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IACR Communications in Cryptology

The IACR Communications in Cryptology (CiC) is diamond open access journal dedicated to the rapid dissemination of original research papers on any topic of interest to the cryptologic community.

This covers all research topics in cryptography and cryptanalysis, including but not limited to

• foundational theory and mathematics
• the design, proposal, and analysis of cryptographic primitives and protocols
• secure implementation and optimization in hardware or software
• applied aspects of cryptography

In addition, the journal also accepts survey and historical articles.

The CiC is one of several journals published by the the International Association for Cryptologic Research (IACR), a global non-profit scientific organization with more than 2800 members (in 2023) that brings together researchers in cryptology. IACR is registered as a 501(c)(3) organization in Bellevue, Wa, USA.

For further information, please view the FAQ page and the call for papers .

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Home > Books > Cryptography

Cryptography - Recent Advances and Future Developments

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Academic Editor

University of Udine

Published 18 August 2021

Doi 10.5772/intechopen.87684

ISBN 978-1-83962-566-4

Print ISBN 978-1-83962-565-7

eBook (PDF) ISBN 978-1-83962-588-6

Copyright year 2021

Number of pages 152

Despite being 2000 years old, cryptography is still a very active field of research. New needs and application fields, like privacy, the Internet of Things (IoT), physically unclonable functions (PUFs), post-quantum cryptography, and quantum key distribution, will keep fueling the work in this field. This book discusses quantum cryptography, lightweight cryptography for IoT, PUFs, cryptanalysis, a...

Despite being 2000 years old, cryptography is still a very active field of research. New needs and application fields, like privacy, the Internet of Things (IoT), physically unclonable functions (PUFs), post-quantum cryptography, and quantum key distribution, will keep fueling the work in this field. This book discusses quantum cryptography, lightweight cryptography for IoT, PUFs, cryptanalysis, and more. It provides a snapshot of some recent research results in the field, providing readers with some useful tools and stimulating new ideas and applications for future investigation.

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Cybersecurity, Cryptography, and Machine Learning

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A special issue of Cryptography (ISSN 2410-387X).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 October 2021) | Viewed by 16113

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Special issue editor.

Dear Colleagues,

Cybersecurity for the past decades has been in the front line of global attention as an increasingly critical area of concern. The ever-expanding complexity of modern computing systems has resulted in the growth of security vulnerabilities, making such systems appealing targets for sophisticated cyber-attacks. The rapid development of computing devices in various domains such as high-performance computing, cloud/edge/fog computing, embedded systems, mobile platforms, and Internet-of-Things (IoT) combined with emerging 5G cellular networks further exacerbates the impact of cybersecurity threats, calling for efficient security countermeasures to protect legitimate users from these attacks. Cryptography is one of the most important tools that has been widely deployed by researchers and practitioners in academia and industry to build secure information technology infrastructures ensuring the confidentiality of data and protecting users’ information from unauthorized access. Furthermore, advancements in the area of artificial intelligence and machine learning, driven by a significant increase in the size of data getting generated and transferred over networks, have resulted in successful applications of machine learning algorithms to automatically identify and analyze security threats protecting organizations against evolving cyber-attacks. As a result, the goal of this Special Issue is to highlight the latest technologies and solutions that focus on theory, analysis, experiments, or application of cybersecurity, cryptography, and machine learning in modern computing systems. Papers dealing with systematization of knowledge and survey papers are also welcome. Specific topics of interest include, but are not limited to:

• Cryptographic primitives and protocols
• Applied cryptography for cybersecurity
• Application of machine learning for cybersecurity and cryptography
• Artificial intelligence security (e.g., adversarial machine learning)
• Network security
• Intrusion detection systems
• Malware detection and identification
• Advanced persistent threats analysis
• Denial-of-Service (DoS) attacks and defenses
• Side-channel attacks analysis, detection, and mitigation techniques
• Hardware security and trust
• Formal methods for secure hardware and software
• Detection and prevention of hardware trojans
• Hardware and software reverse engineering
• Fault attacks and countermeasures
• FPGA design security
• Mobile security
• Internet-of-Things (IoT) security
• Vulnerability analysis techniques
• Cyber physical systems security and resilience
• Security and privacy for cloud, edge, and fog computing
• Cybersecurity metrics and assessment

Dr. Hossein Sayadi Guest Editor

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website . Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form . Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Cryptography is an international peer-reviewed open access quarterly journal published by MDPI.

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• Cybersecurity
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Quantum and Post‐Quantum Cryptography

Quantum sampling for finite key rates in high dimensional quantum cryptography, the long road ahead to transition to post-quantum cryptography.

Anticipating the output of the competition for new cryptographic algorithms.

Post-Quantum Cryptography: A Solution to Quantum Computing on Security Approaches

Examples of quantum it in new technologies of computation.

The paper includes definitions of elements of quantum IT referred to classical technologies of computation. It explains the principles of transformation of calculating algorithms to the domain of quantum computations using the optimisation and matrix calculus. Exemplary applications of classical algorithms are presented with possibilities of their realisation in domain of quantum IT. Autor presents some possibilities for using quantum algorithms in new computation technologies concerning quantum cryptography and data analyses with complex computations.

Post-Quantum and Code-Based Cryptography—Some Prospective Research Directions

Cryptography has been used from time immemorial for preserving the confidentiality of data/information in storage or transit. Thus, cryptography research has also been evolving from the classical Caesar cipher to the modern cryptosystems, based on modular arithmetic to the contemporary cryptosystems based on quantum computing. The emergence of quantum computing poses a major threat to the modern cryptosystems based on modular arithmetic, whereby even the computationally hard problems which constitute the strength of the modular arithmetic ciphers could be solved in polynomial time. This threat triggered post-quantum cryptography research to design and develop post-quantum algorithms that can withstand quantum computing attacks. This paper provides an overview of the various research directions that have been explored in post-quantum cryptography and, specifically, the various code-based cryptography research dimensions that have been explored. Some potential research directions that are yet to be explored in code-based cryptography research from the perspective of codes is a key contribution of this paper.

Trends In Natural Language Processing : Scope And Challenges

Quantum cryptography is a comparatively new and special type of cryptography which uses Quantum mechanics to provide unreal protection of data/information and unconditionally secure communications. This is achieved with Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) protocols which is a representation of an essential practical application of Quantum Computation. In this paper the authors will venture the concept of QKD by reviewinghow QKD works, the authors shall take a look at few protocols of QKD, followed by a practical example of Quantum Cryptography using QKD and certain limitations from the perspective of Computer Science in specific and Quantum Physics in general.

Securing the future internet of things with post‐quantum cryptography

Efficient implementation of finite field arithmetic for binary ring-lwe post-quantum cryptography through a novel lookup-table-like method, quantum cryptography, export citation format, share document.

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100 Cryptography Essay Topic Ideas & Examples

Inside This Article

Cryptography is a fascinating field that encompasses the study of secure communication techniques, encryption algorithms, and data protection methods. It plays a crucial role in today's digital world, ensuring the confidentiality, integrity, and authenticity of information. If you're studying cryptography or simply have an interest in the subject, here are 100 essay topic ideas and examples to explore:

• The history of cryptography: From ancient times to modern-day encryption methods.
• The role of cryptography in national security and intelligence agencies.
• The ethical implications of encryption: Balancing privacy and security.
• Cryptography in warfare: How it has been used in military operations throughout history.
• The importance of cryptography in financial transactions and online banking.
• Quantum cryptography: The future of secure communication.
• The impact of cryptography on digital currencies like Bitcoin.
• Cryptography and the protection of personal data in the age of surveillance.
• The role of cryptography in securing cloud computing environments.
• Cryptanalysis: The art of breaking codes and encryption systems.
• The use of cryptography in protecting intellectual property rights.
• Cryptography and the prevention of cybercrime.
• The legal and ethical challenges of government surveillance in the context of cryptography.
• Cryptography and the protection of critical infrastructure systems.
• The role of cryptography in securing e-commerce transactions.
• Encryption algorithms: A comparative analysis of their strengths and weaknesses.
• Cryptography and the challenges of securing IoT (Internet of Things) devices.
• The impact of cryptography on digital forensics and cyber investigations.
• The mathematical principles behind cryptography: Exploring number theory and algorithms.
• The role of cryptography in securing communication networks.
• Cryptography in healthcare: Protecting patient data and medical records.
• The use of cryptography in securing voting systems and elections.
• Cryptography and the protection of sensitive government communications.
• The challenges of implementing cryptography in developing countries.
• The impact of cryptography on the military's command and control systems.
• Cryptography and the protection of intellectual property in the entertainment industry.
• The future of post-quantum cryptography: Developing encryption resistant to quantum computers.
• The role of cryptography in securing social media platforms.
• Cryptography and the protection of personal privacy in the digital age.
• The influence of cryptography on international diplomacy and communication.
• The challenges of implementing cryptography in resource-constrained environments.
• Cryptography and the development of secure messaging applications.
• The impact of cryptography on the evolution of cyber warfare.
• Cryptography and the protection of classified information.
• The role of cryptography in securing online gaming and virtual economies.
• The challenges of balancing encryption and lawful access to information.
• Cryptography and the protection of intellectual property in the pharmaceutical industry.
• The influence of cryptography on the evolution of online privacy laws.
• The role of cryptography in securing smart cities and urban infrastructure.
• The impact of cryptography on the development of blockchain technology.
• Cryptography and the protection of trade secrets in the corporate world.
• The challenges of implementing cryptography in autonomous vehicles and transportation systems.
• Cryptography and the protection of personal health data in wearable devices.
• The role of cryptography in securing the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT).
• The impact of cryptography on securing online education platforms and e-learning.
• Cryptography and the protection of personal identity in digital identity management systems.
• The challenges of implementing cryptography in resource-constrained IoT devices.
• Cryptography and the protection of sensitive information in the legal profession.
• The role of cryptography in securing supply chains and logistics networks.
• The impact of cryptography on securing personal communication devices like smartphones.
• Cryptography and the protection of sensitive information in the energy sector.
• The challenges of implementing cryptography in social welfare and benefit systems.
• Cryptography and the protection of personal data in the hospitality industry.
• The role of cryptography in securing intellectual property in the gaming industry.
• The impact of cryptography on securing online streaming platforms and digital content distribution.
• Cryptography and the protection of personal data in the transportation sector.
• The challenges of implementing cryptography in emergency response systems.
• Cryptography and the protection of personal data in the insurance industry.
• The role of cryptography in securing online marketplaces and e-commerce platforms.
• The impact of cryptography on securing personal data in the tourism industry.
• Cryptography and the protection of sensitive information in the aerospace industry.
• The challenges of implementing cryptography in public transportation systems.
• Cryptography and the protection of personal health data in telemedicine.
• The role of cryptography in securing online dating platforms and applications.
• The impact of cryptography on securing personal data in the beauty and wellness industry.
• Cryptography and the protection of sensitive information in the agricultural sector.
• The challenges of implementing cryptography in smart home systems.
• Cryptography and the protection of personal data in the fashion and retail industry.
• The role of cryptography in securing online food delivery platforms.
• The impact of cryptography on securing personal data in the music industry.
• Cryptography and the protection of sensitive information in the automotive industry.
• The challenges of implementing cryptography in smart grid systems.
• Cryptography and the protection of personal health data in fitness tracking devices.
• The role of cryptography in securing online job platforms and recruitment websites.
• The impact of cryptography on securing personal data in the art and culture industry.
• Cryptography and the protection of sensitive information in the telecommunications sector.
• The challenges of implementing cryptography in smart city transportation systems.
• Cryptography and the protection of personal data in the real estate industry.
• The role of cryptography in securing online music streaming platforms.
• The impact of cryptography on securing personal data in the gaming industry.
• Cryptography and the protection of sensitive information in the banking sector.
• The challenges of implementing cryptography in smart irrigation systems.
• Cryptography and the protection of personal health data in remote patient monitoring.
• The role of cryptography in securing online travel booking platforms.
• The impact of cryptography on securing personal data in the film and entertainment industry.
• Cryptography and the protection of sensitive information in the insurance sector.
• The challenges of implementing cryptography in smart parking systems.
• Cryptography and the protection of personal data in the education industry.
• The role of cryptography in securing online sports streaming platforms.
• The impact of cryptography on securing personal data in the healthcare industry.
• Cryptography and the protection of sensitive information in the retail sector.
• The challenges of implementing cryptography in smart waste management systems.
• Cryptography and the protection of personal health data in digital therapeutics.
• The role of cryptography in securing online ticketing platforms.
• The impact of cryptography on securing personal data in the fashion industry.
• Cryptography and the protection of sensitive information in the hospitality sector.
• The challenges of implementing cryptography in smart building management systems.
• Cryptography and the protection of personal data in the e-learning industry.
• The role of cryptography in securing online dating platforms.
• The impact of cryptography on securing personal data in the food and beverage industry.

These essay topics cover a wide range of industries and sectors where cryptography plays a vital role in protecting sensitive information. Whether you're interested in the technical aspects of encryption algorithms or the ethical implications of cryptography, these topics provide a starting point for your research and analysis.

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Topics in Cryptography

Computer science 787 cornell university spring 2007.

Instructor: Rafael Pass Time: Tuesdays 10:10-12:00 am. Place: 315 Upson Hall. http://www.cs.cornell.edu/courses/cs787/2007sp/

CS 787 is a seminar-style course in which students will read and present papers on current research in Cryptography. Potential topics include zero knowledge, concurrency and protocol security, database privacy, connections between symbolic and computational security analysis, and cryptographic game theory.

The course will build on material covered in CS 687 , but 687 is not a formal prerequisite for 787.

Potential Topics

Zero Knowledge

Precise Zero Knowledge

Non Black-box Simulation

Concurrency and Protocol Security

Non-malleable Cryptography

Concurrent Zero Knowledge

Universally Composable Security

Relaxed notions of security

Database Privacy and Security

Definitions of Database Privacy

Zero-Knowledge Sets

Private Information Retrieval

Evaluating functions on Encrypted Data

Connections between Symbolic and Computational Security Analysis

Soundness Theorems for Symbolic Security Analysis

Concurrency and Symbolic Analysis

Cryptographic Game Theory

Achieving Better Equilibria using Cryptographic Protocols

Game Theoretic Analysis of Cryptographic Protocols

Potential papers for presentations

·         Silvio Micali and Rafael Pass. Local Zero Knowledge. STOC 2006.

·         Rafael Pass. A Precise Computational Approach to Knowledge.

·         Boaz Barak , How to go Beyond the Black-box Simulation Barrier , FOCS 2002.

·         Dolev , Dwork and Naor . Non-malleable Cryptography , SIAM Journal of Computing, 2000.

·         Concurrent Zero Knowledge: Richarson , Kilian , Petrank , Prabhakaran , Rosen, Sahai [RK00 ], [KP01] [PRS03 ]  

·         Pass. Bounded-Concurrent Secure Multi-party Computation , STOC 2004.

·         Pass and Rosen. New and Improved Constructions of Non- Mallable Cryptographic Protocols, STOC 2005.

·         Pass and Rosen. Concurrent Non Mallable Commitments, FOCS 2005.

·         Barak , Prabhakaran and Sahai . Concurrent Non-malleable Zero Knowledge, FOCS 2006.

·         Pass, Simulation in Quasi-polynomial Time and its application to protocol composition, EUROCRYPT 2003.

·         Micali, Pass, and Rosen. Input-Indistinguishable Computation, FOCS 2006.

·         Ran Canetti, Universally Composable Security , FOCS 2001.

·         Dodis, Canetti, Pass and Walfish. Universally Composable Security with Global Set-up , TCC 2007.

·         Cynthia Dwork , Frank McSherry , Kobbi Nissim , Adam Smith, Calibrating Noise to Sensitivity in Private Data Analysis , TCC 2006.

·         Cynthia Dwork , Differential Privacy , ICALP 2006.

·         Kilian , Micali, and Rabin, Zero-Knowledge Sets , FOCS 2003.

·         Kushilevitz and Ostrovsky , Replication Is Not Needed: Single Database, Computationally-Private Information Retrieval , FOCS 1997.

·         Cachin , Micali and Stadler , Computationally private information retrieval with polylogarithmic communication . EUROCRYPT 1999.

·         Micali, Rabin and Kilian , Zero-Knowledge Sets , FOCS 2003.

·         Dolev , Yao , On the security of public key protocols , IEEE TIT 1983.

·         Abadi , Rogaway : Reconciling Two Views of Cryptography . J. Cryptology 2002.

·         Micciancio , Warinschi : Soundness of formal encryption in the presence of active adversaries . TCC 2004.

·         Canetti and Herzog, Universally Composable Symbolic Analysis of Cryptographic Protocols (The case of encryption-based mutual authentication and key exchange)

·         See also Daniele Micciancio's course

·         Halpern and Teague, Rational secret sharing and multiparty computation , STOC 2004 .

·         Izmalkov , Lepinski and Micali. Rational Secure Function Evaluation and Ideal Mechanism Design .   FOCS 2005.

·         Abraham, Dolev , Gonen and Halpern, Distributed Computing Meets Game Theory: Robust Mechanisms for Rational Secret Sharing and Multiparty Computation , PODC 2005.

January 23 (Rafael)

·         Review of Interactive Proofs and Zero Knowledge

·         Precise Zero Knowledge.

January 30 (Rafael)

·         Precise Proofs of Knowledge

·         Witness Indistinguishability .

February 6 (Muthu)

February 13 (Muthu)

February 20 (Rachel)

February 27 (Dustin)

March 6 (Ariel)

March 13 (Michael G)

March 20 (Spring Break)

March 27 (Tudor)

April 3 (Michael C)

April 10 (Tom)

April 17 (Thanh)

April 24 ( Vikram )

TOP 6 RESEARCH TOPICS IN CRYPTOGRAPHY

Cryptography refers to the methodology which is involved in establishing safe communication and ensuring data privacy. When messages are transformed into unperceivable content using cryptographic tools, they cannot be easily retrieved by attackers.  If you are facing any issues about your projects in cryptography then continue to read this article on research topics in cryptography.

Generating cryptographic keys, surfing over the web, establishing secure communication for instance financial transactions and personal mails, digital key signing, data protection, and verification are some of the major domains in which the algorithms of cryptography are used extensively. 

Here you can get an ultimate overview of cryptography research from the very basics. First, let us understand cryptography

What is cryptography?

• Cryptography generally denotes the procedure involved in the conversion of usual data into indistinguishable information in a motive to protect it
• Also the conversion of highly protected imperceptible data into normal text form a part of cryptography
• Cryptography is of great significance in most of the everyday applications such as online electronic financial transactions and securing passwords etc.
• Usually three kinds of cryptography methods are used at large

To get detailed descriptions and research-oriented explanations on various Cryptography methods you can reach out to our experts at any time. With a world-class reputation, experts at research topics in cryptography have earned the confidence of students from more than one hundred and fifty countries of the world. 

The crystal clear explanations of the mechanisms and principles behind the working of cryptography have gained us global recognition. If you are looking to get expert assistance for your Cryptography projects then you need to surely check out our website. We will now talk about the working of cryptography

How does cryptography work?

• Safe communication establishment amid third party interruptions by rivals is the major goal of cryptography
• Proper algorithms and appropriate keys are deployed for transforming plain text data input to cipher text-based encrypted output
• Identifying and authenticating participants
• Critical data encryption
• Unchangeable record creation involving permanent audit attempts
• Security of the tools and techniques in cryptography
• Cryptographic methodological complexities

Hence standard and highly reliable research support is essential to understand in more depth the tools, protocols, and software for establishing successful cryptography research projects . For this purpose, you can readily reach out to our experts who have guided an ample number of highly successful research topics in cryptography . So we are capable of handling any Visual Cryptography project . Let us now look into the principles behind the working of cryptography

What are the principles of cryptography?

The following are the key principles involved in cryptography for ensuring data transmission security demands

• Since the Identity of both sender and receiver are revealed, one cannot deny any action of transmission that has been performed
• The proof of both transmission and reception disable is a person from disowning or repudiation
• A sender can usually authenticate the receiver with his or her particular identity
• Since the identity of both the parties are validated efficiently, there is no room for missing out on the authentication
• Cryptography also provides for an approach wherein a receiver can surely authenticate the messages received
• Hence tampering of messages cannot be entertained
• Only the authenticated user or receiver can read the data
• Data can therefore be protected from Eavesdropping attacks

Keys play an important role in ensuring the secrecy and privacy of encrypted data in cryptosystems . Hence make sure that you protect the keys used in your project. All the encryption keys should never be stored in plain text in association with their respective protected data. If you do so, then it is the same as leaving the front door closed with keys on it. We are well known for such easily understandable analogies-based explanations in cryptography. The following methodologies are used commonly for key protection purposes thus ensuring greater security. 

• Scrypt, bcrypt, and PBKDF2 are the algorithms that are used for both password generation and bootstrapping the cryptosystem
• It is important to note that the password has to be very strong and known only to a few administrators
• By doing all these you can ensure that unencrypted keys can be stored in any place
• You can use Access Control Lists that are strong for protecting keys and storing them in file systems. The least privilege principle has to be followed for more security
• Coding can be used to establish API calls to the hardware security module
• As a result proper keys are provided at times of necessity and performing data decryption on the hardware security module becomes easy

Such suitable and proven methods are developed and compiled by our experts to make your cryptography project experience more interesting and informative. Therefore you can get access to authentic and reliable data needed for your projects from our experts. Massive resources and real-time research data on various research topics in Cryptography are available with us. Get in touch with us for a progressive research career. Let us now look into the Cryptography techniques that are commonly used

Techniques in Cryptography

Cryptography is one of the fastest-growing fields of research. The following are the important areas and methods in Cryptography

• Privacy-enhancing and post-quantum cryptography methods
• Message authentication codes and Lightweight cryptography
• Lattice-based Cryptography and Multi-party threshold cryptography
• Asymmetric and symmetric encryption based cryptanalysis 
• Public key and quantum cryptography
• Identity and attributes based encryption methods
• Elliptic curve and pairing-based cryptography techniques

For an explanation regarding these Cryptography techniques and approaches , you shall feel free to contact us. Customized research support and on-time project delivery are our trademarks. The following are the commonly researched cryptography topics

• Anonymous aggregation and signature
• Homomorphic construct with signature
• Homomorphic Encryption
• Aggregate signature

The above fields are themselves quite large areas of research that can be significantly developed to include many other aspects of cryptography . Appropriate and crisp explanations and definitions regarding the keys and cryptographic protocols can be obtained from our website. In this respect let us discuss the important keys and their features in Cryptography

• Secret key (stream cipher and block cipher)    
• Hash Function (secure hash algorithm)
• Diffie – Hellman – discrete algorithm
• Ring – LWE – lattice-based
• ECDH ECMOV – elliptic curve
• ElGamal Encryption (discrete logarithm)
• Niederreiter McEliece (code-based mathematical hard problem)
• Elliptic Curve Encryption 
• NTRUEncrypt (lattice-based)
• RSA Robin (integer factorization)
• ECDSA (elliptic curve)
• NTRUSign (lattice-based)
• RSA Digital Signature (factorization of integers)
• McEliece (code-based)
• ElGamal Signature (discrete logarithm based)

About these keys and their respective algorithms, you can reach out to our experts who have gained enough experience in handling all the advanced cryptography methods and approaches. As a result, we can provide you with well advanced, enhanced, and high-quality research guidance in all research topics in Cryptography. We will now give you a quick note on approaching any Cryptography projects in today’s world

How to do a research project in Cryptography?

• Provide an overview with an ultimate picture of all the technologies being handled in your study
• Discussions on appropriate technologies and their related applications
• Quote the issues and problems in the field of your study
• Discussion of research issues in the present literature
• Addressing the sensitive views and issues
• Mention the unaddressed but important issues
• Summary on the future scope of research based on gaps identified

Technically skilled world-class certified engineers and developers in Cryptography are with us who can support you in all aspects of your research. The writers and content makers with us gained expertise in their respective fields due to their two decades of vast knowledge and experience in Cryptography research. So we ensure to provide you with ultimate guidance for your Cryptography research. What are the recent topics for research in cryptography?

Research Areas in Cryptography

• Managing using integrated policies and distributed mechanisms for tolerance of intrusion
• Defending Distributed Denial of Service attacks and detecting and responding towards intrusions
• Advanced operating systems and ensuring the security of mobile codes
• Wireless networks , mobile agent and mobile network security
• Applied cryptography and enhancing reliability and security of networks

At present we are handling projects in all these topics and so our experts are well known about the plus and minus associated with them. Provided sufficient resources and proper technical guidance you can excel in any of these recent research topics in cryptography. 

Interests in creativity and innovations have made our technical team stay highly updated with recent developments. So your doubts regarding any latest cryptography advancements can be resolved instantaneously by us. Let’s now talk more about trending PhD Topics in cryptography

Latest Research Topics in Cryptography

• Lattice-based cryptanalysis using post-quantum based cryptography
• Oblivious RAM and testable calculations using cloud computing methodologies
• Highly secure processors like Intel SGX and cryptographic protocols such as TLS, Safe multiparty computing protocols, and SSL
• Argon 2 and Script like memory-hard functions
• Cryptography for handling Ethereum like smart contracts and Bitcoin-like Cryptocurrencies
• Cryptography failure leading to attacks and cryptanalysis
• Encrypted data computation like Fully Homomorphic Encryption and functional encryption

We insist that you interact with us for a complete discussion on the technicalities of these topics which will help you choose the best topic for you. Once you finalize your topic you can leave to us the limitations and issues in it as our engineers will handle them with more ease. With advances spurring every day in cryptography you can find a huge scope for future research in the field. In this regard let us look into the future trends in Cryptography below

Future trends in cryptography

• Cryptography based computations and implementations in homomorphic encryptions and entrusted data sharing environment
• An alternative approach for creating ledgers using distributed blockchain technology for enabling third party transactions in a trusted environment
• Syn cookies and DoS attack prevention using Cryptography methods

In all these ways Cryptography is sure to impact the digital wellbeing of the future World. You will get a great career if you choose Cryptography projects as they have huge scope in both the present and near future. For all these topics of cryptography research, we provide ultimate support in designing projects, thesis writing , proposals, assignments, and publishing papers. So you can contact us anytime for expert tips and advanced guidance in any research topics in cryptography. 

Why Work With Us ?

Senior research member, research experience, journal member, book publisher, research ethics, business ethics, valid references, explanations, paper publication, 9 big reasons to select us.

Our Editor-in-Chief has Website Ownership who control and deliver all aspects of PhD Direction to scholars and students and also keep the look to fully manage all our clients.

Our world-class certified experts have 18+years of experience in Research & Development programs (Industrial Research) who absolutely immersed as many scholars as possible in developing strong PhD research projects.

We associated with 200+reputed SCI and SCOPUS indexed journals (SJR ranking) for getting research work to be published in standard journals (Your first-choice journal).

PhDdirection.com is world’s largest book publishing platform that predominantly work subject-wise categories for scholars/students to assist their books writing and takes out into the University Library.

Our researchers provide required research ethics such as Confidentiality & Privacy, Novelty (valuable research), Plagiarism-Free, and Timely Delivery. Our customers have freedom to examine their current specific research activities.

Our organization take into consideration of customer satisfaction, online, offline support and professional works deliver since these are the actual inspiring business factors.

Solid works delivering by young qualified global research team. "References" is the key to evaluating works easier because we carefully assess scholars findings.

Detailed Videos, Readme files, Screenshots are provided for all research projects. We provide Teamviewer support and other online channels for project explanation.

Worthy journal publication is our main thing like IEEE, ACM, Springer, IET, Elsevier, etc. We substantially reduces scholars burden in publication side. We carry scholars from initial submission to final acceptance.

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7 Interesting Cryptography Research Paper Topics For College Students

There are many hot research topics in Cryptography and choosing one can sometimes prove to be difficult. If you are looking for a good research topic in cryptography, here are 7 interesting research topics for college students.

• Cryptography and the Issue of Internet Security

In this topic, you can talk about how use of cryptography has made impact on internet security. Discuss about how cryptography is used in a number of applications such as events that have a huge impact on the national security. Talk about how internet privacy is important to individuals and how cryptography can assist in removing the security threat.

• Use of Cryptographic Protocols for Electronic Voting System

Talk about how ineffective the current electronic voting system is, based on the rising cases of irregularities in the voting results. Explain why you have a reason to mistrust the current voting system and how use of cryptographic protocols can help to minimize voting errors, count all valid votes as well as preserve the intent of eligible voters and the final tally.

• Importance of Cryptography in the Government

Describe how cryptography is a powerful weapon in politics and the need for securing sensitive information, mass surveillance, and enhancing national security.

• Why Cryptography is Essential for Information Systems

The paper should be about how cryptography is a powerful tool and why it is used with computers and computer network security. You can talk about how all information systems using cryptography for privacy and authentication are vulnerable to severe threats.

• The Major Controversy Surrounding Computer Cryptography

This paper should explain why computer cryptography has been a hot topic in major debates around the world. Why computer cryptography still receives a lot of criticism despite being popular in all aspects of life that deal with computers.

• Why Governments Should not Regulate Cryptography on the Internet

With a lot of data being processed through the internet on a daily basis, there is need for great internet privacy. Internet Privacy for businesses and consumers has become a major concern to many people and therefore, involvement of third-parties like the government may not augur well with the people concerned. The paper should explain about why the government should not regulate cryptography.

• Importance of Quantum Cryptography

Discuss about the need to embrace Quantum Cryptography as a new and improved way to ensure that highly sensitive information is passed through different media undetected. Talk about the great impact that the newly discovered quantum cryptography will cause in the world.

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• Latest Research Topics in Cryptography and Network Security

Network security term itself clearly depicts you that it is designed to protect the entire network from the authorized access in time of digital/analog data communication . The technologies used in network security are guaranteed to provide data confidentiality, authenticity, and availability against security risks throughout the communication.

This article is intended to display to you about latest research topics in Cryptography and Network Security with its current research areas!!!

Generally, the security mechanisms have two constituents to shield the network information . Below, we have listed the working principles of those constituents for your reference.

• Add the security over the information. For instance , implement the encryption method over the transmitting message. So that information will be converted into a new unreadable format where the illegal user cannot access the original message until it is decrypted . Further, it also includes the code information in the header, which depends on the content of the message. Thus, it is used to detect/verify the original sender of the message.
• In the case of sensitive data, it is necessary to share the information between only sender and receive r. The opponent party should not know the information under any conditions. In order to achieve this motive, the encryption key is used to convert the original plain text into scrambled text by the sender. Similarly, the decryption key is used to convert scrambled text into original plain text by the receiver.

For any measure, the main goal is to identify and prevent security attacks with rescue abilities . Most probably, the security measures are based on cryptographic technologies. If you take any security mechanism, then you may find the trace of encryption / some kind of data transformation .

Overview of Cryptography and Network Security

Cryptography  is basically classified into two major techniques, and they are cryptography and cryptanalysis. On the one hand,  cryptography  is the process of protecting or hiding the information through intelligent masking techniques (i.e., code the information). On the other hand,  cryptanalysis  investigates how the ciphertext is converted into plain text and vice-versa.

Due to its incredible security concern and contribution, it is largely used in many research domains and areas to improve its security aspects. Some of the current research aspects of cryptography are given as below,

• Hashing Techniques
• Public-Key Cryptography
• Key Distribution and Management
• Symmetric-Key Cryptography
• Real-time Cryptography Applications
• Cryptographic Security Protocols / Standards
• Quantum Cryptography
• Biological Cryptography
• And many more

Network Security  is intended to develop various levels of shielding measures with an extended security scope. These measures are worked in the principle of identifying/predicting network security threats/risks to take immediate defensive response/actions. As a result, it protects the entire network information. The identification, prediction, and defensive response measures are essential to execute based on specific security policies . Few of the current research directions of the network security are given as below,

• Incident Response System
• Intrusion Detection and Prevention Schemes
• Trusted Heterogeneous Networks
• Network Security Threats, Risks and Vulnerabilities
• Network Protection against Internet Attacks
• Communication Technologies and Protocol Security

We hope you are clear on the fundamentals of cryptography and network security . Now, we can see the recent research areas of cryptography and network security . In truth, our research team is presently creating unbelievable contributions through our latest research topics in cryptography and network security . So, you can confidently hold your hands with us to create amazing research work.

Research Areas in Network Security

• Heterogeneous Communication Networks
• Cognitive Radio based Mobile Communication
• Information Security in Self-Organized Network
• Named data and Data / Human Centric Network
• Ultra-band Wireless Sensor Network (UWSN)
• Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN)
• Cognitive Radio-Wireless Sensor Network (CR-WSN)
• Software Defined-Wireless Sensor Network (SD-WSN)
• Hybrid ad hoc
• Vehicular Ad hoc
• Cognitive Radio Ad hoc
• Underwater Network
• MANET / iMANET / WANET
• Fog / Cloud-Radio Access Network (Fog-RAN / cloud-RAN)
• Advance Cellular Networks (4G, LTEA-Pro, 5G, Beyond 5G and 6G)

Here, we have given you the achievements of cryptography while applying them in network security. For any cryptographic methods , the following are determined as the key objectives for reaching high network security .

What are the objectives of cryptography in network security?

• Detect the attack which definitely create worst impact
• Screen the network to monitor the behavior and activities of intruders
• Detect the attack and analyze their effect on network after execution
• Analyze the origin and root cause of the threats / attacks
• Conduct in-depth inspection on different levels of attacks

Our development team is sophisticated with experienced developers, so we can solve any level of a complex issue. Here, we have given you the widely used cryptographic algorithms, classified as low-cost, lightweight, and ultra-lightweight characteristics .

Major Classifications of Cryptography Algorithms

• Hardware Development – 2000 Gates
• Device Capacity – AT mega 128
• Ciphers – ECC, Grain / 128, MIBS TWINE, PRESENT, etc.
• Software Development – 8kb RAM and 4kb ROM
• Hardware Development – 3000 Gates
• Device Capacity – ATiny 45, AT mega 128 and 8051 micontroller
• Ciphers – ECC, DEXL, SOSEMANUK, CLEFIA, etc.
• Software Development – 8kb RAM and 32kb ROM
• Hardware Development – 1000 Gates
• Device Capacity – ATiny 45 and 8051 microntroller
• Ciphers – KATAN, Hummingbird, Fruitv2, QTL, etc.
• Software Development – 256 B RAM and 4kb ROM

Research Gaps of Cryptography

Though many lightweight ciphers are introduced in cryptography, it lacks performance in any of these aspects, such as high security and low ( resource utilization, delay, internal overhead states , etc.).

Below, we can see the challenges in lightweight cryptographic techniques such as elliptic curve cryptography, stream ciphers, hash methods, and block ciphers . Our developers will pay extra attention to the following for framing lightweight security measures that assure high performance in all aspects.

CRYPTOGRAPHY LATEST ALGORITHMS

• Decrease the usage of energy / power
• Minimize the needs of memory
• Enhance the speed of computation
• Optimize the Group arithmetic and Prime Fields (PF)
• Minimize the length of the key
• Decrease the chip area / size
• Minimize the Key / IV setup rotations
• Reduce the internal state / condition
• Decrease the message and output size
• Make the simpler cycles
• Model the simple key schedules
• Decrease the key and block size for fast execution

Our current study on cryptographic techniques found that ECC is less preferable than AES because of its speed. However, ECC is considered a slow process; it meets the requirement of ultra-lightweight cryptography . Our developers are glad to share the trick to increase the ECC speed for your information. If the memory needs are minimized, then eventually, it also minimizes the ROM and RAM needs. As a result, ECC gains the first priority among others. Below, we have given the list of research fields that offer a sophisticated platform for developing cryptographic techniques enabled network security applications.

Applications of Cryptography based Network Security

• Internet of Things
• Industrial Internet of Things
• Haptic / Tactile Internet of things
• Internet of Bio / Nano-Things
• Vehicle to Infrastructure
• Autonomous Vehicle Driving System
• Deep-Sea Objects Identification and Analysis
• Healthcare and Telemedicine
• Remote Patient Monitoring using Wearable Devices
• 360 Degree and Ultra-High Definition Videos
• Virtual and Augmented Reality
• Space Travel and Satellite Communication
• WBAN based Digital Sensing and Visualization
• Smart Environment Modeling (smart city / home / office, etc.)

Further, we have listed the top-demanding research topics in cryptography and network security . The below-given research ideas are just the samples. More than this, we have a copious amount of novel research notions. If you have your own ideas and are looking for the best guidance to craft network security research topics , we are also ready to support you in your need.

Top 10 Latest Research Topics in Cryptography and Network Security

• Secure Cross-Layer Architecture Design
• Security for Critical Cyber Physical Systems
• Insider Threats Prediction and Detection Systems
• Modeling of Security Assured Smart Grid System
• Data Hiding, Survivability and Watermarking
• SDN-NFV based High Performance Security System
• Security Protocol Performance Assessments
• Design and Development of Ultra-Efficient Security Models
• Security in Cloud Services and Applications
• Identification of Multi-level Security Threats with Preventive Measures
• Improved Privacy and Security Solutions in Wireless Communications

From a development perspective, now we can see how the network security models are designed, tested, and assessed . In order to estimate the efficiency of the network security model, we can use the following for real-time development.

How do we evaluate the performance of network security?

• Analytical Models
• Real-time Tests

Further, we have also listed the important tools used for network security projects developments . All these tools are specialized to meet particular requirements of the network security model. For instance: Wireshark is used to generate and analyze the network packets . Likewise, we have given the other important tools and technologies for your awareness.

• Test the vulnerabilities of the of the network at different angles through continuous scan and access
• Probe the available susceptibilities in the application and take immediate response to that events
• Analyze and troubleshoot the packets, network, applications, communication protocols and more
• Collect whole information of network including OS, computer systems, and network entities

Next, we can see about the secure transmission approaches. Basically, the performance metrics have a key player role in elevating the design of transmission approaches. However, it has high importance, the modeling of physical layer security cause different kinds of technical issues . So, it is critical to select the suitable metrics for improving reliability, resource cost (low power), transmission efficiency, and energy efficiency of the transmission approaches . Our developers will help to attain your goal in the following aspects of transmission approaches.

• Reliability – compute in terms of privacy outage probability and capacity
• Power cost – compute in terms of power usage (low) for promising QoS
• Transmission Efficiency – compute in terms of maximum possible privacy degree and capacity
• Energy Efficiency – compute in terms of amount of energy required for one bit transmission and amount of bits transmitted in one unit of energy

As mentioned earlier, the above-specified metrics are sure to increase the performance of transmission approaches. And, these metrics are adopted in the time of system modelling . Further, we have improved our skills in all security-related strategies based on recent research requirements.

Last but not least, if you want to be familiar with more updates on the latest research topics in cryptography and network security , then communicate with our team. We will surely assist you in fulfilling your needs for a fine-tuning research career.

MILESTONE 1: Research Proposal

Finalize journal (indexing).

Before sit down to research proposal writing, we need to decide exact journals. For e.g. SCI, SCI-E, ISI, SCOPUS.

Research Subject Selection

As a doctoral student, subject selection is a big problem. Phdservices.org has the team of world class experts who experience in assisting all subjects. When you decide to work in networking, we assign our experts in your specific area for assistance.

Research Topic Selection

We helping you with right and perfect topic selection, which sound interesting to the other fellows of your committee. For e.g. if your interest in networking, the research topic is VANET / MANET / any other

Literature Survey Writing

To ensure the novelty of research, we find research gaps in 50+ latest benchmark papers (IEEE, Springer, Elsevier, MDPI, Hindawi, etc.)

Case Study Writing

After literature survey, we get the main issue/problem that your research topic will aim to resolve and elegant writing support to identify relevance of the issue.

Problem Statement

Based on the research gaps finding and importance of your research, we conclude the appropriate and specific problem statement.

Writing Research Proposal

Writing a good research proposal has need of lot of time. We only span a few to cover all major aspects (reference papers collection, deficiency finding, drawing system architecture, highlights novelty)

MILESTONE 2: System Development

Fix implementation plan.

We prepare a clear project implementation plan that narrates your proposal in step-by step and it contains Software and OS specification. We recommend you very suitable tools/software that fit for your concept.

Tools/Plan Approval

We get the approval for implementation tool, software, programing language and finally implementation plan to start development process.

Pseudocode Description

Our source code is original since we write the code after pseudocodes, algorithm writing and mathematical equation derivations.

Develop Proposal Idea

We implement our novel idea in step-by-step process that given in implementation plan. We can help scholars in implementation.

Comparison/Experiments

We perform the comparison between proposed and existing schemes in both quantitative and qualitative manner since it is most crucial part of any journal paper.

Graphs, Results, Analysis Table

We evaluate and analyze the project results by plotting graphs, numerical results computation, and broader discussion of quantitative results in table.

Project Deliverables

For every project order, we deliver the following: reference papers, source codes screenshots, project video, installation and running procedures.

MILESTONE 3: Paper Writing

Choosing right format.

We intend to write a paper in customized layout. If you are interesting in any specific journal, we ready to support you. Otherwise we prepare in IEEE transaction level.

Collecting Reliable Resources

Before paper writing, we collect reliable resources such as 50+ journal papers, magazines, news, encyclopedia (books), benchmark datasets, and online resources.

Writing Rough Draft

We create an outline of a paper at first and then writing under each heading and sub-headings. It consists of novel idea and resources

Proofreading & Formatting

We must proofread and formatting a paper to fix typesetting errors, and avoiding misspelled words, misplaced punctuation marks, and so on

Native English Writing

We check the communication of a paper by rewriting with native English writers who accomplish their English literature in University of Oxford.

Scrutinizing Paper Quality

We examine the paper quality by top-experts who can easily fix the issues in journal paper writing and also confirm the level of journal paper (SCI, Scopus or Normal).

Plagiarism Checking

We at phdservices.org is 100% guarantee for original journal paper writing. We never use previously published works.

MILESTONE 4: Paper Publication

Finding apt journal.

We play crucial role in this step since this is very important for scholar’s future. Our experts will help you in choosing high Impact Factor (SJR) journals for publishing.

Lay Paper to Submit

We organize your paper for journal submission, which covers the preparation of Authors Biography, Cover Letter, Highlights of Novelty, and Suggested Reviewers.

Paper Submission

We upload paper with submit all prerequisites that are required in journal. We completely remove frustration in paper publishing.

Paper Status Tracking

We track your paper status and answering the questions raise before review process and also we giving you frequent updates for your paper received from journal.

Revising Paper Precisely

When we receive decision for revising paper, we get ready to prepare the point-point response to address all reviewers query and resubmit it to catch final acceptance.

Get Accept & e-Proofing

We receive final mail for acceptance confirmation letter and editors send e-proofing and licensing to ensure the originality.

Publishing Paper

Paper published in online and we inform you with paper title, authors information, journal name volume, issue number, page number, and DOI link

MILESTONE 5: Thesis Writing

Identifying university format.

We pay special attention for your thesis writing and our 100+ thesis writers are proficient and clear in writing thesis for all university formats.

Gathering Adequate Resources

We collect primary and adequate resources for writing well-structured thesis using published research articles, 150+ reputed reference papers, writing plan, and so on.

Writing Thesis (Preliminary)

We write thesis in chapter-by-chapter without any empirical mistakes and we completely provide plagiarism-free thesis.

Skimming & Reading

Skimming involve reading the thesis and looking abstract, conclusions, sections, & sub-sections, paragraphs, sentences & words and writing thesis chorological order of papers.

Fixing Crosscutting Issues

This step is tricky when write thesis by amateurs. Proofreading and formatting is made by our world class thesis writers who avoid verbose, and brainstorming for significant writing.

Organize Thesis Chapters

We organize thesis chapters by completing the following: elaborate chapter, structuring chapters, flow of writing, citations correction, etc.

Writing Thesis (Final Version)

We attention to details of importance of thesis contribution, well-illustrated literature review, sharp and broad results and discussion and relevant applications study.

How PhDservices.org deal with significant issues ?

1. novel ideas.

Novelty is essential for a PhD degree. Our experts are bringing quality of being novel ideas in the particular research area. It can be only determined by after thorough literature search (state-of-the-art works published in IEEE, Springer, Elsevier, ACM, ScienceDirect, Inderscience, and so on). SCI and SCOPUS journals reviewers and editors will always demand “Novelty” for each publishing work. Our experts have in-depth knowledge in all major and sub-research fields to introduce New Methods and Ideas. MAKING NOVEL IDEAS IS THE ONLY WAY OF WINNING PHD.

2. Plagiarism-Free

To improve the quality and originality of works, we are strictly avoiding plagiarism since plagiarism is not allowed and acceptable for any type journals (SCI, SCI-E, or Scopus) in editorial and reviewer point of view. We have software named as “Anti-Plagiarism Software” that examines the similarity score for documents with good accuracy. We consist of various plagiarism tools like Viper, Turnitin, Students and scholars can get your work in Zero Tolerance to Plagiarism. DONT WORRY ABOUT PHD, WE WILL TAKE CARE OF EVERYTHING.

3. Confidential Info

We intended to keep your personal and technical information in secret and it is a basic worry for all scholars.

• Technical Info: We never share your technical details to any other scholar since we know the importance of time and resources that are giving us by scholars.
• Personal Info: We restricted to access scholars personal details by our experts. Our organization leading team will have your basic and necessary info for scholars.

CONFIDENTIALITY AND PRIVACY OF INFORMATION HELD IS OF VITAL IMPORTANCE AT PHDSERVICES.ORG. WE HONEST FOR ALL CUSTOMERS.

4. Publication

Most of the PhD consultancy services will end their services in Paper Writing, but our PhDservices.org is different from others by giving guarantee for both paper writing and publication in reputed journals. With our 18+ year of experience in delivering PhD services, we meet all requirements of journals (reviewers, editors, and editor-in-chief) for rapid publications. From the beginning of paper writing, we lay our smart works. PUBLICATION IS A ROOT FOR PHD DEGREE. WE LIKE A FRUIT FOR GIVING SWEET FEELING FOR ALL SCHOLARS.

5. No Duplication

After completion of your work, it does not available in our library i.e. we erased after completion of your PhD work so we avoid of giving duplicate contents for scholars. This step makes our experts to bringing new ideas, applications, methodologies and algorithms. Our work is more standard, quality and universal. Everything we make it as a new for all scholars. INNOVATION IS THE ABILITY TO SEE THE ORIGINALITY. EXPLORATION IS OUR ENGINE THAT DRIVES INNOVATION SO LET’S ALL GO EXPLORING.

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Technique improves the reasoning capabilities of large language models

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Large language models like those that power ChatGPT have shown impressive performance on tasks like drafting legal briefs, analyzing the sentiment of customer reviews, or translating documents into different languages.

These machine-learning models typically use only natural language to process information and answer queries, which can make it difficult for them to perform tasks that require numerical or symbolic reasoning.

For instance, a large language model might be able to memorize and recite a list of recent U.S. presidents and their birthdays, but that same model could fail if asked the question “Which U.S. presidents elected after 1950 were born on a Wednesday?” (The answer is Jimmy Carter.)

Researchers from MIT and elsewhere have proposed a new technique that enables large language models to solve natural language, math and data analysis, and symbolic reasoning tasks by generating programs.

Their approach, called natural language embedded programs (NLEPs), involves prompting a language model to create and execute a Python program to solve a user’s query, and then output the solution as natural language.

They found that NLEPs enabled large language models to achieve higher accuracy on a wide range of reasoning tasks. The approach is also generalizable, which means one NLEP prompt can be reused for multiple tasks.

NLEPs also improve transparency, since a user could check the program to see exactly how the model reasoned about the query and fix the program if the model gave a wrong answer.

“We want AI to perform complex reasoning in a way that is transparent and trustworthy. There is still a long way to go, but we have shown that combining the capabilities of programming and natural language in large language models is a very good potential first step toward a future where people can fully understand and trust what is going on inside their AI model,” says Hongyin Luo PhD ’22, an MIT postdoc and co-lead author of a paper on NLEPs .

Luo is joined on the paper by co-lead authors Tianhua Zhang, a graduate student at the Chinese University of Hong Kong; and Jiaxin Ge, an undergraduate at Peking University; Yoon Kim, an assistant professor in MIT’s Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science and a member of the Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL); senior author James Glass, senior research scientist and head of the Spoken Language Systems Group in CSAIL; and others. The research will be presented at the Annual Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics.

Problem-solving with programs

Many popular large language models work by predicting the next word, or token, given some natural language input. While models like GPT-4 can be used to write programs, they embed those programs within natural language, which can lead to errors in the program reasoning or results.

With NLEPs, the MIT researchers took the opposite approach. They prompt the model to generate a step-by-step program entirely in Python code, and then embed the necessary natural language inside the program.

An NLEP is a problem-solving template with four steps. First, the model calls the necessary packages, or functions, it will need to solve the task. Step two involves importing natural language representations of the knowledge the task requires (like a list of U.S. presidents’ birthdays). For step three, the model implements a function that calculates the answer. And for the final step, the model outputs the result as a line of natural language with an automatic data visualization, if needed.

“It is like a digital calculator that always gives you the correct computation result as long as the program is correct,” Luo says.

The user can easily investigate the program and fix any errors in the code directly rather than needing to rerun the entire model to troubleshoot.

The approach also offers greater efficiency than some other methods. If a user has many similar questions, they can generate one core program and then replace certain variables without needing to run the model repeatedly.

To prompt the model to generate an NLEP, the researchers give it an overall instruction to write a Python program, provide two NLEP examples (one with math and one with natural language), and one test question.

“Usually, when people do this kind of few-shot prompting, they still have to design prompts for every task. We found that we can have one prompt for many tasks because it is not a prompt that teaches LLMs to solve one problem, but a prompt that teaches LLMs to solve many problems by writing a program,” says Luo.

“Having language models reason with code unlocks many opportunities for tool use, output validation, more structured understanding into model's capabilities and way of thinking, and more,” says Leonid Karlinsky, principal scientist at the MIT-IBM Watson AI Lab.

“No magic here”

NLEPs achieved greater than 90 percent accuracy when prompting GPT-4 to solve a range of symbolic reasoning tasks, like tracking shuffled objects or playing a game of 24, as well as instruction-following and text classification tasks. The researchers found that NLEPs even exhibited 30 percent greater accuracy than task-specific prompting methods. The method also showed improvements over open-source LLMs. 

Along with boosting the accuracy of large language models, NLEPs could also improve data privacy. Since NLEP programs are run locally, sensitive user data do not need to be sent to a company like OpenAI or Google to be processed by a model.

In addition, NLEPs can enable small language models to perform better without the need to retrain a model for a certain task, which can be a costly process.

“There is no magic here. We do not have a more expensive or fancy language model. All we do is use program generation instead of natural language generation, and we can make it perform significantly better,” Luo says.

However, an NLEP relies on the program generation capability of the model, so the technique does not work as well for smaller models which have been trained on limited datasets. In the future, the researchers plan to study methods that could make smaller language models generate more effective NLEPs. In addition, they want to investigate the impact of prompt variations on NLEPs to enhance the robustness of the model’s reasoning processes.

This research was supported, in part, by the Center for Perceptual and Interactive Intelligence of Hong Kong. 

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Openai’s new “criticgpt” model is trained to criticize gpt-4 outputs, research model catches bugs in ai-generated code, improving human oversight of ai..

Benj Edwards - Jun 27, 2024 7:40 pm UTC

On Thursday, OpenAI researchers unveiled CriticGPT , a new AI model designed to identify mistakes in code generated by ChatGPT. It aims to enhance the process of making AI systems behave in ways humans want (called "alignment") through Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF), which helps human reviewers make large language model (LLM) outputs more accurate.

Further Reading

As outlined in a new research paper called " LLM Critics Help Catch LLM Bugs ," OpenAI created CriticGPT to act as an AI assistant to human trainers who review programming code generated by the ChatGPT AI assistant. CriticGPT—based on the GPT-4 family of LLMS—analyzes the code and points out potential errors, making it easier for humans to spot mistakes that might otherwise go unnoticed. The researchers trained CriticGPT on a dataset of code samples with intentionally inserted bugs, teaching it to recognize and flag various coding errors.

The researchers found that CriticGPT's critiques were preferred by annotators over human critiques in 63 percent of cases involving naturally occurring LLM errors and that human-machine teams using CriticGPT wrote more comprehensive critiques than humans alone while reducing confabulation (hallucination) rates compared to AI-only critiques.

Developing an automated critic

The development of CriticGPT involved training the model on a large number of inputs containing deliberately inserted mistakes. Human trainers were asked to modify code written by ChatGPT, introducing errors and then providing example feedback as if they had discovered these bugs. This process allowed the model to learn how to identify and critique various types of coding errors.

In experiments, CriticGPT demonstrated its ability to catch both inserted bugs and naturally occurring errors in ChatGPT's output. The new model's critiques were preferred by trainers over those generated by ChatGPT itself in 63 percent of cases involving natural bugs (the aforementioned statistic). This preference was partly due to CriticGPT producing fewer unhelpful "nitpicks" and generating fewer false positives, or hallucinated problems.

The researchers also created a new technique they call Force Sampling Beam Search (FSBS). This method helps CriticGPT write more detailed reviews of code. It lets the researchers adjust how thorough CriticGPT is in looking for problems while also controlling how often it might make up issues that don't really exist. They can tweak this balance depending on what they need for different AI training tasks.

Interestingly, the researchers found that CriticGPT's capabilities extend beyond just code review. In their experiments, they applied the model to a subset of ChatGPT training data that had previously been rated as flawless by human annotators. Surprisingly, CriticGPT identified errors in 24 percent of these cases—errors that were subsequently confirmed by human reviewers. OpenAI thinks this demonstrates the model's potential to generalize to non-code tasks and highlights its ability to catch subtle mistakes that even careful human evaluation might miss.

Despite its promising results, like all AI models, CriticGPT has limitations. The model was trained on relatively short ChatGPT answers, which may not fully prepare it for evaluating longer, more complex tasks that future AI systems might tackle. Additionally, while CriticGPT reduces confabulations , it doesn't eliminate them entirely, and human trainers can still make labeling mistakes based on these false outputs.

The research team acknowledges that CriticGPT is most effective at identifying errors that can be pinpointed in one specific location within the code. However, real-world mistakes in AI outputs can often be spread across multiple parts of an answer, presenting a challenge for future model iterations.

OpenAI plans to integrate CriticGPT-like models into its RLHF labeling pipeline, providing its trainers with AI assistance. For OpenAI, it's a step toward developing better tools for evaluating outputs from LLM systems that may be difficult for humans to rate without additional support. However, the researchers caution that even with tools like CriticGPT, extremely complex tasks or responses may still prove challenging for human evaluators—even those assisted by AI.

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Wide majorities of Biden and Trump supporters oppose cuts to Social Security

Table of contents.

• Views on the efficiency of government
• Views on the government’s regulation of business
• Confidence in the nation’s ability to solve problems
• Views on the effect of government aid to the poor
• Views on government’s role in health care
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• Trust in government
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Pew Research Center conducted this study to understand Americans’ attitudes about U.S. government, such as its size and role.

This report is based primarily on a survey of 8,709 adults, including 7,166 registered voters, from April 8 to 14, 2024. Some of the analysis in this report is based on a survey of 8,638 adults from May 13 to 19, 2024.

Everyone who took part in these surveys is a member of the Center’s American Trends Panel (ATP), an online survey panel that is recruited through national, random sampling of residential addresses. This way nearly all U.S. adults have a chance of selection. The survey is weighted to be representative of the U.S. adult population by gender, race, ethnicity, partisan affiliation, education and other categories. Read more about the ATP’s methodology .

Here are the questions used for the report and its methodology .

While the economy, immigration and abortion have emerged as major issues in the 2024 election, Joe Biden and Donald Trump also have dramatically different ideas about the size and role of government.

These differences reflect decades-old divisions between Democrats and Republicans over the scope of government.

Among registered voters, large majorities of Biden supporters – roughly three-quarters or more – favor a bigger, more activist government.

• 74% say they would rather have a bigger government providing more services.
• 76% say government should do more to solve problems.
• 80% say government aid to the poor “does more good than harm.”

Trump supporters, by comparable margins, take the opposing view on all three questions.

The Pew Research Center survey of 8,709 adults – including 7,166 registered voters – conducted April 8-14, 2024, examines Americans’ views of the role and scope of government , the social safety net and long-term trends in trust in the federal government .

Democratic support for bigger government is little changed in the last five years but remains higher than it was a decade ago. Republicans’ views have shifted less over the last 10 years.

Among all adults, about three-quarters of Democrats and Democratic-leaning independents favor a bigger government, up from about six-in-ten in 2014 and 2015. The share of Republicans and Republican leaners who prefer a bigger government has increased only modestly over the same period.

Democratic support for bigger government, while slightly lower than in 2021 (78%), remains at nearly its highest level in five decades. During Bill Clinton’s presidency in the 1990s, fewer than half of Democrats said they preferred a bigger government with more services.

Voters continue to express very different views about government’s role in specific areas than about the government generally.

A large majority of voters (80%) – including 82% of Biden supporters and 78% of Trump supporters – say that in thinking about the long-term future of Social Security, benefits should not be reduced in any way.

However, Biden supporters are more likely than Trump supporters to say Social Security should cover more people with greater benefits.

• 46% of Biden supporters favor expanding Social Security coverage and benefits, compared with 28% of Trump supporters.

Most Americans (65%) continue to say the federal government has a responsibility to make sure all Americans have health care coverage.

Democrats overwhelmingly (88%) say the federal government has this responsibility, compared with 40% of Republicans.

The share of Republicans who say the government has a responsibility to provide health coverage has increased 8 percentage points since 2021, from 32% to 40%.

There are wide income differences among Republicans in opinions about the government’s role in health care:

• 56% of Republicans with lower family incomes say the government has a responsibility to provide health coverage for all, compared with 36% of those with middle incomes and 29% of higher-income Republicans.

When asked how the government should provide health coverage, 36% of Americans say it should be provided through a single national program, while 28% say it should be through a mix of government and private programs. These views have changed little in recent years.

Democrats continue to be more likely than Republicans to favor a “single payer” government health insurance program (53% vs. 18%).

Other key findings in this report

• Americans’ trust in the federal government remains low but has modestly increased since last year. Today, 22% of American adults say they trust the government to do what is right always or most of the time, which is up from 16% in June 2023.
• While the public overall is divided over the nation’s ability to solve important problems, young adults are notably pessimistic about the country’s ability to solve problems . About half of Americans (52%) say the U.S. can’t solve many of its important problems, while 47% say it can find a way to solve problems and get what it wants. Roughly six-in-ten adults under age 30 (62%) say the nation can’t solve major problems, the highest share in any age group and 16 points higher than two years ago.

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150+ Medical research paper topics for students

Published 26 Jun 2024

Med Research Topics: What Makes a Good One?

Several essential attributes characterize an excellent medical research topic. First and foremost, it should address a significant and relevant issue within the medical field. The topic must have practical implications, contributing to advancing medical knowledge and improving patient care. For example, researching a new treatment for a prevalent disease or understanding the underlying mechanisms of a standard physical and mental health condition can provide valuable insights that can be applied in clinical practice.

Furthermore, a robust medical research topic should be specific and well-defined, allowing for a focused investigation. Vague or overly broad issues can make formulating a straightforward research question and designing a robust study challenging. Interested researchers can delve deeper into the subject matter by narrowing the scope and producing more detailed and meaningful findings. For instance, instead of broadly studying "cancer and treatment options," a more defined topic like "the efficacy of a specific immunotherapy in treating melanoma" would yield more actionable results.

Another critical aspect of an excellent medical research topic is feasibility. Researchers need to consider the availability of resources, such as funding, equipment, and expertise, as well as ethical considerations. The topic should be practical to study within the given constraints and timeframe. The feasibility of interesting topics also encompasses recruiting sufficient participants if human subjects are involved, ensuring that the study can be conducted effectively and ethically.

Lastly, a compelling medical research topic should be innovative and contribute new knowledge. It should challenge existing paradigms, explore uncharted areas, or offer new perspectives on established concepts. Innovation drives progress in medicine, leading to breakthroughs that can revolutionize patient care and improve patient outcomes. By choosing a topic that pushes the boundaries of current knowledge, healthcare researchers can make a lasting impact on the medical community and beyond.

How to Pick a Good Medical Research Paper Topic

Selecting a good medical research paper topic involves carefully considering several key factors. Firstly, choosing a topic that addresses a significant and current issue in the medical field is essential. One such issue is healthcare access, which is crucial in addressing inequities and barriers leading to health disparities and injustices. This ensures that the research will be relevant and contribute valuable knowledge to ongoing discussions and advancements in oral health elsewhere. Reviewing recent literature on medical research topics and identifying gaps in existing research can help pinpoint areas that need further exploration.

Next, the chosen topic should be specific and focused. A narrow scope allows for a more in-depth investigation and produces more detailed and actionable findings. For example, instead of a broad topic like "diabetes management," focusing on "the impact of a specific diet on blood sugar levels in Type 2 diabetes patients" can yield more precise and practical insights.

Feasibility is another crucial aspect to consider. Ensure that the necessary resources, including time, funding, and access to data or study participants, are available to complete the research effectively. Ethical considerations should be addressed, mainly when human subjects are involved. This involves obtaining the appropriate approvals and ensuring the study design protects participants' rights and well-being.

Lastly, the topic should be innovative and advance medical knowledge or practice. Aim to explore new perspectives, challenge existing assumptions, or investigate novel treatments or interventions. By selecting a topic that pushes the boundaries of understanding herbal medicine, researchers can significantly impact trends in the field and contribute to meaningful advancements in medicine.

150 medical research topics for college students

• Impact of lifestyle changes on hypertension management
• Genetic predispositions to heart disease
• Advances in minimally invasive heart surgery
• Role of diet in preventing cardiovascular diseases
• Efficacy of new anticoagulants in stroke prevention
• Long-term effects of statins on heart health
• Emerging treatments for congestive heart failure
• Non-invasive techniques for detecting coronary artery disease
• Impact of mental health on cardiac health
• Role of inflammation in atherosclerosis development
• Immunotherapy for advanced melanoma
• Genetic markers for early cancer detection
• Impact of diet and lifestyle on cancer prognosis
• New targeted therapies for breast cancer
• Role of microRNA in cancer progression
• Advances in radiotherapy for brain tumors
• Psychological support for cancer patients
• Personalized medicine in oncology
• Impact of environmental toxins on cancer incidence
• Survivorship and quality of life post-cancer treatment
• New treatments for Alzheimer's disease
• Role of genetics in multiple sclerosis
• Advances in the understanding of Parkinson's disease
• Impact of sleep disorders on neurological health
• Efficacy of new migraine treatments
• Neuroplasticity in stroke recovery
• Role of gut microbiome in neurodegenerative diseases
• Emerging therapies for epilepsy
• Impact of chronic stress on brain health
• Non-pharmacological interventions for ADHD
• Vaccination and childhood disease prevention
• Impact of screen time on child development
• Pediatric obesity and associated health risks
• Advances in neonatal care
• Genetic disorders in children and early interventions
• Efficacy of behavioral therapies for autism
• Role of nutrition in childhood growth and development
• Preventing and treating pediatric asthma
• Long-term outcomes of premature birth
• Pediatric mental health and early intervention

Endocrinology

• New treatments for Type 1 diabetes
• Impact of thyroid disorders on overall health
• Advances in understanding insulin resistance
• Role of hormones in metabolic syndrome
• Long-term effects of hormone replacement therapy
• Efficacy of new medications for osteoporosis
• Relationship between stress and endocrine disorders
• Impact of endocrine disruptors on health
• Role of diet and exercise in managing diabetes
• Advances in adrenal gland disorder treatments

Infectious Diseases

• Impact of antibiotic resistance on public health
• New vaccines for emerging infectious diseases
• Role of climate change in disease spread
• Advances in HIV treatment and prevention
• Efficacy of antiviral therapies for hepatitis C
• Impact of global travel on infectious disease transmission
• Role of the microbiome in infection prevention
• Emerging zoonotic diseases
• Efficacy of new tuberculosis treatments
• Strategies for preventing hospital-acquired infections
• Advances in the treatment of depression
• Impact of social media on mental health
• Role of genetics in psychiatric disorders
• Efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy for anxiety
• Long-term effects of antipsychotic medications
• Role of Lifestyle changes in managing bipolar disorder
• Impact of trauma on mental health
• Emerging treatments for PTSD
• Role of neurobiology in addiction
• Efficacy of mindfulness-based therapies
• Insomnia effect on patients with mental health conditions

Public Health

• Impact of public health policies on smoking rates
• Role of community programs in obesity prevention
• Strategies for reducing health disparities
• Impact of urbanization on public health
• Efficacy of health education programs
• Role of public health in disaster preparedness
• Advances in global health initiatives
• Impact of socioeconomic status on health outcomes
• Role of vaccination in public health
• Efficacy of public health interventions for substance abuse
• Impact of public health regulations on social behavior and health outcomes amid COVID-19

Dermatology

• Advances in the treatment of psoriasis
• Role of diet in managing acne
• Efficacy of new therapies for eczema
• Impact of environmental factors on skin health
• Role of genetics in skin disorders
• Advances in melanoma detection
• Impact of skincare products on skin health
• Role of microbiome in skin diseases
• Efficacy of laser treatments for skin conditions
• Strategies for preventing skin cancer

Gastroenterology

• Impact of diet on gut health
• Advances in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease
• Role of probiotics in digestive health
• Efficacy of new therapies for irritable bowel syndrome
• Effect of gut microbiome on overall health
• Role of genetics in gastrointestinal disorders
• Advances in colorectal cancer screening
• Efficacy of dietary interventions for celiac disease
• Impact of chronic stress on digestive health
• Strategies for managing liver diseases
• Impact of electronic health records on gastroenterology research

Pulmonology

• Advances in asthma management
• Role of genetics in lung diseases
• Impact of air pollution on respiratory health
• Efficacy of new treatments for COPD
• Role of Lifestyle changes in managing Sleep Apnea
• Advances in lung cancer treatment
• Effect of Smoking Cessation Programs
• Efficacy of pulmonary rehabilitation
• Role of diet in respiratory health
• Strategies for managing chronic bronchitis
• Advances in kidney transplant techniques
• Role of diet in managing kidney disease
• Impact of hypertension on kidney health
• Efficacy of new treatments for chronic kidney disease
• Role of genetics in nephrological disorders
• Advances in dialysis technology
• Impact of diabetes on kidney health
• Efficacy of lifestyle interventions for kidney stones
• Role of hydration in preventing kidney diseases
• Strategies for early detection of kidney disorders

Orthopedics

• Advances in joint replacement surgery
• Role of physical therapy in managing osteoarthritis
• Efficacy of new treatments for osteoporosis
• Impact of sports on musculoskeletal health
• Role of genetics in orthopedic disorders
• Advances in minimally invasive orthopedic surgery
• Efficacy of regenerative therapies for bone injuries
• Role of nutrition in bone health
• Strategies for preventing sports injuries
• Impact of aging on musculoskeletal health

Ophthalmology

• Advances in cataract surgery techniques
• Role of genetics in eye diseases
• Impact of screen time on vision health
• Efficacy of new treatments for glaucoma
• Role of diet in maintaining eye health
• Advances in retinal disease management
• Efficacy of laser eye surgery
• Strategies for preventing macular degeneration
• Role of lifestyle changes in managing dry eye syndrome
• Impact of environmental factors on eye health

Rheumatology

• Advances in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis
• Role of genetics in autoimmune disorders
• Efficacy of new therapies for lupus
• Impact of diet on inflammatory conditions
• Role of physical activity in managing arthritis
• Advances in understanding fibromyalgia
• Efficacy of biologic drugs in rheumatology
• Impact of chronic inflammation on overall health
• Strategies for managing gout
• Role of complementary therapies in rheumatic diseases

Selecting a Medical Research Paper Topic

Choosing a good medical research paper topic is a critical first step in the research process, influencing the direction and impact of the study. A well-chosen topic should address a significant and current issue within the medical field, ensuring relevance and the potential to contribute valuable insights to ongoing medical discussions and advancements. By focusing research projects on areas of primary care that need further exploration, researchers can make meaningful contributions to the body of medical knowledge.

A specific and well-defined topic allows for a focused investigation, leading to detailed and actionable findings for future medical students and others. Narrowing the scope helps researchers delve deeper into the subject matter, enhancing the quality and precision of the research. This approach benefits the study and ensures that the results are practical and applicable in real-world medical scenarios. Additionally, the feasibility of the topic, considering available resources and ethical considerations, is crucial for completing the research.

Innovative research topics that push the boundaries of current understanding are essential for driving progress in medicine. Researchers can significantly impact the field by exploring new perspectives, challenging existing assumptions, and investigating novel treatments or interventions for chronic diseases. Such groundbreaking research has the potential to revolutionize patient care and improve health outcomes on a broader scale.

If you're embarking on your medical research journey, start by identifying a topic that not only fascinates you but also meets the criteria of significance, specificity, feasibility, and innovation. Dive into current literature, consult with experts, and consider the practical implications of your research. By choosing a compelling topic, you'll set the stage for a successful and impactful study that can contribute to advancing medical science and improving patient care. Don't hesitate to seek guidance and support from your peers and mentors throughout this process, as collaboration and feedback are invaluable in refining your research focus.

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• Aneel Iqbal,
• Elnaz Basirian

New research on how to identify investments that produce delayed but real profits — not just those that produce short-term accounting profits.

In a well-functioning capital market, profits should be the sole criterion for firm survival; that is, firms reporting losses should disappear. Of late, however, loss-making firms are highly sought after by investors — often more than some profitable firms. Unicorns, or startups with valuations exceeding a billion dollars, are examples of such loss-making firms. What has changed over time? When and why did losses lose their meaning? The authors’ series of new research papers provide some answers, guiding managers to make the right investments: those that produce delayed but real profits — not just those that produce short-term accounting profits but decimate shareholder wealth in long run.

In 1979, psychologists Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky famously posited that losses loom larger than gains in human decision-making. For example, a dollar of loss affects our behavior more than a dollar of profits . Likewise, when a firm announces losses, its stock price declines more dramatically than it increases for the same dollar amount of profits. Investors abandon and lenders tend to stop financing loss-making firms , which then start restructuring their business lines and laying off employees. Some firms go even further, conducting M&A transactions without substance and “managing earnings” to report profits instead of a loss.

• Vijay Govindarajan is the Coxe Distinguished Professor at Dartmouth College’s Tuck School of Business, an executive fellow at Harvard Business School, and faculty partner at the Silicon Valley incubator Mach 49. He is a New York Times and Wall Street Journal bestselling author. His latest book is Fusion Strategy: How Real-Time Data and AI Will Power the Industrial Future . His Harvard Business Review articles “ Engineering Reverse Innovations ” and “ Stop the Innovation Wars ” won McKinsey Awards for best article published in HBR. His HBR articles “ How GE Is Disrupting Itself ” and “ The CEO’s Role in Business Model Reinvention ” are HBR all-time top-50 bestsellers. Follow him on LinkedIn . vgovindarajan
• Shivaram Rajgopal is the Roy Bernard Kester and T.W. Byrnes Professor of Accounting and Auditing and Vice Dean of Research at Columbia Business School. His research examines financial reporting and executive compensation issues and he is widely published in both accounting and finance.
• Anup Srivastava holds Canada Research Chair in Accounting, Decision Making, and Capital Markets and is a full professor at Haskayne School of Business, University of Calgary. In a series of HBR articles, he examines the management implications of digital disruption. He specializes in the valuation and financial reporting challenges of digital companies. Follow Anup on  LinkedIn .
• Aneel Iqbal is an assistant professor at Thunderbird School of Global Management, Arizona State University. He examines the accounting measurement and financial disclosures for new-economy firms and incorporates his wide-ranging industry experience into his research and teaching. He is a seasoned accounting and finance professional with diverse experience in auditing, financial analysis, business advisory, performance management, and executive training. Follow Aneel on LinkedIn .
• Elnaz Basirian is a PhD student at the Haskayne School of Business. She examines the influence and role of intangibles in accounting and finance, aimed at improving valuation and market efficiency. She brings a decade of work experience in international financial markets. Follow Elnaz on LinkedIn .

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