A Comprehensive Survey on Affective Computing: Challenges, Trends, Applications, and Future Directions
Ieee account.
- Change Username/Password
- Update Address
Purchase Details
- Payment Options
- Order History
- View Purchased Documents
Profile Information
- Communications Preferences
- Profession and Education
- Technical Interests
- US & Canada: +1 800 678 4333
- Worldwide: +1 732 981 0060
- Contact & Support
- About IEEE Xplore
- Accessibility
- Terms of Use
- Nondiscrimination Policy
- Privacy & Opting Out of Cookies
A not-for-profit organization, IEEE is the world's largest technical professional organization dedicated to advancing technology for the benefit of humanity. © Copyright 2024 IEEE - All rights reserved. Use of this web site signifies your agreement to the terms and conditions.
Help | Advanced Search
Computer Science > Artificial Intelligence
Title: a comprehensive survey on affective computing; challenges, trends, applications, and future directions.
Abstract: As the name suggests, affective computing aims to recognize human emotions, sentiments, and feelings. There is a wide range of fields that study affective computing, including languages, sociology, psychology, computer science, and physiology. However, no research has ever been done to determine how machine learning (ML) and mixed reality (XR) interact together. This paper discusses the significance of affective computing, as well as its ideas, conceptions, methods, and outcomes. By using approaches of ML and XR, we survey and discuss recent methodologies in affective computing. We survey the state-of-the-art approaches along with current affective data resources. Further, we discuss various applications where affective computing has a significant impact, which will aid future scholars in gaining a better understanding of its significance and practical relevance.
Submission history
Access paper:.
- Other Formats
References & Citations
- Google Scholar
- Semantic Scholar
BibTeX formatted citation
Bibliographic and Citation Tools
Code, data and media associated with this article, recommenders and search tools.
- Institution
arXivLabs: experimental projects with community collaborators
arXivLabs is a framework that allows collaborators to develop and share new arXiv features directly on our website.
Both individuals and organizations that work with arXivLabs have embraced and accepted our values of openness, community, excellence, and user data privacy. arXiv is committed to these values and only works with partners that adhere to them.
Have an idea for a project that will add value for arXiv's community? Learn more about arXivLabs .
Affective Computing: An Introduction to the Detection, Measurement, and Current Applications
- First Online: 03 October 2021
Cite this chapter
- Geoffrey Gaudi 8 ,
- Bill Kapralos 8 , 9 ,
- K. C. Collins 10 &
- Alvaro Quevedo 8
Part of the book series: Learning and Analytics in Intelligent Systems ((LAIS,volume 22))
891 Accesses
1 Citations
Affective computing aims to design and develop natural human-user interfaces that respond to the emotional needs of the user, bridging the gap between humans and technology. With the continuing technological advancements affective computing technologies are now available at the consumer level and are revolutionizing the ways in which we interact with computers. From simple entertainment applications to assistive technologies, the field of affective computing holds great promise. The aim of this chapter is to provide the reader with a greater understanding of affective computing while highlighting current issues, example use cases, limitations, and areas of future research.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Subscribe and save.
- Get 10 units per month
- Download Article/Chapter or eBook
- 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
- Cancel anytime
- Available as PDF
- Read on any device
- Instant download
- Own it forever
- Available as EPUB and PDF
- Compact, lightweight edition
- Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
- Free shipping worldwide - see info
- Durable hardcover edition
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Institutional subscriptions
Similar content being viewed by others
Affective Computing
Affective Context-Aware Systems: Architecture of a Dynamic Framework
Multimodal Techniques and Methods in Affective Computing – A Brief Overview
A.M. Turing, Computing machinery and intelligence. Mind LIX (236), 433–460 (1950)
Google Scholar
P. Branco, L.M. Encarnação, Affective computing for behavior-based UI adaptation, in International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces (Funchal, Madeira, Portugal, 2004)
B. Kratzwald, S. Ilić, M. Kraus, S. Feuerriegel, H. Prendinger, Deep learning for affective computing: text-based emotion recognition in decision support. Decis. Support Syst. 115 , 24–35 (2018)
Article Google Scholar
A. Valitutti, C. Strapparava, O. Stock, Developing affective lexical resources. PsychNology J. 2 (1), 61–83 (2004)
K. Amara, N. Ramzan, N. Achour, M. Belhocine, C. Larbas, N. Zenati, Emotion recognition via facial expressions, in 2018 IEEE/ACS 15th International Conference on Computer Systems and Applications ( AICCSA ) (2018), pp. 1–6
R.W. Picard, Affective computing-MIT media laboratory perceptual computing section. Technical Report No. 321 (Cambridge, MA, 2139, 1995)
R.C. Balabantaray, M. Mohammad, N. Sharma, Multi-class twitter emotion classification: a new approach. Int. J. Appl. Inf. Syst. 4 (1), 48–53 (2012)
P.A. Vijaya, G. Shivakumar, Galvanic skin response: a physiological sensor system for affective computing. Int. J. Mach. Learn. Comput. 3 (1), 31 (2013)
W.B. Canon, The James-Lange theory of emotions: a critical examination and an alternative theory. Am. J. Psychol. 39 (1/4), 106–124 (1927)
M. Saraiva, H. Ayanoğlu, Emotions and emotions in design, in Emotional Design in Human-Robot Interaction . (Springer, Cham, 2019), pp. 57–70
Chapter Google Scholar
S.L. McShane, S.L. Steen, Canadian Organizational Behaviour , 8th edn. (2012)
K.M. Heilman, Emotion and the brain: a distributed modular network mediating emotional experience, in Neuropsychology . ed. by D. Zeidel (San Diego, CA, Academic Press, 1994), pp. 139–158
D.G. Myers, Theories of Emotion. Psychology , 7th edn. (Worth Publishers, New York, NY, 2004)
G.L. Clore, A. Ortony, Psychological construction in the OCC model of emotion. Emot. Rev. 5 (4), 335–343 (2013)
K.R. Scherer, What are emotions? And how can they be measured? Soc. Sci. Inf. 44 , 695–729 (2005)
B. Plotkin, Wild Mind: A Field Guide to the Human Psyche (New World Library, Novato, CA, 2013)
W. Wei, Q. Jia, 3D facial expression recognition based on Kinect. Int. J. Innov. Comput. Inf. Control 13 , 1843–1854 (2017)
J.R. Fontaine, K.R. Scherer, E.B. Roesch, P.C. Ellsworth, The world of emotions is not two-dimensional. Psychol. Sci. 18 (12), 1050–1057 (2007)
R. Reisenzein, The Schachter theory of emotion: two decades later. Psychol. Bull. 94 (2), 239–264 (1983)
A. Patwardhan, G. Knapp, Aggressive actions and anger detection from multiple modalities using Kinect. arXiv preprint arXiv:1607.01076 (2016)
J. Tao, T. Tan, Affective computing: a review, in International Conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction (Beijing, China, 2005), pp. 981–995
M. Lang, Investigating the Emotiv EPOC for cognitive control in limited training time, Honours Report (Department of Computer Science, University of Canterbury, 2012)
T.N. Malete, K. Moruti, T.S. Thapelo, R.S. Jamisola, EEG-based control of a 3D game using 14-channel Emotiv Epoc+, in 2019 IEEE International Conference on Cybernetics and Intelligent Systems and IEEE Conference on Robotics, Automation and Mechatronics (Bangkok, Thailand, 2019), pp. 463–468
C. Levicán, A. Aparicio, V. Belaunde, R.F. Cádiz, Insight2osc: using the brain and the body as a musical instrument with the Emotiv Insight, in International Conference on New Interfaces for Musical Expression , (2017), pp. 287–290
A.M. Triantafyllou, G.A. Tsihrintzis, Group affect recognition: completed databases & smart uses, in ACM 3th International Conference on E-Education, E-Business and E-Technology (ICEBT) (2019) pp. 38–42
A.M. Triantafyllou, G.A. Tsihrintzis, Group affect recognition: optimization of automatic classification, in Springer 12th Joint Conference on Knowledge-Based Software Engineering (JCKBSE) (2018), pp. 189–196
A.M. Triantafyllou, G.A. Tsihrintzis, Group affect recognition: Visual - facial collection, in IEEE 29th International Conference on Tools with Artificial Intelligence (ICTAI) (2017), pp. 677–681
A.M. Triantafyllou, G.A. Tsihrintzis, Group affect recognition: evaluation of basic automated sorting, in IEEE 9th International Conference on Information, Intelligence, Systems and Applications (IISA) (2018), pp. 1–8
L.F. Barrett, R. Adolphs, S. Marsella, A.M. Martinez, S.D. Pollak, Emotional expressions reconsidered: challenges to inferring emotion from human facial movements. Psychol. Sci. Public Interest 20 (1), 1–68 (2019)
S. Tornincasa, E. Vezzetti, S. Moos, M.G. Violante, F. Marcolin, N. Dagnes, L. Ulrich, G.F. Tregnaghi, 3D facial action units and expression recognition using a crisp logic. Comput. Aided Des. Appl. 16 , 256–268 (2019)
B. Fasel, J. Luettin, Automatic facial expression analysis: a survey. Pattern Recognit. 36 (1), 259–275 (2003)
S. Alghowinem, M. AlShehri, R. Goecke, M. Wagner, Exploring eye activity as an indication of emotional states using an eye-tracking sensor, in Intelligent Systems for Science and Information , eds. By L. Chen, S. Kapoor, R. Bhatia (Springer, 2014), pp. 261–276
P.A. Chiesa, M.T. Liuzza, A. Acciarino, S.M. Aglioti, Subliminal perception of others’ physical pain and pleasure. Exp. Brain Res. 233 (8), 2373–2382 (2015)
H.I. Liao, M. Yoneya, S. Kidani, M. Kashino, S. Furukawa, Human pupillary dilation response to deviant auditory stimuli: effects of stimulus properties and voluntary attention. Front Neurosci. 10 , 43 (2016)
S.W. Gilroy, M. Cavazza, R. Chaignon, S.M. Mäkelä, M. Niranen, E. André, T. Vogt, M. Billinghurst, H. Seichter, M. Benayoun, E-tree: emotionally driven augmented reality art, in 16th ACM International Conference on Multimedia (Vancouver BC, Canada, 2008), pp. 945–948
M. Munezero, C.S. Montero, E. Sutinen, J. Pajunen, Are they different? Affect, feeling, emotion, sentiment, and opinion detection in text, IEEE Trans. Affect Comput. 5 (2), 101–111 (2014)
G. Goth, Deep or shallow, NLP is breaking out. Commun. ACM 59 (3), 13–16 (2016)
I. Kotsia, S. Zafeiriou, S. Fotopoulos, Affective gaming: a comprehensive survey, in IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops (Portland, OR, USA, 2013), pp. 663–670
J.K. Argasiński, P. Węgrzyn, P. Strojny, Affective VR serious game for firefighter training, in Workshop on Affective Computing and Context Awareness in Ambient Intelligence ( AfCAI ) (Valencia, Spain, 2018), p. 43
D. Quesnel, S. DiPaola, B.E. Riecke, Deep learning for classification of peak emotions within virtual reality systems, in International SERIES on Information Systems and Management in Creative eMedia (CreMedia) , (2017/2), (2018), pp. 6–11
V. Sharma, M. Goyal, D. Malik, An intelligent behaviour shown by chatbot system. Int. J. Res. Eng. Technol. 3 (4), 52–54 (2017)
S. Patil, V.M. Mudaliar, P. Kamat, S. Gite, LSTM based ensemble network to enhance the learning of long-term dependencies in chatbot. Int. J. Simul. Multidiscip. Des. Optim. 11 :Article 25 (2020)
Y.T. Wan, C.C. Chiu, K.W. Liang, P.C. Chang, Midoriko Chatbot: LSTM-based emotional 3D avatar, in 2019 IEEE 8th Global Conference on Consumer Electronics (Osaka, Japan, 2019), pp. 937–940
A. Papafragou, Pragmatic development. Lang. Learn. Dev. 14 (3), 167–169 (2018)
E. Johnson, R. Hervás, G. López, C. de la Franca, T. Mondéjar, S.F. Ochoa, J. Favela, Assessing empathy and managing emotions through interactions with an affective avatar. Health Inf. J. 24 (2), 182–193 (2018)
D. Siegmund, L. Chiesa, O. Hörr, F. Gabler, A. Braun, A. Kuijper, Talis—A design study for a wearable device to assist people with depression, in 2017 IEEE 41st Annual Computer Software and Applications Conference July 4–8 . (Italy, Turin, 2017), pp. 543–548
A. Alepis, M. Virvou, Automatic generation of emotions in tutoring agents for affective e-learning in medical education. Expert Syst. Appl. 38 (2011), 9840–9847 (2011)
D. Novak, G. Chanel, P. Guillotel, A. Koenig, Guest editorial: toward commercial applications of affective computing. IEEE Trans. Affect Comput. 8 (2), 145–147 (2017)
M. Virvou, G.A. Tsihrintzis, E. Alepis, I.-O. Stathopoulou, K. Kabassi, On the use of multi-attribute decision making for combining audio-lingual and visual-facial modalities in emotion recognition, in Tsihrintzis GA . ed. by M. Virvou, L.C. Jain, R.J. Howlett, T. Watanabe (Intelligent Interactive Multimedia Systems and Services in Practice, Springer, 2015), pp. 7–34
E. Politou, E. Alepis, C. Patsakis, A survey on mobile affective computing. Comput. Sci. Rev. 25 , 79–100 (2017)
Download references
Acknowledgements
The financial support of the N atural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) and the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (SSHRC), is gratefully acknowledged.
Author information
Authors and affiliations.
Software and Informatics Research Centre, Ontario Tech University, Oshawa, ON, Canada
Geoffrey Gaudi, Bill Kapralos & Alvaro Quevedo
maxSIMhealth Group, Ontario Tech University, Oshawa, ON, Canada
Bill Kapralos
School of Information Technology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
K. C. Collins
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar
Corresponding author
Correspondence to Bill Kapralos .
Editor information
Editors and affiliations.
Department of Informatics, University of Piraeus, Piraeus, Greece
Maria Virvou
George A. Tsihrintzis
Director of Applied Intelligent Systems Laboratory, Department of Nuclear Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
Lefteri H. Tsoukalas
KES International, Shoreham-by-Sea, UK
Lakhmi C. Jain
Rights and permissions
Reprints and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Gaudi, G., Kapralos, B., Collins, K., Quevedo, A. (2022). Affective Computing: An Introduction to the Detection, Measurement, and Current Applications. In: Virvou, M., Tsihrintzis, G.A., Tsoukalas, L.H., Jain, L.C. (eds) Advances in Artificial Intelligence-based Technologies. Learning and Analytics in Intelligent Systems, vol 22. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80571-5_3
Download citation
DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80571-5_3
Published : 03 October 2021
Publisher Name : Springer, Cham
Print ISBN : 978-3-030-80570-8
Online ISBN : 978-3-030-80571-5
eBook Packages : Intelligent Technologies and Robotics Intelligent Technologies and Robotics (R0)
Share this chapter
Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:
Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.
Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative
- Publish with us
Policies and ethics
- Find a journal
- Track your research
IMAGES
VIDEO
COMMENTS
We provide a comprehensive taxonomy of state-of-the-art (SOTA) affective computing methods from the perspective of either ML-based methods or DL-based techniques and consider how the different affective modalities are used to analyze and recognize affect.
This review presents a quantitative analysis of 33,448 articles published in the period from 1997 to 2023, identifying challenges, calling attention to 10 technology trends, and outlining a blueprint for future applications.
we discuss various applications where affective computing has a significant impact, which will aid future scholars in gaining a better understanding of its significance and practical relevance.
Wu et al. (2015) reviewed the research trends regarding affective computing in education between 1997 and 2013. They identified 90 relevant papers from selected databases and proposed five challenges and problems for affective computing implementation in education.
Firstly, we introduce two typical emotion models followed by commonly used databases for affective computing. Next, we survey and taxonomize state-of-the-art unimodal affect recognition and multimodal affective analysis in terms of their detailed architectures and performances.
This paper aims to address this gap by discussing the importance of affective computing and delving into its concepts, methods, and outcomes. Drawing upon ML and XR approaches, we conduct a comprehensive survey of recent methodologies employed in affective computing.
This paper discusses the significance of affective computing, as well as its ideas, conceptions, methods, and outcomes. By using approaches of ML and XR, we survey and discuss recent methodologies in affective computing.
Affective computing is currently one of the most active research topics, furthermore, having increasingly intensive attention. This strong interest is driven by a wide spectrum of promising applications in many areas such as virtual reality, smart surveillance,...
This paper explores the concepts and studies around Affective Computing such as the understanding of emotions and different models that view how emotions can be defined and recognized as well...
Affective computing aims to design and develop natural human-user interfaces that respond to the emotional needs of the user, bridging the gap between humans and technology. With the continuing technological advancements affective computing technologies are now...