of the thesis.
• school : The name of the institution that awarded the degree.
• year : The year the degree was awarded.

Optional Fields

In addition to the required fields, the “phdthesis” BibTeX type also has a number of optional fields that can be used to provide additional information. These fields include:

• type : The type of the thesis, such as “PhD thesis” or “Master’s thesis”.
• address : The location of the institution.
• month : The month the thesis was submitted.
• note : Any additional information about the thesis.

Here is an example of how to use the “phdthesis” BibTeX type:

In this example, the BibTeX entry defines a PhD thesis authored by John Smith titled “An Analysis of Example”. The degree was awarded in 2022 by the University of Example, and the thesis was submitted in June in Example City, CA. The type of the thesis is specified as “PhD thesis”, and a note is included that provides a URL for the thesis.

Citation Management and Writing Tools: LaTeX and BibTeX

• LaTeX and BibTeX
• Other Citation Tools
• LaTeX & BibTeX & Overleaf
• Zotero & BibTeX
• Mendeley & BibTeX
• JabRef & BibTeX  

LaTeX & BibTeX (& Overleaf)

What is LaTeX?

LaTeX is a typesetting program that takes a plain text file with various commands in it and converts it to a formatted document based on the commands that it has been given. The source file for the document has a file extension of .tex. It is widely used at MIT for theses and other technical papers due to its prowess with mathematical and foreign characters. For more information on LaTeX, see  LaTeX on Athena Basics , provided by the Athena On-Line Help system.

What is BibTeX?

BibTeX is a bibliographic tool that is used with LaTeX to help organize the user's references and create a bibliography. A BibTeX user creates a bibliography file that is separate from the LaTeX source file, wth a file extension of .bib. Each reference in the bibliography file is formatted with a certain structure and is given a "key" by which the author can refer to in the source .tex file.  For more information on BibTeX, see  see MIT IS&T's page:  How do I Create Bibliographies in LaTeX .

Overleaf at MIT

If you're new to LaTeX/BibTeX, consider using Overleaf ,  an online LaTeX and Rich Text collaborative writing and publishing tool. It includes built-in features to link your Zotero or Mendeley library to your LaTeX document .

MIT Libraries provides Overleaf Pro+ accounts for all MIT faculty, students and staff. Learn more on how to get started with Overleaf.  

Zotero & BibTeX

Export from Zotero to BibTeX:

• To export all of the references in a certain library to BibTeX, click on the Actions drop-down menu in Zotero and select "Export Library..."
• To export only certain references, select those references using control-clicks and shift-clicks, then right click one of them and select "Export Selected Items..."
• From the dialog box that pops up, select the BibTeX format, and click OK.
• Navigate to the directory where you are storing your manuscript (your .tex file), and save the file. This will generate a file in the appropriate format for BibTeX to read and create a bibliography from.

Auto-syncing from Zotero to BibTeX:

Auto-updating your .bib file when you make changes or additions to your Zotero Library is not available directly in Zotero. You can, however, install and enable a Zotero extension,  Better BibTeX , to enable these features. 

• Once Better BibTeX is enabled, select the folder/library/items you wish to include in your .bib file as you would do in the basic export process described above.
• In the export dialog box, you will now see many more options for your export format. Select the “Better BibTeX” option, and, to set up the auto sync, make sure you also check the “Keep updated” box.
• Click Ok, name your .bib file and save in the same location as your LaTeX file.

You can adjust or remove a .bib auto sync of Zotero records at any time by going to your Zotero preferences and clicking on the Better BibTeX tab, followed by the Automatic export tab.

For more detailed instructions on setting up your Zotero export, see the  Zotero and BibTeX Quick Guide .

Linking with Overleaf:

In Overleaf, you can link your entire library or a Group library to your Overleaf project. This link allows you to have synced records with Zotero while actively accessing them in Overleaf. More information on linking your Zotero and Overleaf accounts may be found on this Overleaf How-To Guide .

Mendeley & BibTeX

Export to BibTeX:

• Within your Library in Mendeley Reference Manager, select the references that you would like to export to BibTeX.
• In the dropdown menu in the toolbar at the top of the screen, click File > Export All > BibTeX (*.bib)
• Make sure you save your BibTeX file to the same location as your LaTeX file.

In Overleaf, you can link your entire library or a subset of your records to your Overleaf project. This link allows you to have synced records with Mendeley while actively accessing them in Overleaf. More information on linking your Mendeley and Overleaf accounts may be found on this Overleaf How-To Guide .

JabRef & BibTeX

If you primarily create documents in LaTeX (versus a word processing software like Microsoft Word) you may want to consider using JabRef as your primary citation management software.

JabRef is a reference manager that acts as an interface to the BibTeX style used by the LaTeX typesetting system. JabRef is open source and is freely downloadable. The graphical interface allows the user to easily import, edit, search, and group citations in the BibTeX format. It also offers automatic citation key generation. JabRef does not offer any citation styles of its own; instead the citation is generated from the BibTeX file by LaTeX. Specifications for each style are given by the chosen style file.

JabRef can be used on Windows, Linux, and Mac.

For more detailed instructions on setting up JabRef as your LaTeX citation management software, see the JabRef Getting Started guidance .

Citation Management Tools

Get help with latex and bibtex.

• Zotero and BibTeX Quick Guide

LaTeX resources at MIT

LaTeX on Athena, Basics  (IS&T)

How do I create bibliographies in LaTeX?  (IS&T)

• << Previous: Mendeley
• Next: Other Citation Tools >>
• Last Updated: Aug 23, 2024 10:01 AM
• URL: https://libguides.mit.edu/cite-write

No Search Results

Bibliography management in LaTeX

• 1 Introduction
• 2 Basic usage
• 3 The bibliography file
• 4 Customizing the bibliography
• 5 Adding the bibliography in the table of contents
• 6 Reference guide
• 7 Further reading

Introduction

When it comes to bibliography-management packages, there are three main options in LaTeX: bibtex , natbib and biblatex .

This article explains how to use the biblatex package, to manage and format the bibliography in a LaTeX document. biblatex is a modern option for processing bibliography information, provides an easier and more flexible interface and a better language localization than the other two options.

A minimal working example of the biblatex package is shown below:

There are four bibliography-related commands in this example:

Overleaf provides several templates with pre-defined styles to manage bibliographies. See this link .  Open an example of the biblatex package in Overleaf

Basic usage

Several parameters can be passed to the package import command, as in the following example:

Some extra options, inside brackets and comma-separated, are added when importing biblatex :

The rest of the commands were explained in the introduction .

 Open a more complete biblatex example in Overleaf

The bibliography file

The bibliography files must have the standard bibtex syntax

This file contains records in a special format; for instance, the first bibliographic reference is defined by:

The information in this file can later be printed and referenced within a L a T e X document, as shown in the previous sections, with the command \addbibresource{sample.bib} . Not all the information in the .bib file will be displayed, it depends on the bibliography style set in the document.

Customizing the bibliography

Biblatex allows high customization of the bibliography section with little effort. It was mentioned that several citation styles and bibliography styles are available, and you can also create new ones. Another customization option is to change the default title of the bibliography section.

The additional parameter title={Whole bibliography} passed inside brackets to the command \printbibliography is the one that changes the title.

The bibliography can also be subdivided into sections based on different filters, for instance: print only references from the same author, the same journal or similar title. Below an example.

Here, the bibliography is divided in 4 sections. The syntax of the commands used here is explained below:

Adding the bibliography in the table of contents

For the bibliography the be printed in the table of contents an extra option must be passed to \printbibliography

A section and a subsection are added to the table of contents:

• In the first case, adding heading=bibintoc adds the title to the table of contents as an unnumbered chapter if possible or as an unnumbered section otherwise.
• The second case is heading=subbibintoc that adds the title as a second level entry in the table of contents, in this example as a subsection nested in "Whole bibliography".

Reference guide

Supported entry types

article	book	mvbook
inbook	bookinbook	suppbook
booklet	collection	mvcollection
incollection	suppcollection	manual
misc	online	patent
periodical	suppperiodical	proceedings
mvproceedings	inproceedings	reference
mvreference	inreference	report
set	thesis	unpublished
custom	conference	electronic
masterthesis	phdthesis	techreport

Supported entry fields (The printed information depends on the bibliography style)

abstract	addendum	afterword	annotate
author	authortype	bookauthor	bookpagination
booksubtitle	booktitle	chapter	commentator
date	doi	edition	editor
editortype	eid	entrysubtype	eprint
eprinttype	eprintclass	eventdate	eventtitle
file	foreword	holder	howpublished
indextitle	institution	introduction	isan
isbn	ismn	isrn	issue
issuesubtitle	issuetitle	iswc	journalsubtitle
journaltitle	label	language	library
location	mainsubtitle	maintitle	month
note	number	organization	origdate
origlanguage	origlocation	origpublisher	origtitle
pages	pagetotal	pagination	part
publisher	pubstate	reprinttitle	series
shortauthor	shortedition	shorthand	shorthandintro
shortjournal	shortseries	shorttitle	subtitle
title	translator	type	url
venue	version	volume	year

Bibliography sorting options

option	description
	sort by name, title, year
	sort by name, year, title
	sort by name, year, volume, title
	sort by alphabetic label, name, year, title
	sort by alphabetic label, name, year, volume, title
	sort by year (descending), name, title
	entries are processed in citation order

For detailed information on these entries and options, see the package documentation.

Further reading

For more information see

• Biblatex bibliography styles
• Biblatex citation styles
• Bibliography management with natbib
• Bibliography management with bibtex
• Creating and Managing Bibliographies with BibTeX on Overleaf
• Biblatex package documentation
• International language support
• Table of contents
• Management in a large project
• Multi-file LaTeX projects
• Documentation Home
• Learn LaTeX in 30 minutes

Overleaf guides

• Creating a document in Overleaf
• Uploading a project
• Copying a project
• Creating a project from a template
• Using the Overleaf project menu
• Including images in Overleaf
• Exporting your work from Overleaf
• Working offline in Overleaf
• Using Track Changes in Overleaf
• Using bibliographies in Overleaf
• Sharing your work with others
• Using the History feature
• Debugging Compilation timeout errors
• How-to guides
• Guide to Overleaf’s premium features

LaTeX Basics

• Creating your first LaTeX document
• Choosing a LaTeX Compiler
• Paragraphs and new lines
• Bold, italics and underlining

Mathematics

• Mathematical expressions
• Subscripts and superscripts
• Brackets and Parentheses
• Fractions and Binomials
• Aligning equations
• Spacing in math mode
• Integrals, sums and limits
• Display style in math mode
• List of Greek letters and math symbols
• Mathematical fonts
• Using the Symbol Palette in Overleaf

Figures and tables

• Inserting Images
• Positioning Images and Tables
• Lists of Tables and Figures
• Drawing Diagrams Directly in LaTeX
• TikZ package

References and Citations

• Bibliography management with biblatex
• Bibtex bibliography styles
• Natbib bibliography styles
• Natbib citation styles
• Multilingual typesetting on Overleaf using polyglossia and fontspec
• Multilingual typesetting on Overleaf using babel and fontspec
• Quotations and quotation marks

Document structure

• Sections and chapters
• Cross referencing sections, equations and floats
• Nomenclatures
• Lengths in L a T e X
• Headers and footers
• Page numbering
• Paragraph formatting
• Line breaks and blank spaces
• Text alignment
• Page size and margins
• Single sided and double sided documents
• Multiple columns
• Code listing
• Code Highlighting with minted
• Using colours in LaTeX
• Margin notes
• Font sizes, families, and styles
• Font typefaces
• Supporting modern fonts with X Ǝ L a T e X

Presentations

• Environments

Field specific

• Theorems and proofs
• Chemistry formulae
• Feynman diagrams
• Molecular orbital diagrams
• Chess notation
• Knitting patterns
• CircuiTikz package
• Pgfplots package
• Typesetting exams in LaTeX
• Attribute Value Matrices

Class files

• Understanding packages and class files
• List of packages and class files
• Writing your own package
• Writing your own class

Advanced TeX/LaTeX

• In-depth technical articles on TeX/LaTeX

Get in touch

Have you checked our knowledge base ?

Message sent! Our team will review it and reply by email.

Email: 

• University of Wisconsin–Madison
• University of Wisconsin-Madison
• Research Guides
• LaTeX Guide
• Citing with BibTeX

LaTeX Guide : Citing with BibTeX

• Introduction
• Getting Started
• UW-Madison Templates

LaTeX uses the BibTeX (.bib) file format to manage and process lists of references in order to produce in-text citations and formatted bibliographies. It is possible to create a BibTeX file from scratch using a text editor, but many literature databases and most modern citation managers can export directly to this format.

• Bibliography management with BibTeX An introduction to using BibTeX and .bib files for bibliography management, including solutions to common problems. From Overleaf.
• BibTeX Basic introduction to the BibTeX file format and how to use it with LaTeX.
• Choosing a BibTeX style Guide from Reed College on various citation styles and how to use them with BibTeX and LaTeX.

Citation Managers and LaTeX/BibTeX

Jabref is a free reference manager with native BibTeX and BibLaTeX support—it's designed for use with systems like LaTeX and includes cite-while-you-write functionality for LaTeX editors like Kile, LyX, and TeXstudio.

• JabRef Free citation manager with BibTeX support. Made by researchers for researchers.

Zotero is a free, open source citation manager. To create a BibTeX file with Zotero:

• Save all your references into a single collection folder
• Right click that collection in Zotero ( Ctrl + click for Mac OS)
• Choose Export Collection...
• Change the format from RIS to BibTeX

This will create a .bib file for you. Because Zotero is open source, there are a number of third-party plugins you can get to add or improve functionality. Better BibTeX for Zotero is highly recommended if you will be using Zotero for citation management for a LaTeX project.

• Better BibTeX for Zotero A plugin for Zotero that makes it easier for LaTeX users to manage bibliographic data.
• How to link your Overleaf account to Mendeley and Zotero For users with premium subscriptions only.

EndNote is a powerful citation manager, but the full version cannot be used without the purchase of a software license. The paid version of EndNote can produce a BibTeX file for your references, with some limitations. To do this:

• Save all your references into a single EndNote group
• Select the references in EndNote (use Ctrl +A for Windows or Cmd + A for Mac OS to select all)
• From the main menu choose File > Export...
• Choose BibTeX Export as the file output style (this may require installing the BibTeX Export style from the Style Manager)
• Save the file
• EndNote creates a plain text (.txt) file with BibTeX formatting inside; you will need to manually change it to .bib

Note: these instructions were created using EndNote 20. The process may not be exactly the same for other versions of EndNote.

• Can I use Overleaf with EndNote? Instructions for using EndNote to manage references for an Overleaf LaTeX project.

Mendeley is a free citation manager. Follow the directions below to create a BibTeX file containing the references from a Mendeley collection.

• Save all your references into a single folder
• Navigate to that folder in Mendeley Reference Manager
• Choose File > Export All from the main menu
• Choose BibTeX (*.bib) and save your file

Note: the steps may vary depending on the version of Mendeley being used.

• Exporting references from Mendeley Instructions for exporting your Mendeley reference library to a variety of formats. Note that this creates a static file.
• << Previous: Getting Started
• Next: UW-Madison Templates >>
• Last Updated: May 29, 2024 3:50 PM
• URL: https://researchguides.library.wisc.edu/latex

Bibtex Citation Generator

Powered by chegg.

• Select style:
• Archive material
• Chapter of an edited book
• Conference proceedings
• Dictionary entry
• Dissertation
• DVD, video, or film
• E-book or PDF
• Edited book
• Encyclopedia article
• Government publication
• Music or recording
• Online image or video
• Presentation
• Press release
• Religious text

Popular BibTeX generic citation style style Citation Examples

How to cite a book in bibtex generic citation style style.

Use the following template to cite a book using the BibTeX generic citation style citation style.

Reference List

Place this part in your bibliography or reference list at the end of your assignment.

In-text citation

Place this part right after the quote or reference to the source in your assignment.

How to cite a Journal in BibTeX generic citation style style

Use the following template to cite a journal using the BibTeX generic citation style citation style.

How to cite Film or Movie in BibTeX generic citation style style

Use the following template to cite a film or movie using the BibTeX generic citation style citation style.

How to cite an Online image or video in BibTeX generic citation style style

Use the following template to cite an online image or video using the BibTeX generic citation style citation style.

How to cite a Website in BibTeX generic citation style style

Use the following template to cite a website using the BibTeX generic citation style citation style.

Additional BibTeX generic citation style style Citation Examples

How to cite a blog in bibtex generic citation style style.

Use the following template to cite a blog using the BibTeX generic citation style citation style.

How to cite a Court case in BibTeX generic citation style style

Use the following template to cite a court case using the BibTeX generic citation style citation style.

How to cite a Dictionary entry in BibTeX generic citation style style

Use the following template to cite a dictionary entry using the BibTeX generic citation style citation style.

How to cite an E-book or PDF in BibTeX generic citation style style

Use the following template to cite an e-book or pdf using the BibTeX generic citation style citation style.

How to cite an Edited book in BibTeX generic citation style style

Use the following template to cite an edited book using the BibTeX generic citation style citation style.

How to cite an Email in BibTeX generic citation style style

Use the following template to cite an email using the BibTeX generic citation style citation style.

How to cite an Encyclopedia article in BibTeX generic citation style style

Use the following template to cite an encyclopedia article using the BibTeX generic citation style citation style.

How to cite an Interview in BibTeX generic citation style style

Use the following template to cite an interview using the BibTeX generic citation style citation style.

How to cite a Magazine in BibTeX generic citation style style

Use the following template to cite a magazine using the BibTeX generic citation style citation style.

How to cite a Newspaper in BibTeX generic citation style style

Use the following template to cite a newspaper using the BibTeX generic citation style citation style.

How to cite a Podcast in BibTeX generic citation style style

Use the following template to cite a podcast using the BibTeX generic citation style citation style.

How to cite a Song in BibTeX generic citation style style

Use the following template to cite a song using the BibTeX generic citation style citation style.

How to cite The Bible in BibTeX generic citation style style

Use the following template to cite The Bible using the BibTeX generic citation style citation style.

How to cite a TV Show in BibTeX generic citation style style

Use the following template to cite a TV Show using the BibTeX generic citation style citation style.

Overleaf for LaTeX Theses & Dissertations: Home

• Using Templates on Overleaf
• Reference Managers and Overleaf
• Adding Tables, Images, and Graphs

Tips and tools for writing your LaTeX thesis or dissertation in Overleaf, including templates, managing references , and getting started guides.

Managing References

BibTeX is a file format used for lists of references for LaTeX documents. Many citation management tools support the ability to export and import lists of references in .bib format. Some reference management tools can generate BibTeX files of your library or folders for use in your LaTeX documents.

LaTeX on Wikibooks has a Bibliography Management page.

Find list of BibTeX styles available on Overleaf here

View a video tutorial on how to include a bibliography using BibTeX  here

Collaborate with Overleaf

Collaboration tools

• One version of your project accessible to collaborators via a shared link or email invitation
• Easily select the level of access for collaborators (view, edit, or owner access)
• Real-time commenting speeds up the review process
• Tracked changes and full history view help to see contributions from collaborators
• Labels help to organize and compare different versions
• Chat in real time with collaborators right within the project

How to get started writing your thesis in LaTeX

Writing a thesis or dissertation in LaTeX can be challenging, but the end result is well worth it – nothing looks as good as a LaTeX-produced PDF, and for large documents it's a lot easier than fighting with formatting and cross-referencing in MS Word. Review this video from Overleaf to help you get started writing your thesis in LaTeX, using a standard thesis template from the Overleaf Gallery .

You can upload your own thesis template to the Overleaf Gallery if your university provides a set of LaTeX template files or you may find your university's thesis template already in the Overleaf Gallery.

This video assumes you've used LaTeX before and are familiar with the standard commands (see other tutorial videos  if not), and focuses on how to work with a large project split over multiple files.

Add Institutional Library contact info here.

Contact Overleaf   or email [email protected]

5-part Guide on How to Write a Thesis in LaTeX

5-part LaTeX Thesis Writing Guide

Part 1: Basic Structure corresponding  video

Part 2: Page Layout corresponding  video

Part 3: Figures, Subfigures and Tables   corresponding video

Part 4: Bibliographies with Biblatex corresponding video

Part 5: Customizing Your Title Page and Abstract corresponding video

Link your ORCiD ID

Link your ORCiD account to your Overleaf account.

See Overleaf news   on  our blog.

• Next: Using Templates on Overleaf >>
• Last Updated: Aug 20, 2024 5:29 PM
• URL: https://overleaf.libguides.com/Thesis

A complete guide to the BibTeX format

• What is BibTeX?

BibTeX is reference management software for formatting reference lists and in-text citations in combination with the typesetting system LaTeX. The reference entries are stored in BibTeX’s own special format, which is usually denoted with the file extension *.bib. Managing your references with BibTeX comes in especially handy for large documents such as a PhD thesis or a research paper. For even greater ease in reference management consider using reference manager with BibTeX support.

• BibTeX format explained

Due to its simple structure and the fact that a simple text editor is enough to generate and edit BibTeX files, BibTeX has become one of the standard formats to store and share bibliographic data.

Each BibTeX reference consist of three parts:

Part 1: the entry type

In its current version BibTeX features 14 entry types. A BibTeX entry start with the @ sign followed by the entry type name. Everything that belongs to the entry is enclosed in curly brackets.

Part 2: the citekey

The citekey is the name that is used to uniquely identify the BibTeX entry. It can be any combination of letters and digits and follows immediately after the opening bracket of the BibTeX entry.

Part 3: a list of key-value pairs storing the bibliographic data

Finally, the bibliographic data is stored by a list of predefined field types and their corresponding values.

Let's illustrate on an example. Here is a BibTeX entry for the famous "The Art of Computer Programming" by Donald E. Knuth.

• Entry types

BibTeX features 14 entry types that help your organize your references. Each entry type has its own set of required an optional fields to store the bibliographic data that is needed to format the references correctly.

Here is a complete listing of the BibTeX entry types including a short description:

• article : any article published in a periodical like a journal article or magazine article
• book : a book
• booklet : like a book but without a designated publisher
• conference : a conference paper
• inbook : a section or chapter in a book
• incollection : an article in a collection
• inproceedings : a conference paper (same as the conference entry type)
• manual : a technical manual
• masterthesis : a Masters thesis
• misc : used if nothing else fits
• phdthesis : a PhD thesis
• proceedings : the whole conference proceedings
• techreport : a technical report, government report or white paper
• unpublished : a work that has not yet been officially published

The citekey can be any combination of alphanumeric characters including the characters "-", "_", and ":". The most frequent pattern is to use the last name of the first author followed by the year. Let's illustrate the concept on the book "The Theoretical Minimum" by George Hrabovsky and Leonard Susskind originally published 2013.

It's also possible to list all authors or even the title in the citekey. The longer the citekey is the more likely it is unique by chance, but that comes at the price of more typing and the citekeys are more difficult to remember.

BibTeX comes with a list of standard fields that are supported by most citation styles. Each entry type has required fields and optional fields. Optional field store additional information that might not be present for each reference, but can still be included in the bibliography entry. Due to the flexible definition of the BibTeX format there are also many non-standard fields that are frequently used, but are only supported by selected BibTeX styles.

Standard field types

• address : address of the publisher or the institution
• annote : an annotation
• author : list of authors of the work
• booktitle : title of the book
• chapter : number of a chapter in a book
• edition : edition number of a book
• editor : list of editors of a book
• howpublished : a publication notice for unusual publications
• institution : name of the institution that published and/or sponsored the report
• journal : name of the journal or magazine the article was published in
• month : the month during the work was published
• note : notes about the reference
• number : number of the report or the issue number for a journal article
• organization : name of the institution that organized or sponsored the conference or that published the manual
• pages : page numbers or a page range
• publisher : name of the publisher
• school : name of the university or degree awarding institution
• series : name of the series or set of books
• title : title of the work
• type : type of the technical report or thesis
• volume : volume number
• year : year the work was published

Non-standard field types

These fields are frequently used, but are not supported by all BibTeX styles.

• doi : DOI number (like 10.1038/d41586-018-07848-2)
• issn : ISSN number (like 1476-4687)
• isbn : ISBN number (like 9780201896831)
• url : URL of a web page
• More about BibTeX

If you need to dive deeper into BibTeX, we recommend to have a look at these sources:

• Tame the BeaST: The B to X of BibTeX by Nicolas Markey [PDF]
• Using bibtex: a short guide by Martin J. Osborne
• BibTeXing by Oren Patashnik [PDF]

• Plagiarism and grammar
• Citation guides

BIBTEX Citation Generator

- powered by chegg, all of our writing tools, none of the ads, is this source credible consider the criteria below..

Is the purpose to entertain, sell, persuade, or inform/teach ? Journal articles are often designed to inform or teach. Books and websites could have any of these or a combination of the purposes above. So it is important to determine why the source was created and if it is appropriate for your research. For websites in particular, looking at their "About Us" page or "Mission Statement" can help you evaluate purpose.

Accuracy is the reliability and truthfulness of the source. Here are a few indicators of an accurate source:

• Citations or a works cited list. For websites, this can be links to other credible sites.
• Evidence that backs up claims made by the author(s).
• Text that is free of spelling and grammatical errors.
• Information that matches that in other, credible sources.
• Language that is unbiased and free of emotion.

Based on the above the source could be accurate, inaccurate, a mixture of accurate and inaccurate, or hard to tell.

Authority: Author

The author is the individual or organization who wrote the information in the book, in the journal article, or on the website. If no author is listed, there may be another contributor instead. For example, an editor or a translator. A credible author has:

• Written several articles or books on the topic.
• Provided contact information. For example, an email address, mailing address, social media account, etc.
• The experience or qualifications to be an expert on the topic.

Authority: Publisher

The credibility of the publisher can contribute to the authority of a source. The publisher can be a person, company or organization. Authoritative publishers:

• Accept responsibility for content.
• Are often well-known.
• Often publish multiple works on the same or related topics.

Relevance describes how related or important a source is to your topic. While a source may be credible, it does not necessarily mean it is relevant to your assignment. To determine relevance, you should:

• Determine the website's intended audience. Look at the level of the information and the tone of the writing. For example, is it meant for academics or the general public?
• Make sure that the information is related to your research topic.
• Make sure that the information helps you answer your research question.

A publication date is an important part of evaluating the credibility of a source and its appropriateness for your topic. It is generally best to use content that was recently published or updated, but depending on your assignment, it may be appropriate to use older information. For example, a journal entry from Abraham Lincoln during the Civil War is too outdated to use in a discussion about modern politics and war, but would be appropriate for a paper about the Civil War. Consider the following when evaluating currency:

• Was it published or updated recently? If a website, is there even a publication date listed?
• Is the date of the source appropriate or inappropriate for my assignment?

After analyzing your source, do you believe it is credible, not credible, partially credible, or are you unsure? If you are still unsure, it may help to ask your instructor a librarian for assistance.

• Citation Guides
• Chicago Style
• Terms of Use
• Global Privacy Policy
• Cookie Notice
• DO NOT SELL MY INFO

• NPS Dudley Knox Library
• Research Guides

Citation Guide

• BibTeX Code
• Examples & Rules
• Zotero Examples
• Examples & Rules
• BibTeX Code ≤ v2.6
• Other Styles
• Generative AI

  NPS Thesis Template v2.7 (rel. 3 April 2023): Code Examples (Using template version ≤  2.6? Click here:  IEEE  or  INFORMS )

The following codes are customized for NPS theses and are not intended for use with any other publisher or template. The NPS thesis LaTeX template comes prepackaged with a BibTeX tool and a bib file containing the examples below.

Blog

Blog

J. Locke, “Effect of weird tails in 35mm Innsmouth sprocket periodicity distributions on re-tiered bicyclical phase shifting using Cthulhean logic,” The Thing’s Credible!, blog, Dec. 22, 2020. Available: https://wrywhisker.pulpfriction.net/wallcrust/linear-colinear-felinear.html   TBA @misc{locke_2020, author = "J. Locke", title = "Effect of weird tails in 35mm {I}nnsmouth sprocket periodicity distributions on re-tiered bicyclical phase shifting using {C}thulhean logic", month = "Dec. 22,", year = "2020", howpublished = "The Thing’s Credible!, blog", url = "https://wrywhisker.pulpfriction.net/wallcrust/linear-colinear-felinear.html" }

Chapter in Edited Book
Book Chapter One author, two editors	P. Haynes, “Al-Qaeda, oil dependence, and U.S. foreign policy,” in , D. Moran and J. A. Russel, Eds. New York, NY, USA: Routledge, 2009, pp. 62–77.   Haynes P (2009) Al-Qaeda, oil dependence, and U.S. foreign policy. Moran D, Russel JA, eds., (Routledge, New York, NY, USA), 62–77. @incollection{haynes_2009,   author        = "P. Haynes",   editor        = "D. Moran and J. A. Russel",   title         = "Al-{Q}aeda, oil dependence, and {U.S.} foreign policy",   booktitle     = "Energy Security and Global Politics: The Militarization of Resource Management",   publisher     = "Routledge",   address       = "New York, NY, USA",   year          = "2009",   pages         = "62--77" }
Electronic Book
DOI or URL	M. E. Bonds, . New York, NY, USA: Oxford University Press, 2014. Available: https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199343638.003.0004   Bonds ME (2014) , https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/ 9780199343638.003.0004. @ebook{bonds_2014,     address = {New York, NY, USA},     author = {M. E. Bonds},     doi = {10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199343638.003.0004},     publisher = {Oxford University Press},     title = {Absolute Music: The History of an Idea},     year = {2014}}
From book provider	A. Krishnan, as Business: Technological Change and Military Service Contracting. Aldershot, England: Ashgate, 2008. Available: Kindle   Krishnan A (2008) , Kindle. @book{krishnan_2008,     address = {Aldershot, England},     author = {A. Krishnan},     publisher = {Ashgate},     title = {War as Business: Technological Change and Military Service Contracting},     url = {Kindle},     year = {2008}}
Print Book
One author	M. Pollan, Dilemma: A Natural History of Four Meals, 2nd ed. New York, NY, USA: Penguin, 2006.   Pollan M (2006) , 2nd ed. (Penguin, New York, NY, USA). @book{pollan_2006,   author        = "M. Pollan",   title         = "The Omnivore’s Dilemma: A Natural History of Four Meals",   publisher     = "Penguin",   address       = "New York, NY, USA",   edition       = "2nd ed.",   year          = "2006" }
Two authors with edition number	A. Strindberg and M. Wärn, , 2nd ed. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley and Sons, 2011.   Strindberg A, Wärn M (2011) , 2nd ed. (John Wiley and Sons, Hoboken, NJ, USA). @book{strindberg_warn_2011,   author        = "A. Strindberg and M. Wärn",   title         = " Islamism: Religion, Radicalization and Resistance",   publisher     = "John Wiley and Sons",   address       = "Hoboken, NJ, USA",   edition       = "2nd ed.",   year          = "2011" }
Section (in a series, portion, volume)
In a series	M. Abramowitz and I. A. Stegun, Eds., (Applied Mathematics Series 55). Washington, DC, USA: NBS, 1964, pp. 32–33.   N/A @inbook{abramowitz_64,   editor        = "M. Abramowitz and I. A. Stegun",   title         = "Handbook of Mathematical Functions",   series        = "Applied Mathematics Series 55",   publisher     = "NBS",   address       = "Washington, DC, USA",   pages         = "32--33",   year          = "1964" }
Portion	B. Orend, , 2nd ed. Tonawanda, NY, USA: Broadview Press, 2013, ch. 2, sec. 3, pp. 67–70.   N/A @inbook{orend_2013,   author        = "B. Orend",   title         = "Morality of War",   publisher     = "Broadview Press",   address       = "Tonawanda, NY, USA",   edition       = "2nd ed.",   year          = "2013",   chapter       = "2, sec.\ 3",   pages         = "67--70" }
Volume	R. L. Myer, “Parametric oscillators and nonlinear materials,” in , vol. 4, P. G. Harper and B. S. Wherret, Eds. San Francisco, CA, USA: Academic Press, 1977, pp. 47–160.    N/A @incollection{myer_77,   author        = "R. L. Myer",   editor        = "P. G. Harper and B. S. Wherret",   title         = "Parametric oscillators and nonlinear materials",   booktitle     = "Nonlinear Optics",   publisher     = "Academic Press",   address       = "San Francisco, CA, USA",   year          = "1977",   volume        = "4",   pages         = "47--160" }

Class Notes / Lecture / Presentation / Workshop

“New applications in computational mechanics,” class notes for Computational Mechanics, Dept. of Mech. and Aerosp. Eng., Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA, USA, spring 2013.   Houston A (2016) Why capitalization matters when visiting the House of Potato Chips. Class notes, Performance Management and Budgeting, University of Idaho, September 28, Fort Chip, ID. @misc{NPS_notes_2013,   title         = "New applications in computational mechanics",   organization  = "Dept. of Mech. and Aerosp. Eng., Naval Postgraduate School",   howpublished  = "class notes for Computational Mechanics",   address       = "Monterey, CA, USA",   year          = "spring 2013" }

Computer Program / Software

M. Borenstein, L. Hedges, J. Higgins, and H. Rothstein, Englewood, NJ, USA. 2005. , ver. 2. Available: http://www.meta-analysis.com/   Borenstein M, Hedges L, Higgins J, Rothstein H (2005) Comprehensive meta-analysis, ver. 2, Englewood, NJ, USA. Accessed May 8, 2015, http://www.meta-analysis.com. @software{comprehensive_2005,   author        = "M. Borenstein and L. Hedges and J. Higgins and H. Rothstein",   address       = "Englewood, NJ, USA",   title         = "Comprehensive Meta-Analysis",   howpublished  = "ver. 2",   year          = "2005",   url           = "http://www.meta-analysis.com" }

Conference Proceedings (online)	J. W. Morentz, C. Doyle, L. Skelly, and N. Adam, “Unified Incident Command and Decision Support (UICDS) a Department of Homeland Security initiative in information sharing,” in for Homeland Security, 2009. Available: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5168032    Morentz JW, Doyle C, Skelly L, Adam N (2009) Unified Incident Command and Decision Support (UICDS) a Department of Homeland Security initiative in information sharing. , https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5168032. Variant of inproceedings class. Note "and" between multiple authors. @inproceedings{morentz_2009,   author        = "J. W. Morentz and C. Doyle and L. Skelly and N. Adam",   title         = "{Unified Incident Command and Decision Support (UICDS) a Department of Homeland Security initiative in information sharing}",   booktitle     = "2009 IEEE Conference on Technologies for Homeland Security",   year          = "2009",   url           = "https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5168032" }
Conference Proceedings (print)	I. Katz, K. Gabayan, and H. Aghajan, “A multi-touch surface using multiple cameras,” in , 2007, pp. 133–203.    Katz I, Gabayan K, Aghajan H (2007) A multi-touch surface using multiple cameras. (Berlin, Germany), 133–203. @inproceedings{katz_2007,   author        = "I. Katz and K. Gabayan and H. Aghajan",   title         = "A multi-touch surface using multiple cameras",   booktitle     = "Adv. Conc. for Intell. Vis. Sys.: 9th Intl. Conf.",   year          = "2007",   pages         = "133--203" }
Paper Presented at a Conference Unpublished	K. Kirby and J. Stratton, “Van Allen probes: Successful launch campaign and early operations exploring Earth’s radiation belts,” presented at the IEEE Aerospace Conference, Big Sky, MT, USA, 2013.   Teplin LA, McClelland GM, Abram KM (2005) Early violent death in delinquent youth: A prospective longitudinal study. Annual Meeting of the American Psychology-Law Society, La Jolla, CA. Use misc. Notice the {} around first letters of proper nouns in the title. @misc{kirby_2013,   author        = "K. Kirby and J. Stratton",   title         = "{V}an {A}llen probes: Successful launch campaign and early operations exploring {E}arth's radiation belts",   howpublished  = "presented at the IEEE Aerospace Conference",   address       = "Big Sky, MT, USA",   year          = "2013" }

Database Published

“NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database.” Object name IRAS F00400+4059. Accessed Dec. 10, 2012. Available: http://ned.ipac.caltech.edu/   Suro R (2004) Changing channels and crisscrossing culture: A survey of Latinos on news media. Pew Research Center. Accessed April 30, 2012, http://www.pewhispanic.org/2004/04/19/hanging-channels-and-crisscrossing-cultures/. @misc{nsa_ipac_2012,     journal = {database},     note = {Accessed Dec. 10, 2012},     organization = {Object name IRAS F00400+4059},     title = {{NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database}},     url = {http://ned.ipac.caltech.edu/}}

Dictionary / Encyclopedia

"Metamorphosis,” . Accessed July 6, 2017. Available: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/metamorphosis    Metamorphosis (2017) . Accessed July 6, 2017, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/metamorphosis. @misc{merriam_2017,   title         = "Metamorphosis",   howpublished  = {\emph{Merriam-Webster}. Accessed July 6, 2017},   url           = "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/metamorphosis" }

Fact Sheet	Texas Instruments, , SNAS548D, 2015. Available: http://www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/lm555.pdf    Department of Labor (2008) , http://www.dol.gov/whd/regs/compliance/whdfs1.htm. @manual{texas_2015,     author = {{Texas Instruments}},     howpublished = {SNAS548D},     title = {LM555 timer},     url = {http://www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/lm555.pdfs},     year = {2015}}

Strategy Document / Other Government Report

-->

Directive
Directive	, DOD Directive 5000.1, Under Secretary of Defense (AT&L), Washington, DC, USA, 2003. Available: http://www.esd.whs.mil/Portals/54/Documents/DD/issuances/dodm/857001m.pdf   Department of Defense (2005) . DoD Directive 8570.01-M. Washington, DC, http://www.esd.whs.mil/Portals/54/Documents/DD/issuances/dodm/857001m.pdf. @manual{dod_5000.1,   title = "The Defense Acquisition System",   howpublished  = "DOD Directive 5000.1",   organization  = "Under Secretary of Defense (AT\&L)",   address = "Washington, DC, USA",   year = "2003",   url = "http://www.esd.whs.mil/Portals/54/Documents/DD/issuances/dodm/857001m.pdf" }
Doctrine
Doctrine	Doctrine for the Armed Forces of the United States, JP-1, Joint Chiefs of Staff, Washington, DC, USA, 2017. Available: https://fas.org/irp/doddir/dod/jp1.pdf   Joint Chiefs of Staff (2017) . JP 3-01. Washington, DC, http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/new_pubs/jp3_01_20172104.pdf. @manual{JP1,   title = "Doctrine for the Armed Forces of the United States",   howpublished = "JP-1",   organization = "Joint Chiefs of Staff",   address = "Washington, DC, USA",   year = "2017",   url = "https://fas.org/irp/doddir/dod/jp1.pdf" }
Field Manual / Military Regulation
Field Manual / Military Regulation	, FM 23-10, U.S. Dept. of the Army, Washington, DC, USA, 1995. Available: https://www.bits.de/NRANEU/others/amd-us-archive/fm_23-10%2894%29.pdf   Department of the Army (1995) . FM 23-10. Washington, DC, USA, https://www.bits.de/NRANEU/others/amd-us-archive/fm_23-10%2894%29.pdf. @manual{sniper_2011,   title = "Sniper Training",   howpublished = "FM 23-10",   organization = "U.S. Dept. of the Army",   address = "Washington, DC, USA",   year = "1995",   url = "https://www.bits.de/NRANEU/others/amd-us-archive/fm_23-10\%2894\%29.pdf" }
Government Report
CRS or GAO Report	M. C. Erwin, “Intelligence issues for Congress,” CRS Report No. RL33539, Washington, DC, USA, 2011. Available: http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/intel/ RL33539.pdf   TBA @misc{erwin_2011,   author = "M. C. Erwin",   title = "Intelligence issues for {C}ongress",   address = "Washington, DC, USA",   howpublished = "CRS Report No. RL33539",   year = "2011",   url = "http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/intel/RL33539.pdf" }
NEED CODE for  White House. National Security Strategy
Instruction
Instruction	, DOD Instruction 1000.01, Department of Defense, Washington, DC, USA, 2012, pp. 1-1–1-10.   See . @manual{instruction_1000.01,   title = "Identification (ID) Cards Required by the Geneva Convention",   howpublished = "DOD Instruction 1000.01",   organization = "Department of Defense",   address = "Washington, DC, USA",   year = "2012",   pages = "1\hyphen1--1\hyphen10" }
Memorandum
Memorandum	T. M. Takai, “Adoption of the national information exchange model within the Department of Defense,” official memorandum, Department of Defense, Washington, DC, USA, 2013. Available: http://dodcio.defense.gov/Portals/0/Documents/ 2013-03-28%20Adoption%20of%20the%20NIEM%20within%20the%20DoD.pdf   N/A @misc{takai_2013,   author = "T. M. Takai",   title = "Adoption of the national information exchange model within the {D}epartment of {D}efense",   address = "Washington, DC, USA",   howpublished = "official memorandum, {D}epartment of {D}efense",   year = "2013",   url = "http://dodcio.defense.gov/Portals/0/Documents/2013-03-28\%20Adoption\%20of\%20the\%20NIEM\%20within\%20the\%20DoD.pdf" }

Print	Communications, 3rd ed., Western Elect. Co., Winston- Salem, NC, USA, 1985, pp. 44–60.   Western Elect. Co. (1985) , 3rd ed. (Winston-Salem, NC, USA). @manual{transmission_comm_85,   title = "Transmission Systems for Communications",   edition = "3rd",   organization = "Western Elect. Co.",   address = "Winston-Salem, NC, USA",   year = "1985",   pages = "44--60" }

Online	G. Sanico and M. Kakinaka, “Terrorism and deterrence policy with transnational support,” Econ., vol. 19, no. 2, Apr. 2018. Available: https://doi.org/10.1080/10242690701505419    Sanico G, Kakinaka M (2018) Terrorism and deterrence policy with transnational support. 19(2) (April), https://doi.org/10.1080/10242690701505419. @article{sanico_2018,     author = {G. Sanico and M. Kakinaka},     doi = {10.1080/10242690701505419},     journal = {Def. \& Peace Econ.},     month = Apr,     number = {2},     title = {Terrorism and deterrence policy with transnational support},     volume = {19},     year = {2018}}
Print	W. Q. Wang and H. Shao, “High altitude platform multichannel SAR for wide-area and staring imaging,” , vol. 29, no. 25, pp. 12–17, Mar. 2014.   Griffin G (2009) Managing peacekeeping communications. 3(2):317–327. @article{wang_2014,   author = "W. Q. Wang and H. Shao",   title = "High altitude platform multichannel {SAR} for wide-area and staring imaging",   journal = "Aerosp. and Electron. Syst.",   volume = "29",   number = "25",   month = mar,   year = "2014",   pages = "12--17" }

Legislative Document	-->   U.S. House, 102nd Congress, 1st Session. (1991, Jan. 11). H. Con. Res. 1, of Military Action. Available: http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c102:H.CON.RES.1.IH   INFORMS: No reference required. @electronic{congress_1991,     author = {{U.S. House, 102nd Congress, 1st Session}},     month = {Jan. 11},     title = {H. Con. Res. 1, \emph{Sense of the Congress on Approval of Military Action}},     url = {http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c102:H.CON.RES.1.IH},     year = {1991}}
Public Law Published in the	Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, 42 U.S.C. § 12101. 1991.   No reference required. @misc{americans_1991,     howpublished = {42 U.S.C. {\S} 12101},     journal = {law},     title = {Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990},     year = {1991}}

Google Map

Google. “Monterey Bay.” Accessed Jul. 6, 2017. Available: https://www.google.com/maps/place/Monterey+Bay/@36.7896106, -122.0843052,11z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x808e0ccfc5859dfd:0x124654a608855d43!8m2!3d36.8007413!4d-121.947311   N/A @misc{Google_2017,     author = {Google},     journal = {map},     note = {Accessed Jul. 6, 2017},     title = {Monterey {B}ay},     url = {https://www.google.com/maps/place/Monterey+Bay/@36.7896106,-122.0843052,11z/ data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x808e0ccfc5859dfd:0x124654a608855d43!8m2!3d36.8007413!4d-121.947311}}

Online	L. Linguine, “Animal fat shampoos for achieving angel hair,” , Jul. 15, 2016. Available: http://www.chickenyodeling.com/ dfjgp98y4t34_pherg899h.html/    Beforebad S (2014) Cold spaghetti: To eat or not to eat?   (January 1), https://pastadynamics.com/2014/11/03/skettibrrrrrrr.html. @article{linguine_2016,     author = {L. Linguine},     journal = {Knife and Spork Semi-Weekly},     month = {Jul. 15,},     title = {Animal fat shampoos for achieving angel hair},     url = {http://www.chickenyodeling.com/dfjgp98y4t34_pherg899h.html/},     year = {2016}}
Print	J. Stulberg, “The art of creating crossword puzzles,” , Jul. 15, 2016.   Beforebad S (2014) Cold spaghetti: To eat or not to eat? (January 1). @article{stulberg_2016,     author = {J. Stulberg},     journal = {New York Times},     month = {Jul. 15,},     title = {The art of creating crossword puzzles},     year = {2016}}

Patent

A. G. Bell, “Improvement in telegraphy,” U.S. Patent 174 465, Mar. 7, 1876. Available: https://www.google.com/patents/US174465 Bell AG (1876) U.S. Patent No. 174,465. U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, Washington, DC, https://www.google.com/patents/US174465. @patent{bell_1876,   author = "A. G. Bell",   title = "Improvement in telegraphy",   nationality = "United States",   number = "174465",   day = "7",   month = Mar,   year = "1876",   url = "https://www.google.com/patents/US174465" }

	R. Ajanlekoko, private communication, Sep. 2009.    Wunkerbunk TT (2002) Moss-growing statistics provided to the author via personal communication, June 11. @misc{ajanlekoko_2009,   author = "R. Ajanlekoko",   howpublished = "private communication",   year = "2009",   month = "Sep." }

Research Report / Think Tank Report / White Paper
Research Report / Think Tank Report / White Paper	L. Dixon , “The cost and affordability of flood insurance in New York City,” RAND Corp., Santa Monica, CA, USA, RR-1776-NYCEDC, 2017. Available: https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research_reports/RR1700/ RR1776/RAND_RR1776.pdf  Dixon L, Clancy N, Miller BM, Hoegberg S, Lewis MM, Bender B, Ebinger S, et al. (2017) The cost and affordability of flood insurance in New York City. Report RR-1776-NYCEDC, RAND Corp., Santa Monica, CA, USA, https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research_reports/RR1700/RR1776/RAND_RR1776.pdf. @techreport{dixon_2017,     address = {Santa Monica, CA, USA},     author = {Lloyd Dixon and Noreen Clancy and Benjamin M. Miller and Sue Hoegberg and Michael M. Lewis and Bruce Bender and Samara Ebinger and Mel Hodges and Gayle M. Syck and Caroline Nagy and Scott R. Choquette},     institution = {RAND Corp.},     number = {RR-1776-NYCEDC},     title = {The cost and affordability of flood insurance in {N}ew {Y}ork {C}ity},     url = {https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research_reports/RR1700/RR1776/RAND_RR1776.pdf},     year = {2017}}
Technical Report
Technical Report Author given (online)	S. V. Effendi and X. Vilhjálmsson, “The absorption rate of potatoes in salmonella,” Dept. Vet. Stud., Madison, WI, USA, Rep. 17-59, 2009. Available: https://vetstudies.edu/donteatthosefries.html   Wonka W, Loompa O, Bucket C (1972) Stochastic error-correction in a hyperbaric ethereal pulley system for vitreous personal vertical displacement apparatuses (PVDA). Technical Report VK-1916, Gloop Corporation, Great Missenden, UK, https://www.beanfeast.org/badegg/wahwah.pdf. @techreport{effendi_2009,   author = "S. V. Effendi and X. Vilhjálmsson",   title = "The absorption rate of potatoes in salmonella",   institution = "Dept. Vet. Stud.",   address = "Madison, WI, USA",   number = "Rep. 17-59",   year = "2009",   url = "https://vetstudies.edu/donteatthosefries.html" }
Technical Report Author given (print)	K. A. Abdulatipov and F. Ramazonov, “The absorption rate of E. coli in cats,” Dept. Vet. Stud., Madison, WI, USA, Rep. 17-59, 2012.   Wonka W, Loompa O, Bucket C (1972) Stochastic error-correction in a hyperbaric ethereal pulley system for vitreous personal vertical displacement apparatuses (PVDA). Technical Report VK-1916, Gloop Corporation, Great Missenden, UK. @techreport{abdulatipov_2012,   author = "K. A. Abdulatipov and F. Ramazonov",   title = "The absorption rate of {E}. coli in cats",   institution = "Dept. Vet. Stud.",   address = "Madison, WI, USA",   number = "Rep. 17-59",   year = "2012" }
Technical Report Organization as author (online)	National Toxicology Program, “Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of trimethy- lolpropane triacrylate (CASRN 15625-89-5) in F344/N rats and B6C3F1/N mice (Topical Application Studies),” Washington, DC, USA, Rep. TR-576, 2012. Available: https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/results/pubs/longterm/reports/longterm/tr500580?/listedreports/tr576/index.html   TBA @techreport{national_toxicology_2012,     address = {Washington, DC, USA},     institution = {National Toxicology Program},     number = {Rep. TR-576},     title = {Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of trimethylolpropane triacrylate {(CASRN 15625-89-5) in F344/N rats and B6C3F1/N mice (Topical Application Studies)}},     url = {https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/results/pubs/longterm/reports/longterm/tr500580 ?/listedreports/tr576/index.html},     year = {2012}}

Standard	Letter Symbols for Quantities, ANSI Standard Y10.5, 1968.   N/A @manual{standard_1968,   title = "Letter Symbols for Quantities",   howpublished = "ANSI Standard Y10.5",   year = "1968" }

Dissertation (print)	Check your output:   J. Rivera, “Software system architecture modeling methodology for naval gun weapon systems,” Ph.D. dissertation, Dept. of Comp. Sci., Harvard Univ., Cambridge, MA, USA, 2010.    Yoshi H (1988) Effects of pizza consumption on katana-wielding dexterity in terrapinoids. Doctoral dissertation, Department of Reptile Bellicosity, Eastman & Laird University, New York, NY, https://hdl.handle.net/6576565753/splinter.html. @phdthesis{rivera_2010,   author = "J. Rivera",   title = "Software system architecture modeling methodology for naval gun weapon systems",   school = "Dept. of Comp. Sci., Harvard Univ.",   address = "Cambridge, MA, USA",   year = "2010" }
Thesis From an institutional archive such as the NPS Archive: Calhoun	T. D. Moon, “Rising dragon: Infrastructure development and Chinese influence in Vietnam,” M.A. thesis, Dept. of Natl. Sec. Aff., NPS, Monterey, CA, USA, 1993. Available: http://hdl.handle.net/10945/4694  Nekeip R (2008) Pescatarians and daisies: A match made in sushi heaven. Master’s thesis, Garden of Sushi School of Sushi, Maui, HI, ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database (AAT 3300426). @mastersthesis{Moon_1993,   author = "T. D. Moon",   title = "Rising dragon: Infrastructure development and {C}hinese influence in {V}ietnam",   school = "Dept. of Natl. Sec. Aff., NPS",   address = "Monterey, CA, USA",   type = "M.A. thesis",   year = "1993",   url = "http://hdl.handle.net/10945/4694" }

Unpublished Work Accepted for publication	R. Briscoe, “Egocentric spatial representation in action and perception,” unpublished.   Horse BB (1995) Back in the saddle. Unpublished memoir, Leaping H Ranch, Peoria, IL. @unpublished{briscoe_unpub,   author = "R. Briscoe",   title = "Egocentric spatial representation in action and perception",   note = "unpublished" }

Author and date given	R. Roth, “75 years ago, the Doolittle Raid changed history,” CNN, Apr. 18, 2017. Available: http://www.cnn.com/2017/04/18/us/75th-anniversary-doolittle- raid/index.html  Sushi UQ (1995) Absorption of cats in sushi. Sushi Lab. Accessed November 9, 1999, http://www.wallcrust.com/hgtehrwOIASD.html. @misc{Roth_2017,   author = "R. Roth",   title = "75 years ago, the {D}oolittle {R}aid changed history",   howpublished = "CNN",   month = "Apr. 18,",    year = "2017",   url = "http://www.cnn.com/2017/04/18/us/75th-anniversary-doolittle-raid/index.html" }
Organization as author	Federal Bureau of Investigation, “Forging papers to sell fake art,” Apr. 6, 2017. Available: https://www.fbi.gov/news/stories/forging-papers-to-sell-fake-art    Federal Bureau of Investigation (2017) Forging papers to sell fake art. Apr. 6, https://www.fbi.gov/news/stories/forging-papers-to-sell-fake-art. @misc{FBI_2017,   author = {{Federal Bureau of Investigation}},   title = {Forging papers to sell fake art},   month = "Apr. 6,",    year = "2017",   url = "https://www.fbi.gov/news/stories/forging-papers-to-sell-fake-art" }
Organization as author, no date given	Department of Defense, “About the Department of Defense (DOD).” Accessed Apr. 18, 2017. Available: https://www.defense.gov/About/  Python M (2017) Finding a dead parrot on a silly walk. Ministry of Silly Walks. Accessed August 6, 2017, https://www.omgitsadeadparrot.com/feathers. @misc{dep_defense_2017,     author = {{Department of Defense}},     note = {Accessed Apr. 18, 2017},     title = {{About the Department of Defense (DOD)}},     url = {https://www.defense.gov/About/}}
Janes example	“Mali: Executive summary,” Jane’s, May 31, 2017. Available: https://customer.janes.com/    Jane's (2017) Mali: Executive summary. May 31, https://customer.janes.com/. @misc{Janes_2017,     howpublished = {Jane's},     month = {May 31,},     title = {Mali: Executive summary},     url = {https://customer.janes.com/},     year = {2017}}

Wikipedia	“Psychology,” . Accessed May 17, 2011. Available: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology Psychology (2016) . Accessed May 17, 2016, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology. @article{wiki_2016,     journal = {Wikipedia},     note = {Accessed May 17, 2011},     title = {Psychology},     url = {https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology}}

Working Paper / Occasional Paper

U. Q. Sushi, “Three-handed Fibonacci model for optimizing surface-to-volume ratio of temaki in Hilbert space,” working paper, Donburi Inst. of Int. Gastron., Pierre, SD, USA, 2021. Available: https://www.wallcrust.com/403t3-9j/340txf%oii%/gonzoponzu.html TBA @misc{sushi_2021,     address = {Pierre, SD, USA},     author = {U. Q. Sushi},     howpublished = {working paper},     organization = {Donburi Inst. of Int. Gastron.},     title = {Three-handed {F}ibonacci model for optimizing surface-to-volume ratio of temaki in {H}ilbert space},     url = {https://www.wallcrust.com/403t3-9j/340txf\%oii\%/gonzoponzu.html},     year = {2021}}

• << Previous: Zotero Examples
• Next: BibTeX Code ≤ v2.6 >>
• Last Updated: Jul 29, 2024 10:16 AM
• URL: https://libguides.nps.edu/citation

411 Dyer Rd. Bldg. 339 Monterey, CA 93943

	(831) 656-2947 DSN 756-2947

Start Your Research

• Academic Writing
• Ask a Librarian
• Copyright at NPS
• Graduate Writing Center
• How to Cite
• Library Liaisons
• Research Tools
• Thesis Processing Office

Find & Download

• Databases List
• Articles, Books, & More
• NPS Faculty Publications: Calhoun
• Journal Titles
• Course Reserves

Use the Library

• My Accounts
• Request Article or Book
• Borrow, Renew, Return
• Remote Access
• Workshops & Tours
• For Faculty & Researchers
• For International Students
• Print, Copy, Scan, Fax
• Rooms & Study Spaces
• Computers & Software
• Adapters, Lockers & More

Collections

• NPS Archive: Calhoun
• Restricted Resources
• Special Collections & Archives
• Federal Depository
• Homeland Security Digital Library
• Library Staff
• Special Exhibits
• Our Affiliates

NPS-Licensed Resources - Terms & Conditions

Copyright Notice

Naval Postgraduate School 1 University Circle, Monterey, CA 93943 Driving Directions | Campus Map

This is an official U.S. Navy Website |  Please read our Privacy Policy Notice  |  FOIA  |  Section 508  |  No FEAR Act  |  Whistleblower Protection  |  Copyright and Accessibility  |  Contact Webmaster

• Plagiarism and grammar
• Citation guides

BIBTEX Citation Generator

Don't let plagiarism errors spoil your paper, consider your source's credibility. ask these questions:, contributor/author.

• Has the author written several articles on the topic, and do they have the credentials to be an expert in their field?
• Can you contact them? Do they have social media profiles?
• Have other credible individuals referenced this source or author?
• Book: What have reviews said about it?
• What do you know about the publisher/sponsor? Are they well-respected?
• Do they take responsibility for the content? Are they selective about what they publish?
• Take a look at their other content. Do these other articles generally appear credible?
• Does the author or the organization have a bias? Does bias make sense in relation to your argument?
• Is the purpose of the content to inform, entertain, or to spread an agenda? Is there commercial intent?
• Are there ads?
• When was the source published or updated? Is there a date shown?
• Does the publication date make sense in relation to the information presented to your argument?
• Does the source even have a date?
• Was it reproduced? If so, from where?
• If it was reproduced, was it done so with permission? Copyright/disclaimer included?

MLA Format: Everything You Need to Know and More

Filled with a wide variety of examples and visuals, our Citation Machine® MLA guide will help you master the citation process. Learn how to cite websites, books, journal articles, magazines, newspapers, films, social media, and more!

MLA Citation Generator | Website | Books | Journal Articles | YouTube | Images | Movies | Interview | PDFs

Comprehensive Guide to APA Format

Our Citation Machine® APA guide is a one-stop shop for learning how to cite in APA format. Read up on what APA is, or use our citing tools and APA examples to create citations for websites, books, journals, and more!

APA Citation Generator | Website | Books | Journal Articles | YouTube | Images | Movies | Interview | PDFs

Everything You Need to Know About Chicago Style

Creating citations in Chicago style has never been easier thanks to our extensive Citation Machine® Chicago style guide and tools. Learn about footnotes, endnotes, and everything in between, or easily create citations for websites, books, journal articles, and more!

Chicago Citation Generator | Website | Books | Journal Articles | YouTube | Images | Movies | Interview | PDFs

Citation Machine®’s Ultimate Writing Guides

Whether you’re a student, writer, foreign language learner, or simply looking to brush up on your grammar skills, our comprehensive grammar guides provide an extensive overview on over 50 grammar-related topics. Confused about reflexive verbs, demonstrative adjectives, or conjunctive adverbs? Look no further! Learn about these grammar topics and many, many more in our thorough and easy to understand reference guides!

Citing Sources Guide | Grammar Guide | Plagiarism Guide | Writing Tips

Student Blog

Stay up to date! Get research tips and citation information or just enjoy some fun posts from our student blog.

• Citation Machine® Plus
• Citation Guides
• Chicago Style
• Harvard Referencing
• Terms of Use
• Global Privacy Policy
• Cookie Notice
• DO NOT SELL MY INFO

Stack Exchange Network

Stack Exchange network consists of 183 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow , the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers.

Q&A for work

Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search.

No `\citation`, `\bibdata` or `\bibstyle` command [duplicate]

I am following the biblatex in a nutshell (for beginners) and meet this error during compiling BiBTeX:

This is BibTeX, Version 0.99d (MiKTeX 2.9.6500) The top-level auxiliary file: test.aux I found no \citation commands---while reading file test.aux I found no \bibdata command---while reading file test.aux I found no \bibstyle command---while reading file test.aux (There were 3 error messages)

I find no \citation , \bibdata or \bibstyle command in my script as suggested from TeXmaker. Do you know what's wrong? The code is:

I find this (duplicate?) question but I don't understand it: No \citation, \bibdata, \bibstyle commands

• 4 biblatex defaults to biber not bibtex as the program to use (there is a backend=bibtex option if you need bibtex) –  David Carlisle Commented Dec 14, 2017 at 17:44
• 2 If you use biblatex , the \bibliography command is deprecated. You really should write \addbibresource{References.bib} . Note that the filename extension (here: .bib ) must be provided when using \addbibresource to specify the bib file. –  Mico Commented Dec 14, 2017 at 17:57
• 1 You have to run biber , not bibtex . –  egreg Commented Dec 14, 2017 at 18:07
• 3 You need to run Biber, but you are running BIbTeX. Have a look at Biblatex with Biber: Configuring my editor to avoid undefined citations and Troubleshooting for biber . –  moewe Commented Dec 14, 2017 at 19:49
• 1 Would you agree that in essence your question is a duplicate of tex.stackexchange.com/q/154751/35864 ? –  moewe Commented Dec 15, 2017 at 11:06

2 Answers 2

There are two engines to read .bib files:

• BibTex. This is the old one and is the default engine used by TeXmaker
• Biber. This is the new engine and is used in my example

I find there are three sources of confusion that newcomers of Biber may have:

• The file .bib is commonly called as a "bibtex" file, but it's an inherited name from the old engine, and should be perceived as having no relation to the BibTeX engine now
• Commands intended to be used by BibTeX can be used by Biber, thanks to the biblatex package for supporting both engines
• Biber, BibTex, biblatex ... bi bi bi (ಠ_ಠ)

You can read more on the history here .

Here is how to fix this:

1. Make sure the editor running Biber, not BibTeX

For other editors, see: Biblatex with Biber: Configuring my editor to avoid undefined citations .

2. Run LaTeX → Biber → LaTeX

Make sure you use Biber commands to print bibliography:

• \usepackage{biblatex}
• \addbibresource{filename.bib}
• \printbibliography

Do not use \bibliography or \bibliographystyle as they belong to BibTeX.

Read more: Getting Started with Biblatex

• I was still getting these errors and finally figured out that I somehow have things configured to run both biber and bibtex. It seems that superfluously running bibtex is harmless (apart from scaring you with harmless errors). –  Kvothe Commented Mar 20, 2023 at 11:41
• Make sure if you use TexStudio in the Compile option that Default bibliography tool is Biber (roughly translating it back to English). –  Gresthol Commented May 28, 2023 at 18:44

If you are using LaTeX-Workshop on Visual Studio Code and you have set biber as Biblatex backend in your .tex file

and still see errors in VSCode "Problems" tab such as

it might be that you still have Latex-workshop › Intellisense › Citation: Backend set to bibtex in VSCode preferences and haven't overwritten it, either globally by choosing biblatex (that will then use biber) in VSCode preferences, or locally (which is IMO the best option if you share your work with others) by writing a .vscode/settings.json file in which you set at least this option:

• Thank you very much!!! –  138 Aspen Commented Apr 7 at 12:09

Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged biblatex bibtex citing biber texmaker .

• The Overflow Blog
• Best practices for cost-efficient Kafka clusters
• The hidden cost of speed
• Featured on Meta
• Announcing a change to the data-dump process
• Bringing clarity to status tag usage on meta sites

Hot Network Questions

• How can I play MechWarrior 2?
• An instructor is being added to co-teach a course for questionable reasons, against the course author's wishes—what can be done?
• instance scaling based on another curve
• When has the SR-71 been used for civilian purposes?
• Is it helpful to use a thicker gage wire for part of a long circuit run that could have higher loads?
• Can a quadrilateral polygon have 3 obtuse angles?
• A bijection of a connected graph that preserves 2-distances but is not an automorphism
• Clarification Regarding a Possible Typo in David J. Griffiths' Introduction to Electrodynamics
• If a Palestinian converts to Judaism, can they get Israeli citizenship?
• Is there a way to do a PhD such that you get a broad view of a field or subfield as a whole?
• Which weather condition causes the most accidents?
• Why does this theta function value yield such a good Riemann sum approximation?
• What's the difference? lie down vs lie
• Nausea during high altitude cycling climbs
• What are the most commonly used markdown tags when doing online role playing chats?
• Why are poverty definitions not based off a person's access to necessities rather than a fixed number?
• Thriller from the early to mid 1960's involving blackmailing an official over underage liason
• TDA2050 feedback capacitor placement, and why do I need to bias the input?
• What other marketable uses are there for Starship if Mars colonization falls through?
• Could an empire rise by economic power?
• You find yourself locked in a room
• What's the benefit or drawback of being Small?
• Would an LEO asking for a race constitute entrapment?
• Current in a circuit is 50% lower than predicted by Kirchhoff's law