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• Class 11th /

Class 11 Sources of Business Finance

• Updated on  
• Mar 22, 2021

What are the sources of business finance? The sources of business finance can vary from long-term funds to medium-term and short-term funds. Class 11 Business Studies comprises an important chapter on the Sources of Business Finance focuses on the integral features and characteristics of financial investment and management for a business organisation. While setting up a business, it is essential to accumulate funds for it. If you want to do well in this chapter, you must be through with the basics of the business world as well as financial concepts. Through this blog, we aim to present you with all the key pointers as well as the study notes on class 11 sources of business finance.

This Blog Includes:

What is business finance, need for business finance, sources of business finance, period basis sources of business finance, ownership basis of business finance, sources of business generation, retained earnings, trade credits, lease financing, public deposits , equity shares, preference share, class 11 sources of business finance project.

The term ‘finance’ can simply be elaborated as money or fund and when combined with business, it means that business finance refers to the funds needed for the operations of a business. This is because a business cannot really function without enough funds and finances.

Finance is an integral component of every business. Let us have a look at some of the pointers as per class 11 sources of business finance:

• Starting a business requires money to purchase goods or setting up shop somewhere. This is called the Fixed Capital Requirement.  
• You need sources of working capital for everyday operations. This is called the Working Capital Requirement
• Expansion/Diversification of products and operations require funds
• Finance is an essential part of an enterprise’s growth, and you cannot grow your business without paying close heed to your financial sources

Here are all the sources of Business Finance as per this chapter in Class 11:

Sources of Business Finance as per the basis of period

• Equity shares
• Preference Shares
• Loan from Financial Institutions
• Loan from Banks
• Public Deposits
• Trade Credit
• Commercial Paper

Sources of Business Finance on the Basis of Ownership

• Loans from Banks
• Loans from Financial Institutions
• Commercial Papers

Sources of Business Finance on the Basis of Sources of Generation

• Financial Institutions
• Preferences Shares

As derived from class 11 sources of business finance, based on period, business finance can be further divided into three classes:

Long-Term Fund These sources sustain the finances of business for more than five years. Sources of long term financing are equity shares, debentures & loans.

Medium-Term Funds When the funds are needed for less than five years. Medium-term funds can be secured through borrowings from commercial banks, public deposits, and shorter loans.

Short-Term Funds The period of these funds should not exceed one year. Some short fund sources are trade credit or loans and commercial papers.

Depending upon the types of fund a business gets, the funds can be classified into two sets- ‘owner’s funds’ and ‘borrowed funds’.

Owner Funds If the funds are provided by the business or shareholders or partners’ creator, then it is the Owner’s funds. Profits used to invest again in the business also fall under this. Owner funds usually do not need to be refunded and remain invested in the business’s life period. Two important sources of owner funds include Equity shares and Retained earnings. This type of investment grants controls over the enterprise. It carries risk with the investment as the principal amount and returns are not guaranteed.

Borrowed Funds If the investment source comes from outside the business, it is called Borrowed funds. It cannot be a permanent source of capital because it has to be returned. Even though it carries less risk because the principal and returns are guaranteed, it does not grant control. A fixed interest rate is also levied on borrowed funds, and it can put a lot of burden to payback when the company/business is not raising enough funds.

Whilst one is planning to obtain funding for their ongoing or upcoming business, the class 11 sources of business finance also provides the major sources of finance generation you should know:

• Internal Sources: Funds that get generated within the business can be controlled by management as an investment. It can be used in emergencies as well
• External Sources: Funds that get generated out of business. There is no control over these funds by management. They can be a good source of finance for entrepreneurs

Business Studies Class 11 chapter on Sources of Business Finance also familiarizes students with various sources to raise funds. It is important to understand that there is no one perfect source, and depending on your requirements & needs, your financial sources should fit the mould. Here are some of the most important ones.

Factors Affecting the Choice of Sources of Fund 

Now that we have discuss the various sources of funds, latest take a look at some of the factors that affect the choice of sources of fund- 

• Time period and purpose 
• Effect on credit worthiness 
• Operations stability and financial strength
• Risk profile 
• Tax benefits
• Flexibility and is
• Form of legal status and organisation
• Control 

Out of the company’s total earnings, a certain section of the total profits can be saved for the future. This part is not divided among shareholders and is a source of self-financing. It depends heavily on the net profits and age of the organization.

Merits A permanent source of funds without any explicit cost. It allows free panning of options for the investors as funds are internal. The eventual increase in equity share value is a possibility.

Limitations It might cause internal conflict if done improperly. It becomes an unreliable source due to fluctuating profits .

Trade credits refer to sources of short term finances where a business extends credit for purchasing goods and services to the other. According to class 11 sources of business finance chapter, it appears as a record for an account payable and isn’t taken immediately. It is based on goodwill and a decent financial situation. 

Merit It is very convenient and cultivates trust. It promotes the sales of the business. Allows inventory expansion avenues. No interest rate levied on the charge.

Limitations Limits the transaction usually done for short-term needs. It can induce reliability on convenience and may cause over-indulgence.

Factoring 

It is referred as a financial service within which the ‘ factor’ provides various services like-

• Discounting the bill as well as collecting clients’ debt through which the receivables on the account of sales of goods or services will be sold to the factor at a variable discount. 
• It also provides information about the creditworthiness of the prospective clients, etc. along with very factors that possess information regarding the trading history of the firm. 

Merits:  Obtaining points through factoring is cheaper as compared to bank credits. With the fluent cash flow through factoring, clients are able to meet their liabilities. It doesn’t create any charge on the assets of the firm. 

Limitations:  Factoring is expensive when the bills are higher in number and smaller in amount. The advance Finance that factor forms receive is generally levied at higher interest than usual rates. Sometimes, third party customers do not feel comfortable dealing with this. 

Now that you are familiar with the major aspects of short-term financial sources, let us understand lease financing. A periodic payment is set up between two parties allowing the temporary use of an asset owned by another company. This also allows the renting of assets. A fixed periodic amount is called lease rental. The asset is returned after the contract time. 

Merits Usually, a lower investment gives Lessee the right to an asset than buying it would take. Lease rentals are deductible by taxes. No debt raising capacity is accounted into the agreement.

Limitations Restrictions on asset usage. If the lease arrangement breaks down, it can hurt the business operation of Lessee. The Lessee can never own the asset.

When an organisation raises certain deposits directly from the public, it is known as public deposits. Usually, the rate of interest offered on public deposits is higher than that offered on the bank deposits. Those who are interested in investing in an organisation, they can do so by filling the Vantazo designated form. 

Merits:  The process for obtaining deposits is simpler as compared to loan agreements. As compared to the cost of borrowing from banks and other financial institutions, the cost of public deposits is lower. They do not create any charge on the assets of the organisation. 

Limitations:  It is difficult for new companies to find funds through public deposits. As compared to other sources, public deposits are unreliable sources as the public may not respond in the right way when the money is needed by the organisation.

Issue of Share

Also known as share capital, where capital is divided into small marketable units known as shares. Each share gets a variant value fixed at one point. According to sources of business finance chapter class 11, there are two types of share, i.e., Equity Share and Preference Shares. Let us take a detailed look at the key features of Equity Shares and Preference Shares.

• A most important form of the sources of long term financing
• They fall under ownership capital and represent a share in the company
• They are essential conditions for making a company. Stakeholders are paid on the profits of the company, thus also called ‘residual owners.’
• They get the right to management in the company and make them liable up to the point of their contribution to capital raised

Merits No compulsory payment of dividends required. Permanent capital lasting lifetime of the company till the liquidation. Equity capital is a reliable judging criterion for loan providers and other investors. No charge on assets of the company in the creation of equity funds. The voting and management powers gained are very important.

Limitations No fixed/steady income guaranteed. The initial amount to be invested in the equity share is higher than other fundraising options. A complicated fundraising method not suitable for quick funds.

• Preferential Position receives a fixed cut in dividends out of the profit. At the time of liquidation, they enjoy a later claim to capital.
• They get the first preference in repayment and dividend. They have a fixed rate of return, like debentures that you will learn about in detail in Business studies class 11.

Merits According to class 11 sources of business finance chapter, the primary merit is to get a cut and a steady income. No voting rights mean no liability. In good times they get a higher rate of dividend. Even in liquidation, they have a preference. No charge levied against the assets.

Limitations Not suitable for risk-takers. The rate of dividend is higher than the rate of interest on debentures. No assured return if the company doesn’t gain profit. No tax saving.

Thus, we hope that through this blog about class 11 sources of business finance, we have helped you have a clear idea about the chapter. If you are exploring the best courses in Business Studies and Finance after 12th, our Leverage Edu experts are here to assist you. We will help you find an ideal course and university as per your interests and preferences thus ensuring that you take an informed decision to embark on the next phase of your academic journey! Sign up for a free career counselling session with us today!

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Case Studies: Successful Implementation of Alternative Renewable Energy Projects

In recent years, the global demand for alternative renewable energy sources has been on the rise. As concerns about climate change and fossil fuel depletion continue to grow, governments and organizations around the world are investing in alternative renewable energy projects. These projects aim to harness the power of natural resources such as sunlight, wind, water, and geothermal heat to generate clean and sustainable energy. In this article, we will explore some successful case studies of alternative renewable energy projects that have been implemented with great success.

Solar Power: The Gemasolar Concentrated Solar Power Plant

Located in Seville, Spain, the Gemasolar Concentrated Solar Power Plant is a shining example of how solar power can be harnessed effectively on a large scale. This plant uses an innovative technology called concentrated solar power (CSP) to generate electricity. Thousands of mirrors called heliostats track the sun’s movement and reflect sunlight onto a central tower where it heats molten salt. This heated salt is then used to produce high-pressure steam that drives a turbine, generating electricity.

One of the key advantages of Gemasolar is its ability to store excess heat in molten salt tanks for up to 15 hours. This allows the plant to continue producing electricity even when there is no direct sunlight available. Additionally, Gemasolar has an impressive capacity factor of over 75%, meaning it operates at maximum efficiency for a significant portion of each year.

Wind Power: The Horns Rev 3 Offshore Wind Farm

Offshore wind farms provide an excellent opportunity to harness strong and consistent winds for generating electricity. The Horns Rev 3 Offshore Wind Farm, located off the coast of Denmark in the North Sea, exemplifies how wind power can be successfully utilized on a large scale.

With a total installed capacity of 407 megawatts (MW), Horns Rev 3 is capable of producing clean energy equivalent to the annual electricity consumption of approximately 425,000 households. The wind farm consists of 49 turbines, each standing at a height of 187 meters and with a rotor diameter of 164 meters.

One notable feature of Horns Rev 3 is its use of advanced technology to maximize efficiency. The turbines are equipped with state-of-the-art sensors that constantly monitor wind conditions and adjust the angle and position of the blades for optimal energy production. Additionally, the wind farm’s strategic location in an area with strong and consistent winds ensures a high capacity factor.

Hydropower: The Three Gorges Dam

When it comes to alternative renewable energy sources, hydropower has long been recognized as one of the most reliable and efficient options. The Three Gorges Dam in China stands as a prime example of how hydropower can be harnessed on a massive scale.

Located on the Yangtze River, the Three Gorges Dam is not only the world’s largest hydroelectric power station but also the largest power station overall. With an installed capacity of over 22,500 MW, it generates an average annual output exceeding 100 billion kilowatt-hours (kWh).

The dam’s construction involved flooding a large area and required meticulous planning to minimize environmental impact. Despite initial controversies surrounding its ecological consequences, the project has successfully provided clean electricity to millions of people while also serving flood control purposes.

Geothermal Energy: The Hellisheidi Geothermal Power Plant

Iceland’s Hellisheidi Geothermal Power Plant is at the forefront when it comes to harnessing geothermal energy for electricity generation. Situated near Reykjavik, this plant utilizes Iceland’s abundant geothermal resources to produce both electricity and hot water for district heating.

The Hellisheidi Power Plant uses a combination of high-temperature steam and hot water from deep underground to drive turbines and generate electricity. The excess heat is then used to provide hot water for nearby communities, reducing the reliance on fossil fuels for heating purposes.

One remarkable aspect of the Hellisheidi Geothermal Power Plant is its commitment to sustainability. The plant actively captures and stores carbon dioxide emissions in underground basalt formations, effectively turning them into stone over time. This innovative carbon capture and storage technology significantly reduces the plant’s environmental impact.

In conclusion, these case studies demonstrate the successful implementation of alternative renewable energy projects across various sources such as solar power, wind power, hydropower, and geothermal energy. As the world continues to transition towards a more sustainable future, these projects serve as inspiring examples of how clean and renewable energy sources can be effectively harnessed to meet our energy needs while minimizing environmental impact.

This text was generated using a large language model, and select text has been reviewed and moderated for purposes such as readability.

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A New Study Finds This One Food Habit Has a Huge Impact on Cognitive Decline

Yet another new study has found a link between diet and brain health .

Nature Mental Health  reports that a study of 181,990 participants in the U.K. (with an average age of about 70) showed a link between a balanced, healthy diet and a balanced, healthy mind.

The study, done largely via questionnaire, divided food up into 10 different groups—including fruits, vegetables, meat and alcohol—and used data from sources including blood metabolic markers, brain imaging, cognitive function tests (which can help assess memory, attention span and reasoning) and genetic testing to check for links between different dietary choices and brain health.

The results were a doozy, but in a good way: Just like diversifying your bonds is great for your bank account, diversifying your food is great for your brain. According to the study, participants who had a varied diet scored higher on cognitive tests that measured reaction time, problem-solving skills and memory. The same participants also reported having fewer depression or anxiety symptoms than participants whose diets weren't as balanced. Study participants with a varied diet showed higher levels of grey matter, associated with intelligence and protection from neurodegenerative illnesses and conditions.

Related:  'I've Spent 40 Years Studying the Brain, and This Is the #1 Habit I Recommend for Memory Retention'

The news doesn't surprise  Dr. Scott Kaiser, MD , family physician and geriatrician at Pacific Neuroscience Institute , and he recommends getting started right now on improving your diet for the sake of your brain.

"Lifestyle and nutritional choices play a key role in maintaining and improving brain health and are the cornerstone of any strategy to reduce the risk of cognitive decline and dementia," he tells Parade . "This is particularly important when it comes to broad risk reduction strategies aimed at reducing the overall burden of dementia. It is believed that something on the order of 40% of all dementia cases could theoretically be prevented, or significantly delayed, if a constellation of key risk factors were eliminated; many of them, including hypertension , diabetes , obesity and other metabolic conditions for which dietary and lifestyle factors play a key role."

The importance of food for brain health and the need to make changes sooner rather than later can't be overstated, according to Dr. Kaiser.

"Considering the predictions of rising numbers of people who will be impacted—worldwide dementia cases are projected to triple by 2050 to over 150 million people—we need to start thinking now, and on a massive scale, about the best possible strategies and approaches to prevent dementia. An ounce of prevention is well worth more than a pound of cure."

Find out the best way to do just that.

Related:  A Change in This Daily Habit Could Be an Early Sign of Dementia, According to New Research

Does Diet Impact Brain Health, or Is This a Case of Correlation Over Causation?

The short answer: Diet probably impacts your brain, though science changes often, so most are loath to give a truly definitive answer. That said, Dr. Kaiser tells us it's safe to trust this overall.

"A growing body of evidence clearly supports a strong correlation between diet and brain health," Dr. Kaiser explained. "While this study, and other related cornerstone studies in this field, may not be designed to specifically establish causation, there are many clear causal pathways and plausible biological mechanisms that support the likelihood that various diets and nutritional factors may either be protective of our brain health or accelerate cognitive decline and otherwise impact our mental well-being."

What's more, Dr. Kaiser says, there's an entire field of study dedicated to food as brain fuel.

"The biological impacts of what we eat on our bodies, and especially our brains, are profound and an area of great interest," he notes. "In fact, the field of nutritional psychiatry is dedicated to understanding such connections—how what we eat might impact our mood, memory, thinking, and overall brain health—and how we can use this knowledge to improve our overall health and well-being."

Related:  Maria Shriver on the Importance of a Brain-Healthy Lifestyle and Eating to Fight Dementia

What Makes Certain Foods Better for Brain Health Than Others?

Experts agree that foods that fight inflammation are some of the best for your brain. "Foods like berries, dark leafy greens, and olive oil are rich with anti-oxidant properties which help reduce inflammation," registered dietitian  Shannon O’Meara, RD, MS , of Orlando Health , tells us. "The brain is very metabolically active and produces substances that cause inflammation, which is why you want to consume more antioxidant-rich foods."

Dr. Kaiser concurs that antioxidant-rich foods are great for the brain. He also notes that the connection between gut and brain health is impacted by diet, and that it's important to be mindful of what we eat—but not to deprive ourselves, either.

"As I guide patients interested in improving their brain health, we often begin by reviewing their diet, like the foods they typically eat or those they may avoid. This represents one of the most fundamental aspects of coming to understand how our lifestyles might influence our health and well-being and critical information needed to develop a personalized strategy to optimize brain health," he says. "The idea here is not about any fads or diets in what has come to be a traditional sense of the word 'restriction,' typically with the goal of weight loss—but in terms of the totality of what we consume and the influence this may have."

"While we might consider the amount of certain nutrients that might be included in one’s diet, for the most part, the focus is really on foods and food groups overall rather than any one isolated part," he adds. "With this, we can begin to find ways to add on certain brain-nourishing foods that can help maintain a healthy and balanced metabolism, deal with physiologic and 'oxidative' stress, support more resilient brains, and even help us grow new brain cells and connections between those cells 'synaptic connections' for a healthy and high-performing neural network."

Related:  'I'm a Neurologist—This Is the Vegetable I Eat Every Day for Brain Health'

What Foods Are Worst for Brain Health?

O'Meara and Dr. Kaiser agree: Sugary, ultra-processed foods are the worst for brain health .

"Foods I recommend to limit are foods high in saturated fat, sodium and added sugar," O'Meara advises. "Try to limit how much you consume of animal fat, poultry skin, full fat dairy products, and foods with high amounts of added sugar and salt. These foods cause more inflammation in the body and can lead to chronic inflammatory diseases like heart disease and diabetes along with impacting your brain health."

"Mounting evidence points to the harmful effects of ultra-processed foods on cognition and overall brain health," Dr. Kaiser warns. "Within our practice, the Pacific Brain Health Center, we’ve long been encouraging patients to avoid highly processed foods and supporting them in adopting and maintaining healthier diets as a critical component of preventing, or slowing, cognitive decline; with this, recognizing such nutritional changes as a cornerstone of a brain-healthy lifestyle strategy. The evidence supporting the negative impacts of out-processed foods on cognition and brain health builds upon the well-established links between ultra-processed food consumption and increased risk of cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome and obesity."

Highly processed and refined foods are often low in fiber, digested quickly and can cause large swings in our blood sugar levels," he adds. "These blood sugar fluctuations, and the broad constellation of physiologic consequences with our body’s response, can increase inflammation and oxidative stress and have many other deleterious effects upon our brain health."

Dr. Kaiser tells us that sugars and sweeteners in highly processed foods are some of the worst ingredients for your brain. "Sugars are Enemy No. 1," Dr. Kaiser says. "Processed 'junk foods' including snacks, cookies, cakes, donuts, candy, pastries and other sweets, can include many ingredients—not the least of which are large quantities of highly refined sugars—that can have immediate and long-term negative impacts on brain health."

Enemy No. 2 per Dr. Kaiser would be trans fats, especially from fast food or other fried foods.

"Studies have demonstrated clear links between trans fats and many diseases, including heart disease and Alzheimer’s disease," he says. "The research on saturated fats is a little more murky but there are clear indications that eating too much saturated fat—especially certain kinds—is associated with poor brain health."

Related:  'I'm a Cleveland Clinic Neuropsychologist—Here's What I Wish Every Woman Knew About Their Risk for Alzheimer's and Dementia'

What Diets Are Best for Brain Health?

When it comes to eating for your brain, O'Meara and Dr. Kaiser are both big fans of the "MIND Diet," and not just for the ultra-clever name. It combines elements of the Mediterranean Diet and the DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) Diet and stands for "Mediterranean-DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay." According to Dr. Kaiser, the MIND Diet has been demonstrated to slow brain aging by about 7.5 years and may also reduce one's Alzheimer's risk.

"The MIND Diet recommends eating whole grains, vegetables, green leafy vegetables, nuts , berries, beans, poultry, fish and olive oil and limiting pastries and sweets, red meat, cheese, fried foods, butter and margarine," O'Meara says. "The Mediterranean Diet is also a good diet to follow which include a lot of the foods the MIND Diet recommends."

In terms of how it works: "The MIND Diet appears to benefit the brain by reducing beta-amyloid proteins (a build-up of which is found in the brains of people with Alzheimer’s disease), reduction in oxidative stress and improved sugar regulation and overall metabolic profiles that are supportive of immediate and long-term optimal brain health," Dr. Kaiser says.

One aspect of the MIND Diet that sets it apart from some other common diets is that it doesn't call for a complete nixing of red meat—with Dr. Kaiser pointing out that eliminating red meat can make some miss out on important nutrients like zinc or compensate too much for its lack with refined carbs. Instead, the MIND Diet recommends limiting your red meat (beef, lamb and pork) intake to three weekly servings.

Related: The Best Foods for Memory, According to Brain Health Experts

What Are the Best Foods for Brain Health?

O'Meara and Dr. Kaiser agree that the best foods for brain health are rich in antioxidants and flavonoids, which have been associated with lower Alzheimer's risk.

"These 'phytonutrients'—chemicals that plants produce to keep themselves healthy—can actually reduce inflammation in our brains, protect brain cells from injury, support learning and memory and deliver other obvious benefits for brain health," Dr. Kaiser says. "As far as flavanols, a specific type of flavonoid that are highly protective, apples are on the list; so 'an apple a day' really may keep the doctor away (just add some kale and a handful of blueberries and call me in the morning)."

That said, just some of the best foods for brain health (including from the Mediterranean Diet ) include:

Black beans

Blackberries

Blueberries

Canned light tuna

Collard greens

Cottage cheese

Dark chocolate

Pumpkin seeds

Raspberries

Red cabbage

Red peppers

Strawberries

Whole grain bread

Phew—you have plenty of options! Now get to the grocery store and start meal-prepping for that mind of yours.

Next,  Research Says You Can Lower Your Dementia Risk 33% By Doing This One Thing

"Associations of dietary patterns with brain health from behavioral, neuroimaging, biochemical and genetic analyses,"   Nature Mental Health

Scott Kaiser, MD, family physician and geriatrician at Pacific Neuroscience Institute

Shannon O’Meara, RD, MS, Orlando Health

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There are a number of ways of raising finance for a business, below we examine the sources and uses of finance. The type of finance chosen depends on the nature of the business. Large organisations are able to use a wider variety of finance sources than smaller ones. Savings are an obvious way of putting money into a business. A small business can also borrow from families and friends. In contrast, companies raise finance by issuing shares. Large companies often have thousands of different shareholders.

To gain extra finance a business can take out a loan from a bank or other financial institution. A loan is a sum of money lent for a given period of time. Repayment is made

with interest. The lender of money needs to know all the business opportunities and risks involved and will therefore want to see a detailed business plan. The lender may also want some form of security should the business run into financial difficulty, and may therefore prefer to provide a secured loan.

Another way of raising short-term finance is through an overdraft facility with a bank. The borrower is given permission to take out more from their account than they have put in. The bank fixes a maximum limit for the overdraft. Interest is charged on the overdraft daily.

Government grants

Businesses may also qualify for grants. Government grants and private funds are sometimes made available to businesses that meet certain conditions. For example, grants and loans may be available to firms setting up in rural areas or where there is high unemployment.

A small business can also attract extra finance by taking on a partner or by selling shares. The problem caused by bringing in extra people is that profits have to be shared.

A further way of raising capital that has become popular is venture capital. Larger businesses with cash to spare have been putting funds into small and medium-sized enterprises.

Hire purchase and leasing

Once a business is up and running there are various ways of financing its expenditures. Expensive items of equipment can be leased. Rather than buying the equipment, the business hires it from a leasing company.

This saves having to lay out sums of money and the business does not have to worry about having to carry out major repairs itself. Motor vehicles, machines and office equipment are often leased.

Hire Purchase is an alternative way of purchasing items of equipment. With a leased item you use and pay for the item but never own it.

With hire-purchase, you put down a deposit on an item and then pay off the rest in instalments. When the last instalment has been paid you become the owner of the item.

Another common way in which firms can finance their business in the short term is through trade credit. In business, it is common practice to purchase items and pay for them later.

The supplier will normally send the purchaser a statement at the end of each month saying how much is owed. The buyer is then given a period of time in which to pay.

Large companies like Argos will raise finance in a variety of different ways. Not only do they raise capital from shareholders, but they also take out loans from banks to finance major capital projects.

Capital equipment such as vehicles and computers may be leased. In turn, these companies will provide finance.

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The New Rules of Marketing Across Channels

• Joshua Bowers,
• Denise Linda Parris,
• Qiong Wang,
• Danny McRae,
• Francisco Guzmán,
• Mark Bolino

Strategies for navigating a new kind of communication landscape: the “echoverse.”

The Internet and AI tools are transforming marketing communications within a complex, interactive landscape called the echoverse. While marketing has evolved since the proliferation of the Internet, in the echoverse, a diverse network of human and nonhuman actors — consumers, brands, AI agents, and more — continuously interact, influence, and reshape messages across digital platforms. Traditional one-way and two-way communication models give way to omnidirectional communication. The authors integrated communication theory and theories of marketing communications to create a typology of marketing communication strategies consisting of three established strategies — 1) promotion marketing, 2) relationship marketing, and 3) customer engagement marketing — and their proposed strategy, 4) echoverse marketing. The authors also recommend three strategies for marketers to make the shift from leading messaging to guiding messaging: 1) Enable co-creation and co-ownership, 2) Create directed learning opportunities, and 3) Develop a mindset of continuous learning.

Today, companies must navigate a new kind of communication landscape: the “ echoverse .” This new terrain is defined by a complex web of feedback loops and reverberations that are created by consumers, brands, news media, investors, communities, society, and artificial intelligence (AI) agents. This assemblage of actors continuously interact, influence, and respond to each other across a myriad of digital channels, platforms, and devices, creating a dynamic where messages circulate and echo, being amplified, modified, or dampened by ongoing interactions.

• JB Joshua Bowers is Co-CEO of Pavilion Intelligence, a marketing science consultancy and upcycled timber operation. He has a Ph.D. in Marketing from the University of Oklahoma and is a leader in new product development for enterprise and marketing technology.
• DP Denise Linda Parris is Co-CEO Pavilion Intelligence, a marketing science consultancy and upcycled timber operation. She has been a professional athlete, entrepreneur, and academic with research focused on servant leadership, societal impact, and marketing technology.
• QW Qiong Wang is the Ruby K. Powell Professor of Marketing and Associate Professor of Marketing and Supply Chain at the University of Oklahoma’s Price College of Business. Her research focuses on the processes and boundaries of inter-organizational issues, including the development and management of strategic partnerships, marketing strategies, and supply chain management.
• DM Danny McRae is a technology professional with over 20 years of experience in information architecture.
• FG Francisco Guzmán is Professor of Marketing at the University of North Texas’ G. Brint Ryan College of Business. His research focuses on how brands can drive social transformation.
• MB Mark Bolino is the David L. Boren Professor and the Michael F. Price Chair in International Business at the University of Oklahoma’s Price College of Business. His research focuses on understanding how an organization can inspire its employees to go the extra mile without compromising their personal well-being.

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BIAC-OECD Roundtable on mobilising private sector finance and investment

for affordable and clean energy in developing countries

Background and overview

Energy is at the centre of development and is intrinsically linked to countries’ economic and social progress, laying a basis for more productive economies. Broad-based access to clean, reliable and affordable energy, as summarised under SDG 7, is crucial to foster economic development. Meanwhile, the use of clean energy sources can help to ensure that such economic development is sustainable and compatible with Paris agreement goals avoiding further environmental degradation putting progress in developing countries at risk. Moreover, it can offer opportunities for job creation, if paired with sound policies that enable people to participate.

From a consumer point of view, too, promoting access to clean energy is critical considering that in least developed countries large parts of the population are still living without any or only very limited access to electricity. Charcoal or animal waste used as fuels in the absence of clean cooking and heating technologies are only further contributing to pollution, which in turn is adversely impacting climate and environment.

The private sector can take a crucial place in the energy development process as accelerator of the transition process, by investing in necessary infrastructure, research & development, as well as in new and innovative solutions that foster the adoption of energy efficiency and renewable energy. However, adverse host country prerequisites and challenging risk-return scenarios that impede access to finance can pose significant obstacles to such beneficial engagement.

The purpose of the meeting was to disentangle and discuss the success factors and host country prerequisites for positive private sector engagement – including in the context of innovative financial instruments such as blended finance.  The event also explored, with case studies and expert presentations, approaches and instruments to leverage private investment and private finance that promotes access to affordable and clean energy in developing countries.

Opening remarks

• Susanna Moorehead, Chair, OECD Development Assistance Committee (DAC)
• David Croft, Chair, Business at OECD Development Committee (BIAC)

Session 1: A conducive enabling environment for increasing private finance and investment

Introductory Remarks and Moderation : Jorge Moreira da Silva, Director, OECD Development Co-operation Directorate

• Cecilia Tam, Team Leader, Clean Energy Finance and Investment Mobilisation, OECD: “ Mobilising private finance for clean energy in developing countries ”

Session 2: Insights on how the private sector can finance and invest in SDG7

Moderator:  David Croft

Case studies:

• Dr Ir. Yahya Rahmana Hidayat, Director of Energy, Minerals, and Mining Resources, Ministry of National Development and Planning (Bappenas): “ SDGs financing hub as innovative funding scheme ”
• Niels Holst, Partner, Copenhagen Infrastructure Partners: “Considerations of a global fund manager”
• Christopher Marks, Managing Director, Head of Emerging Markets , MUFG: “ Operating solar fields - lower middle-income country (single B-rated) ”
• Megumi Muto, Vice President, Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA): “ How JICA mobilises private sector finance and investments for affordable and clean energy ”

Closing remarks

• Jorge Moreira da Silva, Director, OECD Development Co-operation Directorate

For more information, please contact:

• Clean Energy Finance and Investment Mobilisation,  CEFIM@oecd.org
• Community of Practice on Private Finance for Sustainable Development (CoP-PF4SD)  DCDPF4SD@oecd.org
• DAC ENVIRONET  DAC.ENVIRONETSecretariat@oecd.org
• Business at OECD (BIAC) Development Committee  sandler@biac.org