essay daily transportation

Student Essays

5 Essays on Transportation [ Types & Importance in Life ]

Transportation is an important part of our lives. They facilitate our daily journeys, travel, tours etc, from one place to another. This Essay I have written for students that talks about the transportation, importance & types of transportation in life. This essay is very helpful for children and students for their school exams and written tests.

Essay on Transportation | Importance of Transportation in our Life

Transportation is an important part of our lives. It helps us get from one place to another. There are many different types of transportation, such as cars, buses, trains, planes, and boats. Each type of transportation has its own advantages and disadvantages.

Transportation refers at the process of transferring people or goods from one place to another. It is an important aspect of both our economic and social lives, facilitating the movement of goods and people between locations.

>>>> Read Also : ” Essay on My Travel Experience “

Types of Transportation:

There are many different types of transportation. Some of the most common are:

Cars: Cars are the most popular type of transportation in the United States. They are fast and can go anywhere. However, they are expensive to buy and to operate.

Buses: Buses are cheaper than cars, but they are not as fast. They also have to stop at bus stations, which can be inconvenient.

Trains: Trains are faster than buses and can go to more places, but they are also more expensive.

Planes: Planes are the fastest type of transportation, but they are also the most expensive.

Boats: Boats are a popular way to travel in the United States and around the world. They are slower than planes and cars, but they are cheaper than both.

Importance of Transportation in our Life:

Transportation is important because it helps us get from one place to another. It is also important for economic development. Transportation helps businesses move goods and services around the country and the world. It also helps people travel for work or pleasure.

Transportation is also important for safety. When people can get to hospitals, police stations, and fire stations quickly, it can save lives.

>>> Related Post: ” Essay on Effects of Global Warming ”

Short Essay on Transportation:

Transportation is the movement of people, goods and animals from one place to another. It has always been an important aspect of human civilization, enabling trade and communication between different regions.

The earliest forms of transportation were walking, swimming and riding animals. However, with advancements in technology, various modes of transportation have emerged such as roadways, railways, airways and waterways. Each of these modes has its own unique characteristics and benefits, catering to different needs and requirements.

Roadways are the most common form of transportation, with a vast network of interconnected roads allowing people and goods to travel within cities, towns and across countries. They provide flexibility and convenience for short distances, but can also lead to traffic congestion and pollution.

On the other hand, railways are a more efficient mode of transportation for long distances, carrying heavy loads of goods and people at high speeds. They also have a lower carbon footprint compared to roadways.

Airways have revolutionized transportation with the ability to travel long distances in short periods of time. However, they also contribute significantly to air pollution and climate change.

Waterways are another crucial form of transportation, especially for transporting goods across large bodies of water. They are also a popular mode of travel for tourists and provide a scenic and relaxing experience.

In conclusion, transportation plays a vital role in our daily lives and the economy. It has greatly evolved over time, making the world more connected and accessible. However, it is important to consider its impact on the environment and work towards sustainable solutions for the future. Transportation will continue to shape our society and it is important to adapt to its advancements while also being mindful of its consequences .

Essay on Transportation in India:

Transportation is an essential aspect of any country’s development and progress. In a vast and diverse country like India, having a robust transportation system is crucial for connecting people, goods, and services across the nation.

India has made significant strides in its transportation infrastructure over the years. The Indian Railways, with its extensive network of trains running on more than 121,000 kilometers of track, is the lifeline of the country. It carries millions of passengers and tons of freight every day and plays a vital role in the economy.

Apart from railways, India also has an extensive road network covering over 5 million kilometers. The National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) is responsible for constructing and maintaining highways connecting major cities and towns. This well-connected road network has facilitated the growth of trade and commerce, making it easier for businesses to transport goods across the country.

In recent years, India has also seen significant progress in air transportation. With the privatization of airlines and the modernization of airports, flying has become more affordable and accessible to a wider population. The improvement in air connectivity has not only made traveling within the country more convenient but has also boosted tourism and foreign investments.

In conclusion, transportation in India has come a long way, and its continued development is crucial for the country’s growth. With technological advancements and increased investment in infrastructure, India’s transportation system is only expected to get better, making it easier for people and goods to travel across the nation.

Essay on Transportation and Communication:

Transportation and communication have always been essential aspects of human civilization. They are crucial for the growth and development of any society, allowing people to exchange ideas, goods, services, and knowledge. In this short essay, we will explore the history of transportation and communication and how they have developed over time.

The earliest form of transportation was walking or using animals as a means to move from one place to another. As time passed, humans began using boats and ships for transportation over water bodies. The development of the wheel and cart revolutionized land transportation, enabling people to transport goods and travel longer distances.

With the invention of steam engines in the 19th century, railways became a popular mode of transportation. Later on, automobiles were introduced, changing the face of transportation forever. Today, we have a wide range of transportation options such as airplanes, high-speed trains, and even space shuttles.

Similarly, communication has undergone significant changes throughout history. In ancient times, people used smoke signals and drums to send messages over long distances. With the invention of writing systems came letter writing and the development of postal services. The telegraph, telephone, and radio were game-changing inventions that made communication faster and more efficient.

In recent years, the internet has revolutionized communication by providing instant messaging and video calling services. The rise of social media platforms has also changed the way we interact and communicate with each other.

Transportation and communication have not only connected people but also played a crucial role in shaping cultures, economies, and societies. They continue to evolve and improve, making the world a smaller and more connected place. So let us appreciate the advancements in transportation and communication that have made our lives easier and more efficient. After all, these are the pillars of human progress.

Essay on Transportation Problems:

Transportation is an essential component of our daily lives. It enables us to move from one place to another, delivering goods and services, and connecting people across the world. However, transportation also brings forth various challenges that continue to pose significant problems for society.

One of the most pressing transportation problems is traffic congestion. With the increasing number of vehicles on the roads and limited infrastructure, traffic congestion has become a common phenomenon in cities worldwide. This results in wasted time, increased air pollution, and reduced productivity for individuals and businesses.

Another transportation issue that affects our lives is the high cost of transportation. The rising fuel prices and maintenance costs make it difficult for people to afford their daily commute. This becomes even more challenging for low-income individuals who rely on public transportation.

Moreover, the reliance on non-renewable sources of energy for transportation has contributed to environmental issues such as air pollution and climate change. The emissions from vehicles are major contributors to greenhouse gases, which have a detrimental impact on our planet.

In addition, there is also the problem of accessibility in transportation. Many communities, particularly in rural areas, lack proper infrastructure and public transportation options, making it challenging for individuals to access basic necessities such as healthcare and education.

Transportation problems also have a significant impact on the economy. The inefficiencies in transportation systems can lead to delays in the delivery of goods and services, resulting in increased costs and lost opportunities for businesses.

Q: What is transportation in essay?

A: In an essay, transportation refers to the movement of people, goods, or information from one place to another, exploring its various modes, significance, and impacts.

Q: What is the importance of transportation in your life?

A: Transportation is crucial as it enables mobility, access to resources, economic activities, and connection with others, making it an integral part of daily life.

Q: What should I write about transportation?

A: You can write about the different modes of transportation, their role in society and the economy, challenges in transportation systems, and the impact of transportation on the environment.

Q: What is a transportation paragraph?

A: A transportation paragraph discusses various aspects of transportation, such as modes (e.g., road, rail, air, sea), their importance, and how they influence people’s lives and the movement of goods and services

151 Transportation Essay Topics & Writing Tips

Have you ever thought about the importance of transportation? Every day we see cars, trucks, planes, and ships and never wonder what exactly they are doing. In fact, these vehicles not only transport people from one place to another. They also form a vast system that plays a vital role in any country.

This is what transportation essays are devoted to. This article by Custom-Writing.org team will help you with writing your paper. Here, you will find:

a list of 151 excellent topics;
a step-by-step writing guide;
a public transportation essay sample.
🔄 Before You Start
✈️ Transportation Topics
✍️ Outline & Guide
📑 Essay Sample

🔗 References

🔄 essays on transportation: before you start.

First of all, we want to explain the two essential things you should consider before writing an essay. These are narrowing down the scope and planning .

STEP#1: Narrow down the scope.

Needless to say, transportation is a field that offers hundreds of issues to consider. You can start by determining what aspects of transportation interest you the most and using them as a starting point for your essay.

STEP#2: Plan your paper.

After you’ve collected plenty of material for the essay, the next step is to think what specific points you want to highlight and what particular sources will be necessary. An effective way to do it is to make note cards while researching your topic:

On every note card, write down the point that you want to include in your paper.
Look through your cards and choose ideas that will finally make up your transportation essay.

✈️ Transportation Essay Topics

Now you’re ready to choose a perfect topic. Below you’ll find various exciting ideas that you’ll enjoy writing about.

Transportation Essay Topics: Top 10

Public transport in rural areas.
Road transport’s economy.
The future of public transport.
How to start a car
Gender inequality in driving
Family cars: pros and cons
American vs. British driving
Peculiarities of building bridges
My first driving experience
Preventing road accidents.

Topics for an Essay on Transportation in the Past and Present

Transport plays an integral part in human history . Its development facilitated the expansion of territories and allowed different nations to collaborate. Explore these fascinating transportation topics in your essay:

Importance of mobility: then and now. The role of transport has changed dramatically over time. Are you interested in studying differences in vehicle use between the past and present? This topic is for you.
Transportation modes before and after the Industrial Revolution . Choose several vehicles from the past. Then, compare them to some modern ones. Which of the old transportation modes have survived to this day?
Animal-powered transport: past to present. With this topic, consider the earliest methods of transit. You can focus on horses, camels, or llamas. It’s also interesting to look into the current use of animals for transportation.
How did transport influence expansion? Assess the role of vehicles during the Age of Exploration. How did they facilitate competition between countries?
National Road: connecting the US through the first highway. The National Road was vital for America’s expansion. Write about its past and present impact in your essay.
From the Appian Way to the Silk Road. Compare these two historic roads. Which of their features caused trade to boost? Can we trace present-day trade globalization to them?
Interstate Highway System and its legacy. The Interstate Highway System is a perfect transportation topic. Your essay might address its role in the US transit development. How does it connect America’s past with its present?
Challenges of transport in the past and present. Comparing past issues to the present ones can provide you with a perspective. This topic requires thorough historical analysis. For instance, you may focus on infrastructure development vs. environmental concerns.
From horse-drawn carriages to gasoline cars. The invention of the first automobiles is an exciting essay idea. Describe the significance of this innovation. How did it influence people’s lives?
Air travel: a revolution in the transportation industry. This exciting topic will take you on a journey through history. Describe the invention of a plane starting with the earliest attempts. What makes it a crucial step in global development?
Transport in the military. Vehicles help to accomplish critical tasks in the army. In your essay, explore inventions introduced during wartime. For example, you may examine the role of zeppelins and U-boats in WWI or bombers in WWII .
Transit for indigenous cultures in the past and present. Examine several tribes in your transportation essay. Various aboriginal cultures have unique approaches to transit. What factors influenced their emergence?

Topics for an Essay on Transportation Systems

Transportation systems are various means of carrying goods or people. These include air, water, and land transport. All of their components are interconnected, with each one serving a unique role.

Intelligent Transportation Systems: how AI transforms the industry. Explore the latest innovative ideas with this topic. Will AI systems define the future of supply chain management?
Transport systems and sustainability: working toward a better future. It’s not easy to maintain an environmentally friendly approach in the transportation industry. Your essay can explore several recent solutions.
Connected Autonomous Vehicles (CAVs): what are the prospects? CAVs are a recent yet promising development. Will they be the next milestone in public mobility?
Control of hazardous materials: key concerns. Environmental hazards are often mentioned in conjunction with public transport issues. This concern harkens back to the problem of sustainability. Further research on this topic can help improve road management.
Video detection: opportunities for flexible data capture. This future-oriented essay will be fascinating to write. For example, you can research the options that digital video detection tools offer.
AI-based traffic control frameworks. Traffic control is a crucial factor in road management. What innovative tools were introduced in recent years? Review them in your paper.
Deep learning in transportation systems. Technological updates are essential for preventing accidents. What opportunities does deep learning offer in this regard?
Complex system software for improving the road management system. You can focus your essay on IT tools. What type of software is required to navigate a modern transportation framework? Review its various opportunities.
Construction and structural design of road systems. Road designs change to reflect our current needs. Today it’s essential to make them safe and sustainable. Look into the industry trends and outline them in your paper.
Integration of manufacturing systems. Lean production is an exciting idea to explore. How can manufacturing systems help in improving the transportation sector?
Manufacturing, modeling, and simulation. Explore modeling and simulation as tools for creating safer vehicles. Can they increase the efficacy of current transportation systems?

Ideas for an Essay on Transportation and Communication

Communication is intrinsically connected with transportation. From the dawn of humanity, people exchanged goods and information by traveling. Throughout the ages, the speed of these exchanges increased. Today, our opportunities regarding communication are practically endless. Enjoy researching them in your essay!

Ways of increasing market size using transportation and communication. For this paper, analyze the changes in the target market attributes. What influences market size?
Role of communication in informing the public about disasters. Discuss disaster preparedness and information management.
How do transport and communication improve travel accessibility? Assess the extent of this change. What are its economic implications?
Investments in infrastructure development. Analyze the current model of managing transport-related financial concerns. Does focusing on socioeconomic factors make it effective?
Policymaking as an issue in transportation and communication. Analyze the implications of policymaking on economic development. Will development rates increase if we reconsider the existing policies?
Updating policies for cargo storage handling. In your essay, review the issues of cargo management. How can we make it better?
Investing in transportation and communication. Point out the connections between investment and the socioeconomic environment.

The picture enumerates the main components of transportation.

Spatial problems in building a transport system network. Spatial problems cause multiple infrastructure issues. Study them and expose the issues in building of transportation and communication channels.
Economic issues in transport management: key outcomes. Your essay could also delve into the financial problems of transit. Transport should be linked in a working system. Otherwise, you can expect dire consequences for its management.
Ways of increasing reliability of data management. Information management directly affects the realm of transport. The reliability of the data determines its effectiveness. How can we improve it?
Building a global transportation and communication system. With this topic, you can review critical global transport trends. Explore advantages and drawbacks of the innovation. Pay attention to the development of a worldwide framework.
Transportation and communication: gateway to economic development. Economic changes will lead to improved communication within transport systems. As a result, it will become more efficient. Encourage this improvement by writing an essay about it.

Benefits of Public Transportation: Essay Topics

Nowadays, public transportation is losing its popularity. More and more people prefer buying a car instead. However, buses and subways still have numerous benefits. Explore them with this list of essay topics:

What are the three main benefits of urban public transport? Talk about how public transportation improves life in the cities. Mention how subways are faster than any type of private urban transport.
How does public transit benefit the environment? Discuss how it helps to keep the air clean by reducing CO2 emissions.
Private transport is not as safe as public transit. Talk about how safe public transport is. Unlike traveling by car, it has fewer accidents, traffic casualties, and deaths.
In what ways does mass transit reduce health issues? Here you can mention how the use of subways increases physical activity.
Public transportation gives people more free time. For instance, it allows passengers to read, study, or work instead of watching the road. It can also reduce the commute time.
Why is public transit perfect for tourists? Discuss how it helps tourists to learn more about the places they travel to.
Public transportation contributes to the country’s economy. For example, it creates job opportunities such as drivers and dispatchers.
Mass transit is the best way to travel. You can interview people who prefer to use public transport. Mention how it helps them to save money and time.
How does public transportation help to reduce air pollution? For instance, you can mention that using it leads to fewer car emissions.
The importance of efficient public transportation. Explain how the development of mass transit helps to improve people’s lives. For example, it allows them to commute to work and travel between cities and countries.
Public transit helps to reduce traffic congestion in the big cities. You can assess the role of an efficient transport system with timetables.
How does technology change public transportation? Talk about technological development that helps to improve the mass transit system, making it more convenient.
What makes up an efficient public transport system? Mention various means of transport, as well as good routes and timetables.
Reasons why you should use public transportation. You can discuss its safety, convenience, and other benefits.
The popularity of mass transit in the modern world. Talk about how it allows people to travel to work and visit other cities or countries.

Essay on Air Transportation: Topics & Ideas

The invention of air transport was one of the greatest milestones in human history. It allowed us to travel faster and safer than ever before. Are you interested in aircraft and its various uses? Check out these examples of air transportation essay topics:

The effect of air transportation on tourism. Mention that the developments of air services have shaped tourism in many countries.
The main benefits of air transportation. For example, talk about how it allows people to travel far distances in a relatively short amount of time.
Aviation and its adverse effects on the environment. Discuss how aircraft use contributes to air, noise, water, and soil pollution. and soil pollution.
Economic development and aviation. Discuss how air transportation contributed to the global economy. For instance, you can mention the development of tourism.
Traveling by plane is safer than road transportation. Here you can mention that despite many flights dispatched each day worldwide, the reports of crashes are very rare. On roads, however, no day goes by without a report of a motor accident.
What are the reasons for the rise of air transportation? Explain why it became popular. For example, you can talk about how air travel became more accessible for people.
Why is air transportation more efficient than high-speed rail? Mention how a plane can get you anywhere, as it doesn’t need roads.
Aviation and its accessibility. For example, you can mention the prices of the tickets and the number of airports in different countries.
Main reasons why air transportation is safe. Talk about the high-security standards in airports. Give some statistics that show how rarely accidents occur. You can also mention how airplanes and helicopters are equipped for emergencies.
Air transportation and globalization. Talk about how aviation contributed to globalization, allowing people to travel and transport goods over significant distances.
What is the importance of air transportation? Discuss the benefits of air transportation and how it helps to improve people’s lives.
Pros and cons of air transport. The development of air transportation helped to improve communication between the countries. On the downside, it has a serious environmental impact.
Does air transportation have any environmental benefits? Discuss whether aviation affects nature only in a negative way. You can talk about the technological improvements that help modern airplanes to emit less carbon monoxide.
The political importance of air transportation. Here you can talk about how the development of air transportation improved communication between nations. You can also mention how aircraft can be used as a weapon.
Ways to improve air transportation. Talk about technological development that can make traveling by plane more environmentally friendly.

Extra Transportation Topics

Still haven’t found a suitable topic? Well, here are 76 more transportation essay ideas:

The importance of transportation for a country’s economy. Review the main effects of urban transport on different aspects of the economy and assess its significance.
The public transport system. Research the sphere of different transport modes and determine how they’re connected.
Transportation in times of the Industrial Revolution. The industrial revolution has influenced today’s transport economy in many ways. The transport organization of that period is an interesting topic to research.
Urban transport improvement in developing countries. Focus the research on finding ways to solve transport problems. You may also propose a new transport policy.
Adjustments for transport fares in a city of your choice. The essay may identify issues in the transport economy and suggests measures for its improvement.
Raising funds for transport improvement. With this topic, you can focus on different fundraising strategies, such as public campaigns. With this topic, you can focus on different fundraising strategies, such as public campaigns.
Types of government interventions in air transport organization. The essay may review existing governmental instruments for improving air transportation in a region.
Balancing supply and demand in rural transport economy. You can explore this important topic by identifying issues in rural transport and reviewing strategies for matching supply and demand.
Application of economic theory to urban transport. For this essay, study various economic theories and see which of them can be applied to different modes of transport.
Effective transport systems in various countries. One option is to study several examples of public transport in India and South Africa.
Development of water transport. This essay can explore how different modes of water transport could improve a city’s connectivity.
Recent economic trends in rural transport
How to choose transport for people with mental disorders
Current healthcare-related transport issues in the United States
A dilemma of animal-powered transport and animal rights
The idea of transportation from the Amish point of view
Travel by train or by plane: the importance of psychological factors
Story of the first car made by Francois Isaac de Rivaz
Public  transportation in the USA : the 1990s vs. the 2000s
Rail transport: 5 issues to worry about in the 21st century
Peculiarities of shooting films on trains:  Murder on the Orient Express
Importance of communication during travel by plane
Threats of cruise ships: Titanic’s story
Passenger 57  vs.  Speed : movies about transportation challenges
The Fast and the Furious : a wave of popularity for car movies
Is it acceptable to text while driving?
Toll roads in the USA: an important inequality issue
Pixar’s Cars : what does it teach us about transport?
Advertisement banners in the subway: a powerful marketing tool or a peril?
School bus transportation in Europe and the United States
What emotional problems do students face when they use school buses?
Bike lanes in parks: the question of safety
Cycling infrastructure: threats and benefits for drivers
Who is responsible for safety in aviation?
Transport that kills: the case of 9/11
Riding a motorcycle: benefits and possible risks
Special free training programs to support motorcycle safety
Public helipads in the city: equipment that matters
Traffic congestion in the United States: causes and solutions
Impact of traffic jams on human health and employment
Overpopulation or lack of roads: what toughens traffic congestion?
Safety of cable transport: how to behave in elevators
Reasons to visit the Moon: spaceflight access for Americans
Gas pipelines: a safe means of transportation or a reason for concern?
Benefits of ferry transport: a place for contemplation
Water bike free access: the necessity of a license
Illegal behavior of drivers : lessons to learn
What are the most common driving distractions?
Traffic jams and their impact on human behavior
Electric transportation technologies of the 21st century
Hygiene in public transport: subway threats for Americans
Driving accidents: the roles of drivers, passengers, and pedestrians
Transportation lessons from movies: Gone in 60 Seconds
Types of conflicts between motorcyclists and car drivers
Availability of transport for low-income families in the United States
Why do people need vehicles in their lives?
What would happen if all modern transport disappeared?
Pros and cons of transportation progress in society
Competition between different transportation systems
Differences between airline flight classes: are they equally safe?
Child car seat: a new law and new power
The popularity of monorail tracks in different parts of the world
Do people actually like using transport or do they just have to do it?
The effects of drunk driving on road traffic death rates.
Gas prices and human needs: solutions for drivers
What can your car tell about you?
Environmental concerns in car driving discussions : dilemma without a solution
Public and private transportation: how to make the right choice
You can live without a car, but do you want it?
Transportation in healthcare: goals, techniques, and outcomes
Emotions while driving: the importance of control and expert help
Radio, phone calls, and communication: threats for drivers
Plane and train traveling: history and current situation
Water transportation characteristics and techniques: sea vs. river
Space for people: what should you know about spaceflights?
A variety of transport in the  James Bond  franchise

If you haven’t found what you’re looking for, feel free to use our topic generator !

✍️ Transportation Essay Outline & Writing Guide

Now that you’ve chosen a perfect transportation topic, you’re ready to learn how to plan your essay. Similar to any other type of academic writing, a transportation essay consists of three main parts:

The picture shows a transportation essay template.

Now, let’s see how to write each essay part.

Transportation Essay Introduction

An introduction is the first part of the essay. Its goal is to let the reader know what they can expect from this work. Try to make your introduction as brief and straightforward as possible.

Since the introductory paragraph starts the paper, it has to draw the reader’s attention. The most effective way to achieve it is by using a hook . A question, an interesting fact, or statistics can work as a hook:

Why is public transportation important?

Did you know that in 2019 Americans took around 9.9 billion trips using public transportation?

After you’re done with the hook, do the following:

State what your paper is about. The reader needs to know the essay’s main topic and why it is important.
Provide some background information. It will help you to establish the issue.
Finally, build a strong thesis statement. Want to know how? Read the following section.

What Is the Strongest Thesis for an Essay on Public Transportation?

A thesis statement is a sentence that contains an answer to your paper’s central question. It helps you organize and develop your arguments and ideas. It also makes it easier for the reader to follow your logic.

To generate a good thesis statement, think of a question you will answer in your essay. For instance, let’s say your topic is “Explain how using public transportation can benefit people’s health.” With a topic like this, you may choose a question such as “What are the health benefits of using public transport?”

After you have a question, you can think of some answers to it. For instance:

The possible health benefits of using public transportation are that it helps to be more active, reduces stress, and keeps the air cleaner.
Using public transportation can help people stay more active, avoid stress, and keep the air cleaner.

Keep in mind that a thesis statement shouldn’t be too general. Try to narrow down the topics so that it becomes more specific. Take a look at the following thesis examples:

	Thesis example	Comments
❌	Public transportation has many benefits.	This sentence is too general. It also does not provide any information on how or why public transportation use is beneficial.
✔️	Public transportation enables economic growth and helps make citizens’ lives more convenient.	This sentence directly demonstrates the benefits of public transport. It also narrows them down to 2 major aspects: economy and convenience.

Transportation Essay: Main Body

In the essay’s body, you prove your thesis and support it with examples. If you have a simple thesis, you probably won’t need many body paragraphs to explain your ideas. Usually, 2 or 3 are enough.

Each of the main body paragraphs should contain:

Main idea	The main idea is what a paragraph is focused on. It’s stated in a topic sentence. The main ideas can be argued, and that’s why you need to prove them.
Evidence to support the idea	Evidence helps you make a point. It also convinces the reader that the information you introduce is accurate. Statistics, facts, quotations, and findings from your research are all considered evidence.
Idea discussion and analysis	In this part of a paragraph, you give examples and explain the evidence. Make sure to connect it with the paragraph’s main idea.
Transitions	Transitional words help you to move from one paragraph to the next one smoothly. They appear at the beginning of a topic sentence. It’s better to start rather than end a paragraph with a transitional phrase. Here are some examples:

Transportation Essay Conclusion

In a conclusion, you go back to the main focus of your essay. When writing a concluding paragraph, make sure to:

Rephrase the thesis statement. Remind the reader of your main argument using the information you have discussed in the body paragraphs.
Summarize the points you’ve made. It’s better to avoid mentioning new information in your conclusion. Briefly summarize the points you’ve made and explain how they support your ideas.
Talk about the argument’s significance. Demonstrate why the discussion on this topic is important. For instance, you may demonstrate how your argument helps shed light on a neglected issue. You can also suggest what the reader can do with the information they’ve learned.

📑 Public Transportation Essay Sample

Looking for an example a transportation essay? Look no further! Below, you will find an excellent essay example. Check it out:

Title: Transportation Challenges of the Present
Introduction	Transport infrastructure is multifaceted and complicated. Millions of tons of oil, fuel, and gasoline are used every day to transport people and haul goods worldwide. Such a complex system leads to challenges, such as dependence on transport on personal and public levels, traffic noise, and pollution.
1st body paragraph	Nowadays, people are constantly using different types of transport, which forms a kind of dependence. As the Covid-19 pandemic has revealed, if the transportation system suddenly freezes, it would lead to a collapse. As most of the public transport stopped, thousands of people were stuck abroad, and big transport companies faced millions in damages. The future of air transportation was also threatened, as many airlines requested bailouts. Thereby, an unforeseen circumstance has shown how transport paralysis negatively affected humanity.
2nd body paragraph	Ships are a means of transport that also come with serious challenges. They can seriously harm the environment, especially when it comes to accidents involving large liners carrying oil. The consequences of accidents in which tons of oil are thrown into the seas and oceans are dire. Diesel exhaust fumes are harmful to the environment, not to mention soot emissions, incomplete fuel combustion, and noise pollution. Considering the threat of global warming, managing these problems became a serious challenge.
Conclusion	To sum up, people are not only too dependent on the transportation system, but they also harm the environment. Recent events have shown that having a global transportation system has numerous downsides which need to be dealt with.

We hope that this article helped you write your essay. Tell us in the comments which transportation topic you’ve chosen. Don’t forget to check our free tips on other essay types!

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School Education /

Essay on Transport in 500 Words

Updated on
Jan 2, 2024

Essay on Transport: There are four transport modes: air, water, land and rail. Railways and roads are the most commonly used modes of transport. The Grand Trunk Road or the GT Road is one of the world’s oldest roads and the largest in Asia. Since the domestication of animals in the Mesolithic period, humans started to work on different types of transport mechanisms. Developments in transport systems have come a long way. Today, aeroplanes and jets are the fastest modes of transport. Humans have built jets. Some of the fastest planes and jets are the USAF X-15, SR-71 Blackbird, and MIG-25 Foxbat.

Also Read: Speech on Make Public Transport Free

Shiva Tyagi

With an experience of over a year, I've developed a passion for writing blogs on wide range of topics. I am mostly inspired from topics related to social and environmental fields, where you come up with a positive outcome.

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Free Transportation Essay Examples

281 samples of this type

So, it is time to write a perfect transportation essay.

This time, we will focus on writing tips and ideas. We also prepared a selection of free essay samples that you can use as references to your paper.

Transportation Essay: What Is It about?

A transportation essay is a writing piece that describes means of transport, their advantages and disadvantages, problems, and solutions. It can be an argumentative, persuasive, expository, or descriptive essay.

The disciplines which might include such papers are:

Technology Studies.
Psychology.
Environmental Studies.

Public Transport Essay

Public transport is a system of vehicles for group transportation that operate at fixed times and on settled routes. The transportation system is a vast field for research and analysis. It is not a secret that public transportation is well developed in European countries but is not popular in the United States.

Importance of Public Transport

In this essay, you have to explain why public transport is essential or not crucial for modern society. Support your argumentation line with credible sources and relevant examples.

Take a look at the topics below:

Does the United States need an efficient public transportation system?
Public transport is an ecology-friendly alternative to private transport.
Traffic jams: how public transport can solve this problem.

Pros and Cons of Public Transport

There are several pluses and minuses that you can always consider when choosing transport. You can discuss the routes, the time spent commuting, or ecological aspects.

Here are our essay topics:

Overcrowding in public transport during rush hour.
Public transport vs. electric cars: which option is more ecological?
The value of time and money: the benefits and drawbacks of public transport.

Essay on Bus Transportation

Bus transportation involves municipal, intercity, or international routes. Each type can become the area of your research. You can compare buses with other public and private transport means, discuss the CO2 emissions, costs, and comfort. You might also analyze the development of bus transportation and compare the successful and unsuccessful systems.

Check the selection of topics below:

What country has the most developed bus transportation?
Why should we use buses instead of cars?
The advantages and disadvantages of traveling by bus.

Essay on Water Transport

Water transport is not as popular as ground transportation but is still an integral part of public transport. Water transport varies from small boats to giant liners and can involve both commuting and recreation.

Here is our choice of topics about water transport:

Water taxis and water buses: the efficiency and experience.
The benefits of urban water transport.
The dangers of long-distance trips using water transport.

Essay on Air Transportation

Air transportation is the fastest way to travel long distances. However, the amount of CO2 emissions is harmful to the Earth. You can also compare the quality of the services of legacy and low-cost airlines.

Our essay titles on air transportation:

The business models of low-cost and legacy airlines.
Coronavirus pandemic and air transport.
What types of planes are the most sustainable?

Essay about Transportation in the Past and Present

From horse carriages to huge planes, public transport evolved drastically even in the last one hundred years. In this essay, you can compare and evaluate the means of transportation, their impact on our lives and ecological situation, and your attitude to them.

Take a look at our topics:

The history of aircraft and its evolution.
Traveling one hundred years ago and now.
The future of public transport: what might be different in one hundred years?

Transportation Essay: How to Write?

Here are some tips that will make it easier to write a decent paper:

Always remember what your instructor said. Follow the requirements on the format, word limit, and don’t forget about the deadline.
Be disciplined. Create an outline, a list of sources, make short notes. It is also a good idea to create a couple of drafts.
Follow the structure. Each essay should include an introduction, body paragraphs, and a conclusion.
Make sure you answer the main question that you state at the beginning of the paper.
Pay attention to the credibility and relevance of your sources. Use college databases or verifiable information.
Proofread and check your information. Incorrect spelling or wring grammar can spoil the impression.

Thank you for reading this article! You can use our free essay examples below to get some inspiration.

Free Public Transportation and Why It Is Beneficial

Nowadays, public transport systems play an integral part in the lives of locals and visitors in all regions around the world. As a result, the issue of public transportation costs has been debated for a long time. While some believe that a free public is unattainable and doomed to failure,...

Gas Cars vs.Electric Cars Essay: Compare & Contrast

Need to write an electric cars benefits essay or an electric cars vs. gas cars compare and contrast paper? Then make sure to read this sample for inspiration! There has been a lot of development in the car industry, especially if comparing the current achievements to the first car models...

Lack of Parking in Big Cities: Reasons, Causes, and Potential Solutions

Introduction Whether or not you have been looking for a parking space to park your car, it is an essential problem in the present day. Being worried about finding a parking spot to park your car for a long time will always cause anxiety and stress, especially when you are...

Advantages and Disadvantages of the Modes of Transportation

Introduction According to the U.S. Bureau of Transportation Statistics (2017), 9% of the country’s GDP is made up by transportation functions. Exports and imports account for over $860 billion annually (Bureau of Transportation Statistics, 2016). The national freight movement is also considerable and is growing alongside with the American economy....

Flat Tyre: How to Change?

Introduction This is child’s play for most people but there are others out there who have never changed a tyre in their life. Maybe they live in an area with fantastic roads and in case they get a puncture there is always a tow-truck company that is a phone call...

Transhipment vs. Transportation Problems

Introduction Transportation of goods and services is the primary concern of every manufacturer, which makes it an integral part of the production process. Transport and logistics are the main elements in the supply chain, providing the right quantity of goods to the right customer at the right time, in the...

Nature of the Transportation Industry

The Cyclic Nature of the Transportation Industry The transportation industry is one of the critical pillars of various economies across the world. As an industry, the transport sector has positioned itself at the epicenter of economic activities because people and goods have to move from one point to another. The...

Modernization of Air Transport in Tanzania

Abstract This study was aimed at investigating the concept of air transport equipment modernization for Tanzania People’s Defense Forces challenges and the road map. The study was guided by three research questions and specific objectives namely; to investigate the challenges in modernization of air transport equipment in TPDF. The second...

Transportation: Connecting Communities

Transportation is considered to be among the major industries around the globe. It is one of the most expensive and burdensome areas not only for citizens but for the government as well. Nevertheless, it is well known that dependable transportation allows people to travel throughout the country and to live...

Delta Airlines Case Study: Porter’s Five Forces Analysis

The airline industry in the United States is an extensive network of companies providing air transportation services for passengers and cargo. It is characterized by a dynamic nature, hence the need for efficient strategic management for companies involved. In particular, Porter’s five forces model is frequently utilized to identify the...

Air Transport

The Autonomous Vehicles

Autonomous vehicles are designed with integrated mechanical, visual, and sensor technology to enable them to drive independently on the roads. This robotic technology will have significant implications for future travel. Optimists foresee the production of reliable, reasonably priced, and safe autonomous cars in the next ten years. More companies have...

Parking Improvement on College Campus

Introduction The number of vehicles on the campus ground has been increasing at an alarming speed. This has created a high demand for a parking space on the campus ground. Notably, the campus requires spacious parking for the ever-increasing number of automobiles on the compound. In addition, the existing parking...

Airport: Definition and Functions

Firstly, it is important to note that the word to be defined is a term airport, which is a structural complex comprised of buildings and runways designed to enable a proper and safe landing and take-off of aircraft vehicles with civil transportation purposes. In addition, airports are critical for the...

Public Air Travel and Pets Analysis

Introduction Airline management can be particularly challenging because managers have to find a balance between customer satisfaction, safety, and regulatory compliance. Traveling with pets is growing more and more popular, as people found that they can enjoy new destinations or visit their loved ones without leaving their pets at home...

Road Accidents in Saudi Arabia

Introduction A review on global road accidents fatalities by Jacobs &Thomas shows that there is an increased accident fatality rate in Saudi Arabia. Fatality trends between 1988-1995 show that the fatality rate due to accidents to 58% in Saudi Arabia which is the highest compared to other countries in the...

Germanwings Flight 9525 Crash. Strategic Management

Introduction Security in the aviation industry has remained a sensitive issue that stakeholders are often keen to enforce. According to Bruey (2018), major milestones have been made to eliminate any form of threat to the airplanes and airports around the world. Although regarded as the safest means of transport, incidences...

Automobile Sector: Negative and Positive Impact

Introduction Technology is being changed every day and its impact occurs in every sphere of life. It influences the transportation systems also. The emergence of automobiles made a tremendous change in the life of the people. This paper mainly presents the new advents in the automobile sector and its impact...

Issues with Modern Technology in Airport Security

The threats of terrorism, drug trafficking and violence are forcing governments and businesses to tighten control and security measures in crowded places. Even at concerts or in schools, one can see metal detectors that check visitors to find dangerous items for society. Airports and planes are areas of increased risk,...

Electric Cars: Advantages and Disadvantages

Introduction Electric cars are also known as battery-electric vehicles (BEVs). These cars use one or more electric motors instead of standard internal combustion engines. Some of their most known advantages are a cleaner environment since they do not use fossil fuels. The question is whether they have a low carbon...

Road Accidents and Fatalities in Qatar

Summary Introduction: What Is Known about the Topic The issue of traffic injuries and the increase in the death toll among the residents of Qatar has become a major concern for state authorities (Saleh 1). In their article addressing the reasons that the specified phenomenon has occurred, Mahfoud et al....

Electric Vehicle

Organizational Change in Ford Motor Company

Today, the US auto industry experiences problems caused by economic decline and financial crisis. Therefore, because innovation is all about creating new realities, change must deal first and last with sight. Many critics admit that the US auto industry will not be able to survive without innovations and new trends...

Electric Vehicles and Their Environmental Impact

The pursuit of sustainability and caution toward the environmental impact are characteristics of a developed society. In these terms, combustion engines cause pollution, the effect of which multiplies with the unprecedented spread of automobiles across the globe. Consequently, the pursuit of efficient transportation did not stop with this technology, and...

The Ford-Firestone Case: Large-Scale Controversy

Summary Ford-Firestone case is a large-scale controversy related to the tire company Firestone and the Ford Motor Company. The event itself concerns a period where an increased number of tread separations were reported in tires by Firestone. The event first gained traction in 1998, when an insurance agent has researched...

Air Cargo Transportation Industry

Aviation remains one of the most important means of transport for the modern globalized world. The high level of safety and speed of delivery is viewed as the basic advantages that are usually associated with civil aviation. However, at the same time, the strategic importance of the sector and its...

Warehousing: Indirect Derived Demand of Transportation

Transportation plays a very important role in moving people, information as well as freight from one location to another. Rodrigue, Comtois, and Slack (2006), state that the purpose of transportation of fulfilling the demand of mobility makes it the leading outcome of derived demand (p. 2). They further argue that...

The Air Safety and Security

Air transportation represents a vast field of operations that require precise control within different departments and possible issues. The airline industry has to consider numerous aspects of transportation, including proper design of the routes, weather, registration procedures, employees’ expertise, and others. Air safety and security is the essential area of...

Low-Cost Airline Industry Critical Review

Introduction Low-cost carriers such as Southwest Airlines and AirAsia are becoming increasingly prevalent worldwide. They offer their customers access to quick travel at considerably lower prices than their more traditional network, or flag, carrier counterparts. As a result, their popularity has grown rapidly since the inception of the concept in...

Berths and Terminals

Introduction Berths are stations within the port area, where shipping carriers can pick and drop loads during their routine maritime and mainland operations. Thus, a safe berth is convenient to shipping agencies. Terminals provide facilities for the berth. According to Alderton (2008), berths needed by a port will vary mainly...

Singapore Airlines and Sabre Management System

Abstract The paper revolves around the functioning of Singapore Airlines as a modern company that manages to compete with its rivals and provide outstanding quality of services to its clients. The high levels of performance and the ability to accomplish all emerging tasks are also linked to the use of...

Traffic Situation and Safety Concerns in Saudi Arabia

Introduction For the past two decades, Saudi Arabia has been experiencing significant developments in most aspects of its economic sectors. One of the sectors, which have had tremendous growth, is the transportation sector. The recent developments began close to two decades ago when the population of Saudi Arabia more than...

Southwest Airlines
Distracted Driving
Environment

The Function of National and Major Airlines

The economic system of many countries across the world is heavily influenced by the transportation sector, including air travel. Better transportation systems enable several businesses to prosper (Williams, 2017). Enterprises may connect with their particular markets and other businesses anywhere in the world through the transportation system. Furthermore, a reliable...

Human Factors in Car Development and Production

Abstract Addressing the issue of the human factor in producing and developing cars is crucial. Since the quality of a vehicle defines the safety of its owner, it is essential to ensure the absence of errors during the development and production processes. For this purpose, an in-depth overview and analysis...

Technological Changes and Air Transport

Introduction Air transport has evolved for over two thousand years. The development has been facilitated by advancement in technology. Man was motivated to design air transportation after observing the birds. Kites were the first objects made by man to fly at around 200 B.C. Gliders were invented at around the...

Aircraft vs. Helicopter Flight Control Systems

Introduction The following subsections of this study explain the purpose, as well as the contextual background in relation to the systems compared herein. Purpose The following report compares flight control systems of a conventional fixed wing aircraft and rotor blade helicopter. Pilots utilize flight control systems while flying aircrafts, in...

Better Communication in Resolving Road Congestion

Introduction Traffic congestion presents a significant problem currently faced by large and growing cities. According to Ranjan et al. (2020), “with the increase in the economy, rapid urbanization, and desire toward private traveling, the traffic congestion level around the world has increased drastically, directly affecting the cities’ growth, development, and...

Asiana Airlines Flight 214 and Air France 447 Crashes

Executive Summary This report analyzed and assessed two aviation incidents case studies (The crash of Asiana Airlines flight 214 and the Air France 447 disaster) using human factors. Moreover, human factor models (The Swiss cheese and Dirty Dozen) were utilized in the analysis of the two air accidents to determine...

The Importance of Speed Limits and Letter of Complaint

Traffic speed limits set the legal minimum and maximum speed range on roads. They are usually placed by governmental authorities. While some people might be against them, I argue that speed limits are of high importance. Firstly, speed limits improve traffic safety and reduce the number of casualties. According to...

Electric and Gasoline-Powered Cars

Introduction Automobiles are some of the most important means of transportation worldwide and play an essential role in all sorts of human activities. Internal combustion engines were the primary way of making cars move since their invention. However, recent technological developments have introduced electric cars as an alternative to gasoline-powered...

Transportation: Electric Cars Effects

Abstract Several decades ago, the very idea of electric cars seemed absurd. With the advanced technologies of the XXI century, however, the long-awaited dream was finally turned into reality. The number of electric cars is still admittedly low in the market. However, compared to the previous sales statistics, the demand...

Regulations in the Transport Industry

Introduction Transportation refers to the transfer of people and commodities from one geographical location to another. Transportation system involves the objects being transported, vessels used to transport the objects and mode for movement of the vessels. The objects being transported can either be people or goods, the transportation vessels are...

Infrastructure
Communication
Business Planning

The Role of Transportation in Logistic Management and Its Development

Transportation involves the delivery of goods and services to destinations while logistical management concern with closing the loops between events to achieve the desired results. Tseng, Taylor & Yue (2005) explain that a close nexus exists between logistical management and transportation during their research that includes other reviews, the nature...

The Airline Industry Costs and Its Main Groups

The airline industry is vital to the economy of every world country. The role of the airlines is to link the national economies and to facilitate the exchange of people, goods, and ideas. Nevertheless, the airline industry functioning is connected with the high costs. These costs can be divided into...

Electric Cars and Their Future: Informative Speech

It is hard to imagine an average adult in the USA who does not own a car now. Americans’ reliance on traditional automobiles, ran on gasoline, is so high that they often think skeptically of more environmentally-friendly transportation alternatives, such as electric vehicles. Nevertheless, as Henry Ford once said: “If...

Boeing 747 vs. Airbus A380: A Comparison

Abstract The stiff market competition that exists between Airbus and Boeing was evoked by the emergence of Airbus after a long period of Boeing’s domination of the large jetliner market. Often referred to as Airline wars, this competition is a result of several corporate failures and mergers in the industry....

Air Freight and Air Cargo Market

Air Freight The main aspect that limits the frequency of air freight in developing nations is the inadequacy of considerable volumes of two-way movement. The enhancement of air freight necessitates landlocked countries to reinforce activities at airports and open access for foreign airplanes. The volume of air freight is mainly...

How to Solve Traffic Congestion in My School District

Introduction The rate of traffic congestion in my school district is one of the leading causes of frustration for most teachers, students, and parents who want to get to different locations on time and without much hassle. The problem is part of a wider challenge in the transport sector where...

Geographic Classification of Ports

A port is a coast facility comprising of harbors. Among the different port types, neither serves best the interest of humanity other than the one that will provide efficiently the shore operations for a particular locality and populace. Ports are built to meet specific overriding need (s). According to Patrick,...

Changing the Oil in Your Personal Vehicle

Introduction For most motor vehicle owners, changing g the oil in the family car is a matter of driving up to the local chain store or dealership, then waiting for others to do the job. However, there may be a time when the car owner will need to know how...

The Importance of Properly Changing the Oil of Your Car

Introduction One of the most routine maintenance procedures suggested by your car manufacturer is the regular changing of your automotive oil. It is a procedure which, although costly, is the main reason why a car can offer its owner decades upon decades of use before the engine finally conks out....

Shipwrecks in Oman: Review

No one can fully identify, document and compile data on the shipwrecks that happened along the Oman coast people. Tracing the history of shipwreck is considered to be the province of archeologists and according to them the cargo narrates a lot about the history of the sailors, the voyagers and...

Vaccination

Intangible Qualities in Public Transportation

There are a couple of intangible qualities which make it beneficial for public transportation systems in large cities to flourish or be around for long periods. These include:- Exuberance Relaxed Spirit Ease Congestion Better visibility Emotional and physical experience Exuberance The approach of the omnibus almost always spurs a predictable...

Multimodal Transportation Systems

Introduction Multimodal transportation system is the system of transportation of goods in which only one carrier is involved but there are more than one modes of transportation involved. In multimodal transportation the carrier uses the first mode of transport up to a certain level which it cannot go beyond then...

A Car: Technical Specifications & Safety Features

Introduction The main objective of this paper is to provide a comprehensive review of the new 2010 Nissan Maxima car. The paper provides an overall description of the car that includes the various highlights of the vehicle, its standard & safety features as well as technical specifications. Vehicle highlights “The...

Airline and Car Industries’ Operations Design

Introduction The success and continuity of any business or the broader industry is largely defined by its ability to develop effective business operational processes which are in line with the prevailing social economic as well as political environment. This calls for a high level of flexibility and ability to accurately...

Surviving Without a Car: A Guide

The world is moving into a direction where many aspects of life, which were previously considered luxurious, turn into necessities and essentials. Many would admit that they are capable of living without a television, a mobile phone, and etc., but actually, they do not. Accordingly, in the course of the...

The Denver Airport Baggage System Failure

Introduction Denver has a large airport that serves the city and state. The airport opted to construct an automated luggage system ” to efficiently disperse all of the airport’s goods, encompassing check-in, arrivals, and pick-up. However, the development’s goal was not met by the airport. The involved stakeholders delayed the...

Competition in the Railway Industry

The rail industry has faced significant competition since the national highway system was built. As a result, the rail industry has steadily declined in performance, but it still plays a significant role in the transport network. The observation that there has been a decline in the percentage of all ton-miles...

The Lexus – Toyota Break Crisis 2009

Introduction Being an internationally recognized firm with its arm reaching most of the homes in the U.S.A, Toyota, a Japanese based company has come to an age of criticism. This results from its fatal failures and mishaps which arise from designs of some of their present models. One example of...

Relationship between Airlines and Airports

The aviation business has experienced rapid evolution patterns and intense rivalry recently. On the one hand, the profitability of the airline business is declining as airline competition increases. On the other hand, privatization processes present new managerial difficulties to airports. These trends affect not only international airports but also regional...

International Airport: Management, Ownership, and Economic Regulation

Ownership and Management Airport involves various models in management and overall ownership of the aeronautical activities. For instance, the traditional model and federal authority placed practices of management of airports in the hands of the national government agencies, such as the national civil aviation authority. The only drawback of the...

Competition
Globalization

Case of Boeing 737-MAX: Safety Issues and Management

Introduction According to customers’ surveys, safety is the main concern for those travelling by air. Interestingly enough, statistically, the chances of perishing due to an airplane crash are meager. Today, they are estimated at one in 11 million for a single person taking a commercial flight. For the sake of...

Buying a Used Motorcycle: Steps and Factors

Motorcycles are useful two-wheeled motor vehicles used for various purposes such as commuting and racing. People in developed countries often use these machines for recreation purposes. An individual who loves to ride motorcycles will at one point want to buy one. The purchase might be the person’s first motorbike or...

The Benefits of a Dedicated High Speed

Introduction Definition, Transport refers to the movement of goods and services from one place to another; railway transport involves the movement of goods, people, and services from one place to another. Railway refers to a laid down track that guides the wheels of a train to ensure it does not...

Fleet Planning in Airline Industry

Fleet planning is a significant part of the whole process of airline planning. Aircraft is selected during fleet planning to achieve the optimal fleet composition, which is quite important for successful business as an airline. Fleet planning consists of numerous different stages. First of all top management should carefully analyze...

Memphis International Airport as Air Cargo Hub

Brief Synopsis of your Selected Air Cargo Hub The FedEx air cargo operators contain the majority of hubs at Memphis International Airport (MEM). It is located in the north of the United States (US) and serves the cities of Memphis, Tennessee. It is the busiest hub since aircraft are up...

Comparison of European and US ATC Industry Standards

Air Traffic Control (ATC) is a set of measures intended to regulate the movement of aircraft. The main function of ATC is ensuring a safe flow of planes, helicopters, and other vehicles using airfoil. Flying aircraft is a complicated activity with numerous factors involved. As traveling by plane becomes more...

The Organizational Culture of the Company Southwest Airlines

Introduction The components of organizational culture of any company, although carting a unified message, can be dispersed over many small details and aspects, all of which carry a part of such culture. One of the aspects that can reflect the organizational culture is it cost accounting practices. In that regard,...

Boeing 737 MAX: A Bad Idea

Abstract The 737 MAX represents a poor investment idea made on the part of Boeing. To successfully address the topic, the paper is organized in comparison and contrast to the present research studies, as well as recommendations. The study is a review of concerns that emanated from the failure of...

The Transport 5th Wave Impact

Many stakeholders have predicted that the present wave will be in existence for 30 years, from 1990 to 2020. Currently, transport providers are capable of better management of their production and supply systems. This is due to a tremendously improved operational atmosphere (Malik, 2005). This wave is reliant on information...

The Low-Cost Airlines and Their Role in International Tourism

Abstract To sustain the existence of the human race environment is a vital issue and hence awareness relating to environmental impacts of Low-Cost Carriers (LCCs) and Tourism is rising globally. It is proven that the so-called myth of degradation of environment finally is judged right and the raised the questions...

Climate Change
Organizational Change

Comparison of Southwest Air and Eva Air

Introduction The reason why I choose Southwest airline to be my target because it is the most successful corporation in US airline industry and Eva airway it’s also #1 airline corporation in Taipei. In now day, air transport can’t be replaced, it’s necessary for travel other country. For the first...

The Problems of Severe Traffic

Life today has become far more complex and difficult than it used to be a few years ago, not merely in terms of the dilapidating culture or the inflation of the economy, or the soaring oil prices or the global face of terrorism, but something which affects us daily and...

Terminal and Port Congestion

Introduction / Background Globalization with the rapid growth of global economies has increased the volume of cargo shipments around the world due to high economic growth. The increase in economic development has raised the demand of consumers and has set other economic trends that have resulted in the expansion of...

Total Quality Management in Aviation Security

Introduction Airport security is one of the key components of aviation security, as it can prevent a variety of threats, such as terror attacks, hijackings, illegal transportation of weapons and explosives, and more. Most airports have rigorous procedures in place to promote security and safety of travel. However, it is...

Turkish Airlines: Part of the Ministry of National Defence

Introduction Turkish Airlines is a major airline and national flag carrier that serves as a key aviation service provider and central hub for global flight. In order to determine a company’s competitiveness and business standing in the market, it is necessary to perform strategic analyses. This paper will examine and...

Transport Security Administration Screening Process Using the Lean Six-Sigma

Introduction of TSA Process and History Behind It Travel Security Administration (TSA) is a US Department of Homeland Security tasked with monitoring security issues for traveling individuals in the US. On November 19, 2001, TSA was formed to respond to September 11 attacks during the tenure of former President George...

Cars: Disadvantages of This Mode of Transport

Nowadays, it is hardly possible to imagine our lives without cars. Going to work, shopping, visiting friends – everything seems much easier when you have one. After all, even if you don’t, you can always get an Uber. Cars have become such an essential part of the modern lifestyle that...

Dubai Metro Project: A Better Way of Easing the Traffic Congestion

Introduction Dubai metro is a project that has been commissioned in Dubai to serve a population of 1.5million people and it’s forecasted that it will serve a population of 5.5 million people by the year 2020. The project is developed and operated by roads and transport authority and the red...

Maritime Transportation and Security Act of 2002

Introduction To protect the U.S. ports and waterways from the terrorist attacks the Maritime Transportation Act was designed and signed by President Bush on November 25, 2002 (Protecting America’s Ports, 2003). “This act is a means for the United States to address the increasing concerns in homeland security, especially due...

Lean Production as a Management Technique

The Toyota Company drew attention to itself in the 1980s. Back then, it was starting to become evident that Japanese-made cars could last longer than their American counterparts. By the beginning of the 1990s, Toyota, in particular, gained considerable acclaim compared to other Japanese car manufacturers: Toyota designed and produced...

Operations Management
Manufacturing
Marine Life

Nine Transportation Issues and Priorities

This is the movement of people and goods from one place to another. It involves distance coverage and the use of time. There are various modes of transport depending on the means of transport being used which include water, air, road, space, pipeline, and rail (Bardi, Coyle and Novack, 2006)....

Transportation Means in a City

There are different means of public transportation in different cities which also come with different advantages. Disneyland captures what to expect from many of the cities of the world. In Disneyland, one will find such variety including scaled down railways, horseless carriages, riverboats and park trams. One of the most...

How to Change Engine Oil in an Automobile Engine

Changing the engine oil is a process of great significance for it extends the operational life of a car’s engine. Regardless of the time of year and the driving experience and conditions, a change of oil is required for the engine just as a person needs water (Fracchia, 2019). Otherwise,...

Aircraft Rescue and Firefighting Services

Summary Aircraft Rescue and Firefighting Services (ARFF) typically refers to the firefighting services ensured at airports, including the appropriate emergency response, evacuation, and rescue of passengers and aircraft crew engaged in aviation accidents. Aerodromes with regular passenger flights are obliged to have special firefighting apparatus and firefighters prepared to fulfill...

Distracted Driving Problem Analysis

Introduction Irresponsible driving is an extremely serious problem that exists in the contemporary society and leads to the deaths of millions of individuals all around the globe. Even though car accidents are not as widely covered in the media as airplane crashes, they happen much more often and kill a...

Aviation Security Within Current Global Threats

Introduction Security concern in the aviation industry is one area that has left many players rethinking their strategies. With the current global security threats mainly terrorism the aviation industry is riskier and the business, the fraternity has been technically compelled to devise new techniques capable of addressing security issues properly...

Why Low Cost Airlines Performed Very Well?

Introduction In recent years, the legacy carriers (carriers established previous to the deregulation of the airline markets) grant a position to the recently formed ‘low-cost’ carriers. While the ‘low-cost’ carriers performed very well, the legacy carriers performed poorly; several carriers are on the edge of economic failure, while others had...

Transport for London: Management

Introduction Transport for London or TfL is a local government agency serving Greater London in England and it is not only the present transport authority of London but is also responsible for many aspects of their transportation system. It came into effect due to the Greater London Authority Act 1999...

Full Risk-Based Approach to Aviation Security

Introduction Aviation is one of the integral parts of the modern globalised world that provides endless opportunities for further development. In recent several decades, the fast evolution of this sector preconditioned the appearance of critical changes in attitude to aircraft and their role in international discourse. As a result, today,...

The National Rail Network History

Introduction The National Rail Network is a vital component of the national infrastructure. It is a network that provides passenger services and freight transport across the country, from Penzance to Plymouth via Exeter St David’s (Goodyear, 2022). The network covers most of Great Britain, with a route length of about...

Innovative Automobile Design of RWB Porsche 911

The car I chose combines the German automotive industry elements and Japanese design ideas. It is the RWB Porsche 911, which is an author’s variation of the famous German sports car, equipped with additional unique elements. The history of these cars is closely linked to the creator of RWB, which...

Sydney Metro Project, Progress, and Strategies

Sydney Metro Sydney Metro is Australia’s largest public transport scheme and the new independent metro system. It is also the new generation of world-class trains that are fast and reliable. Moreover, this project is supposed to link citizens to where any destination they wish. The technological system applied by Sydney...

The COVID-19 Pandemic’s Impact on the Airline Industry

Introduction The impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on the global airline industry became a worldwide obstacle to proper mobility. The dramatic effects of the health issues on transport communications across the globe are affecting people internationally, even two years after the initial breakthrough of the coronavirus (Bouwer et al., 2021)....

Role of Motor Carriers in Economic Development

The United States greatly depended on rail transport in the 19th century. This is evidenced by figures that represent total haulage by rail road. Though the trend as compared to motor carriage seems to be declining, it surely represented the great bulk of total freight cargo. In the 1950s, rail...

Orlando International Airport Fire Rescue

Orlando International Airport (MCO) is located in Orange County, Florida, approximately six miles southeast of Orlando. The airport is situated in the vicinity of popular tourist sites and attractions, making it one of the busiest in the country for domestic and international flights. The MCO is capable of receiving aircraft...

Racial Profiling in the Airports

Introduction The period after September 11 was a delicate period. The American airlines flight 11 and the united airlines flight 175 had been hijacked and crashed into the twin towers of the World trade centre in New York. The hijackers had been of Middle Eastern descent, members of the terrorist...

The Panama and Suez Canals

Introduction A canal is an inland waterway that is artificially built to connect two large water bodies especially for commercial activities and today they are for recreational purposes. It is designed for transportation or irrigation from a waterway. Examples of canals include the Erie Canal, Kennet and Avon canal, the...

Importance of the Maritime Trade

Importance of Maritime Trade to the North America and the U.S. Economies The U.S. maritime system comprise of more than three hundred sea and river ports including over three thousand seven hundred cargo and passenger terminal and over one thousand harbor channels all these spread along the coastline. Traffic is...

Airplane Flight Data Recorders

Introduction Airplane flight data recorders are used in the collection, recording, and synthesis of data obtained from airplane sensors. The recorder is designed in such a way it often survives airplane accidents (Smith, 2007: 17). Depending on the age of a plane, the flight data recorders may include either an...

Port Safety and How to Improve It

Owing to increasing reports from pilots concerning the impeding of commercial vessels to and from the docks by recreational craft participating in races organised by the local club, a number of safety concerns arise. Luckily, so far, there has been no major incident or accident. It is however the primary...

Lockheed L-1011 TriStar 1. Aircraft Accident

Lockheed L-1011 TriStar 1, A Delta Airlines flight 191, always flew between Fort Lauderdale and Los Angeles with a scheduled stop at Dallas. In 1985, the flight was affected by bad weather while in the air along the Texas-Louisiana gulf coast. The plane crew opted to change their route but...

The Rise of Mass Transportation

Introduction Following a decline in the recession period of the beginning of the 1990s, public transportation use in the United States increased rapidly from 1996 to 2009. Unlinked traveler trips grew by 22 percent, increasing whole ridership to the highest level in 50 years. The New York City region contributed...

The Wave of the Future: Driverless Car Technology

Imagine if you will, a future where voice responsive technology, GPRS systems, and onboard computers allow one to have a car that can be driven worry and hassle-free by even a toddler. No, I am not talking about the cars in Demolition Man or Minority Report, although Hollywood is not...

Comparison of Hybrid and Gasoline Vehicles

Description This report is about the analysis and comparison of hybrid and gasoline vehicles; and would use qualitative research method along with the definitions, description, background, findings, and interpretations of the models of Hybrid Ford Explorer and original gasoline vehicles. Definition Hybrid vehicles make use of on-board rechargeable energy storage...

Irish Aviation Safety: Strategic Position and Strategic Choices

Introduction The commercial aviation industry plays a central role in facilitating the transportation of people and goods in various parts of the globe. The safety of passengers, staff, and goods is paramount in the profit-making aviation industry. For this reason, air transport is one of the safest modes of movement...

Congestion in Today’s Urban Settings

Urban Congestion has no single definition. Congestion as defined by OECD (2007) implies the oversupply of vehicles that makes the available road system become overwhelmed and thus incapable of meeting the demand in terms of space. Another definition is that due to many vehicles using the road system they constrain...

Airline Deregulation: Economic Effects

Introduction Deregulation of airlines involves lifting the price and entry and exit restrictions on airlines. In the past, airlines were strictly regulated by governments in terms of entry and prices, controls on mergers, and the number of seats and carriers. This led to inefficiency in the airline industry, limited consumer...

Air Transport and Its Benefits for Globalization

Transportation is one of the factors that drive a nation’s economy. With excellent transportation systems, the world is exposed to better trading in terms of exports and imports of goods and services—the most common type of transportation identified with the majority of people on the road. Road transportation has been...

Cell Phones During Driving: Threats and Solutions

Driving involves a complex interaction of mental, physical, cognitive, and sensory skills, all of which draw the driver’s attention. However, even with these complexities of driving, drivers still engage in other tasks which divert their attention away from driving increases the risk of a crash, thus endangering his and others...

The Major Issues Facing the Air Cargo Industry

In the context of the accelerated growth of the air cargo industry and security concerns, coordinated and collective actions of customs authorities are essential. Moreover, the civil aviation authorities, and other stakeholders at the international and regional levels are of great importance for the creation of a reliable, safe and...

Autocratic Success in the American Car Industry

The automobile industry has always played a substantial role in the economics of any modern country. It provides thousands of people with workplaces, and its products are invaluable in the daily life of an ordinary citizen. However, it is impossible to ignore the fact that their products are expensive and...

Flight Planning Software and Aircraft Incidents

Introduction Manual flight management was done away with as a result of high rate of accidents. Flight planning software refers to programs that are used to manage and execute flight and other processes undertaken when the plane is airborne. After the pilot has issued the requisite flight specifics, the software...

The Motor Vehicle Safety Analysis

With the number of individuals driving in the United States having increased by a massive six fold since 1925, it is not a wonder then that the number of motor vehicle accidents have also drastically increased, to now stand at 215 million vehicles. This represents an 11-fold increase for a...

Autonomous Swarm Boats: Review

The United States Navy’s autonomous swarm boats provide several advantages for naval warfighters. Even though autonomous and robotic technologies became widespread in both airborne and ground-based operations long ago, aquatic operations remained untouched until relatively recently. Autonomous swarm boats represent the progress that military watercraft has made over the decades....

General Service Characteristics of Motor Carrier Transportation

The United States has invested heavily in the development of an interstate highway system. It has considerably made this form of transport a priority for transportation of cargo and other elements that contribute to the development of economy. The movement of labour is also important for the economy’s growth. This...

Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System

Introduction ACAS stands for an airborne collision avoidance system. It is essentially a specific type of equipment that warns pilots of aircraft in the vicinity that may pose a threat of collision. It is a general term that encompasses a number of practical implementations of short-range collision avoidance systems such...

Car Washing Techniques: Like a Pro

Introduction Nowadays, many people use cars daily, be it for getting to work, delivering the food bought from supermarkets, or taking your children to school. Extensive use of your car certainly does not make it look any better. That being said, taking care of your car is not only necessary...

Traffic Jam in Auckland

Traffic jam occurs when motorists’ capacity creates route demand that is higher than a present road capacity. Traffic jams can result from a number of circumstances whose end result lead to increased volume of vehicle and reduced road capacity. Auckland is most famous for its traffic jam that normally stretches...

Target Costing System Analysis

Statement of the Problem Toyota Motor Corporation is one of the largest and most well known automobile manufacturers in the world today. Apart from leading in quality the company is also knows for its cost cutting efficiency without compromising quality. As the paper on Toyota Motor Corporation says, Toyota has...

Aviation Sector: The Approaching Shortage

Introduction The shortage of highly experienced experts is a major issue in the aviation sector. According to Kaplan and Collier (2014), the new aviation policy that requires pilots to clock 1500 hours in the air to be considered qualified to fly large commercial planes has worsened the already bad situation....

Marine Transport System Efficiency Increasing

Introduction The marine transportation system consists of various structures. They include, among others, waterways, fixed infrastructure, such as ports or terminals, and intermodal connections. It is also made up of means of transportation, system users, and organizational networks that ensure the vessels and infrastructure are used effectively. Marine transport can...

Supersonic Aircraft and Its Aerodynamics

Abstract Aerodynamics is the study of properties of fluids in motion and the manner in which they interact with solid objects. It explores the properties of solid objects as they travel through the fluids. Thus, aerodynamic principles are to explore the movement of aircraft in the air. The term supersonic...

Canadian Transport and Environmental Concerns

Canada has one of the most advanced transportation systems in the world. The government has been keen on improving its transport sector as a way of spurring economic growth. According to Blue, in modern society, people’s movement has become very important as the world becomes a global village (72). Trade,...

Rail and Truck Transport in America

Introduction With more developments, growth and increasing trade, cargo transport demand has developed enormously, and this has led to a concern of world transport sector to improving and achieving reliable and effective truck and rail cargo transport. This has become an important necessity focus of the 21st century. Therefore, to...

Policy Alternatives in Public Transportation

Transportation plays an important role in the economy of any nation. Individuals without access to private transportation use public transportation which is a service provided for by the government. The use of public transportation has many benefits which include lowering the overall carbon footprint of a country and providing transport...

The Future of Pilots Training

Introduction A careful assessment of the current pilot’s profession establishes that most of the offered training satisfies the requirements of safety. After all, deadly accidents are comparatively uncommon in all sectors of aviation (Čokorilo, De Luca & Dell’Acqua 2014). Nevertheless, judging by the recent airplane and business aviation fatalities, it...

Owning a Private Car: Expense Analysis

Abstract Owning a car is one of the most prestigious things that people enjoy. The comfort and the conveniences of using private means of transport are enormous so that people can forget the associated expenses. Firstly, private transport eliminates the worries of getting late for work and meetings as one...

Discussion: Airport Rapid Development

Introduction Since the first airplanes were relatively light and developed low speeds, not requiring a long run on takeoff or landing, they could use small flat areas as an airfield. As a consequence, airports for such planes were located in any suitable places convenient for servicing the population. They had...

NAS Plan Roadmap for Success

The National Airspace System’s (NAS) navigation is being modernized thanks to the efforts of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and other aviation partners. Essentially, FAA and aviation stakeholders created and released a study titled “Roadmap for Performance-Based Navigation (PBN)” as part of this endeavor. PBN services establish the groundwork for...

Pilot Error in Air Carrier Accidents

Introduction Human factors play a significant role in the effectiveness of machines, and so are cases with airplanes. However, the same elements are also responsible for the failures associated with devices, and airplanes are no exception. Based on investigations by the National Transport and Safety Board (NTSB) on air accidents,...

Transportation: Port Development

The port is defined according to Patrick, (2008, p.5) as the area near the seashore and with infrastructure capacities for a vessel/shore interface and customs facilities. Knowledge claims consider Bruges Port as being the leader in Northern Europe in the thirteenth century. In the turn to the fifteenth century, Antwerp...

The Future of Automated Cars

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Differences between Gasoline and Electric Cars

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Challenges and Best Practices in Air Cargo Transport

Abstract This paper presents the findings of a literature review on the applications of logistics management in the aviation industry. The author strives to describe the implications of effective logistics management practices on the air cargo transport industry. Precisely, the paper answers the question, ‘What are the challenges and opportunities...

Automobile Security System : Product Description

Product description The name of the product is Watchdog What is it? It is an Automobile Security System that monitors all automobile activities with cameras. What does it do? It monitors the way a car is driven and the location of the vehicle at all times. Cars being stolen is...

Transport Sector in the Us

Road, rail, air, water, pipeline or space transport is a key aspect of the American society and also other world societies. There are many human utilities that are constantly moved around in the country to reach out to the people, purpose and places of want. Transport affects the everyday life...

The United Kingdom’s Car Market

The UK is known as one of the biggest car markets in the world. The country not only engages in the production of several car models but is also a well recognized market for most international car manufacturers. The economy ranks among the most developed in the world hence demand...

Denver International Airport: Benefits and Strategic Location

Introduction Denver International Airport (DIA) is believed to be the biggest international airport in the United States and second largest airport in the world. The strategic positioning of Denver has ensured that a large number of domestic and international flights touch down at DIA. It also happens to be the...

The Honolulu Rail Transit Project

Introduction The Honolulu Rail Transit Project (HRTP) is an elevated 20-mile-long rail system with a total of 21 stations, connecting East Kapolei and Ala Moana Center along the shoreline of Oahu. Although public discussions regarding the opening of a public transit line in Honolulu have been ongoing since the second...

Unmanned Maritime Systems and Their Future

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Electric Vehicles in the UK Automotive Manufacturing Industry

The UK automotive manufacturing Industry The statistics show that the international manufacturers of engines have a higher tendency of locating their car manufacturing plants in the UK than other nations (Jones & Zoppo 2013). In addition, they indicate that the UK market for the electric car engines is higher than...

Honolulu Rail Project: Positive and Negative Aspects

Introduction For Project 2, I have selected topic 7: “Rail remains a contentious issue in Hawaii, largely for budget reasons. What are the issues? What are some of the possible resolutions?” To my mind, this topic raises questions that are both interesting and important to investigate since the matter under...

Commercial Transport Building: Airbus vs. Boeing

There is a need to build a very large commercial transport (“VLCT”) but the cost would be daunting even for the top two aircraft manufacturers Airbus and Boeing. The design and manufacture of a VLCT which can carry between 550 to 800 passengers is expected to require the creation from...

Transport Efficiency Through Operation Management

Introduction Operations management is one of the management fields which are increasingly becoming relevant in the competitive business environment. Brown, Bessant, and Lamming (2013) define operations management as an “area of management concerned with designing and controlling the process of production and redesigning business operations in the production of goods...

Transport and Urban Form

Introduction The recent rise in energy prices and the need to conserve the environment need an urban form that promotes the use of public transport. The city of Melbourne has been dominated by cars since 1951 due to its plan and urban form. Complying with compact city policies had been...

Rail Transport Market in Europe: Potential and Possibilities

Introduction There are various forms of transport in use today. Some of these forms of transportation are rail, water, road, and air. The means of transport include trains, airplanes, vehicles, boats, ships, among others. Rail transport is the movement of people, livestock, or commodities from one region to another using...

The Roundabouts and Reasons to Abolish Them

A roundabout is an area on the road where several routes become one, and all vehicles drive in the same direction to another lane. In other words, it is an example of a traffic circle that aims at facilitating the transition from one road to another. The question of whether...

Moving Passengers Through Airports

Up until January 2020, the expansion of air travel seemed inevitable. The number of people who travel by air has significantly increased over the past ten years. Predictions suggested that the number of passengers would keep rising, but this has altered since the Covid-19 pandemic. One of the main issues...

Challenges in Urban Transport Efficiency

Introduction Transportation networks in cities make it feasible to connect various sources of production. People, land, labor, capital, and technology can all be connected through roads and airways because they make it easier for resources to move from one region to another. It is expected that the process will be...

Shipping Sustainability With Hull Management

Introduction The shipping industry has become vital for facilitating trade, defense, and the overall global economy. Maritime shipping is among the most critical components of the international economy, accounting for around 90% of trade conducted worldwide (Balcombe et al., 2019). However, there has been increasing pressure on the industry to...

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Essay Samples on Transportation

Introduction to urban infrastructure: transport sector development.

Urban infrastructure defines the framework of a city and its inhabitants and is an important factor in the outcome of a city’s economic growth. To keep up with GDP growth, it is estimated that $17 trillion is required for the Asia-Pacific region to meet this...

Infrastructure
New Urbanism
Transportation

Influence and Role of Transportation Infrastructure on Urban Scale

The spatial type of urban areas is obviously impacted by a scope of social, political, institutional and administrative conditions in different settings, and these should be comprehended in considering city structure. Low-thickness urban communities organized around the engine vehicle are frequently hard to access for...

Public Transport

Exploring Multiple Benefits of Carpooling

Introduction The last few years have seen a massive increase in requests for displacement. This increase demands the development and continuous improvement of means of transportation. However, despite its evolution, public transport remains less competitive compared to user requirements, especially in rural areas. Thanks to...

Developed Business Value for Airline Companies

World airlines as a whole have not, since they are in service, developed business value for airline companies. Over time a few years with earnings accompanied years of loses owing to a powerful dependence on economic development and effects of flights. This is still the...

United States Airline Industry Today

The airline industry is a very competitive market, in the past 2 decades the industry has expanded and still expanding its routes domestic and globally in the beginning airline industry was partly government-owned but in recent years many privatizations with the airline industry have taken...

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Positive And Negative Impacts Of Increased Gas Prices In The U.s.

In 1929, our nation suffered throughout what we call, The Great Depression. This lead an influnctuation throughout the world, creating gas prices to increase. Gas prices have recently changed massively all around our society; making no other option but to consume the gas, for it...

My Personal Opinion On Why Gas Prices Should Be Cheaper

There are many forms of transportation consisting of trains, public buses, and cars. What these vehicles have in common is that in order to function they need gasoline. Many refineries were down and tight in supply therefore causing an increase. Gasoline prices have gone from...

Getting Rid Of Gasoline Vehicles As The Best Solution To The High Gas Prices Issue

Gas prices are always going up, and often fluctuate from a day-to-day basis, regardless if it is a pump or wholesale location. This fluctuation is often due to a culmination of factors, including politics. This means that our current fossil fuel situation is a very...

Environmental Protection

Review of the Recent Five Futuristic Products in Transportation

Transportation is the most important thing when we go on a backpacking tour or any other journey. Here are the most innovative transportation providing futuristic products. Most Famous Futuristic Transportations Hyperloop This was introduced by prolific creator and bourgeois Elon Musk in 2012, once he...

Driving Towards Sustainability: Implementing Green Transportation in Public Transport Sector

Introduction The implementation of green transportation in the public transport system has become a critical concern in today's world, driven by the urgent need to reduce carbon emissions and mitigate the impacts of climate change. Green transportation refers to the use of environmentally friendly and...

Impact of Weather Events of Road and Traffic Safety

Abstract Road traffic safety is the result of a complicated interaction of factors such as driver, vehicle, infrastructure or road conditions as well as weather condition. Usually the weather condition is not the major cause of traffic accidents compared to the human factors, but it...

Car Accident

Green Corridors For Regeneration In Zona Farini, Milan

This theory concentrated on how the scenic route idea and its working standards can be connected into the change of a surrendered railroad territory. The postulation took the Zona Farini as a contextual analysis planning to make a far reaching scenic route that interfaces with...

A Report On Electric Locomotive Protection Types And Methods

Pantographs are the successor innovation to trolley posts, which were generally utilized on early streetcar frameworks. Pantographs with overhead wires are presently the prevailing type of current accumulation for present day electric trains in light of the fact that, albeit more costly and delicate than...

Electric Vehicle

An Analysis of Food Security and Transport Systems in South Africa

Agriculture is often a major part of any countries’ economy. It not only serves as a means of feeding the nations’ people, but also may serve as an excellent export to other countries. We are all familiar with Florida Oranges, Idaho Potatoes, and even Wisconsin...

Food Safety
Food Security

City Of Manila

The green technology in terms of shifting to solar power as a main source of energy must also be considered seeing as the country currently depends on fossil fuels for their energy. This shift should cost the government about $20 million in equipment and education...

Air Pollution

Great Facilities Of Airport Transfers In Liverpool

Airport transfers in Liverpool are providing you with great facilities these days. In fact, most of the people in Liverpool demand comfortable ride for their journey. Liverpool is a busy city of London. Many people visit there for business meetings and to seek pleasure. Airport...

How Can The Built Environment Help Reduce Our Reliance On Personal Motor Vehicles?

Climate change is the single most Important issue that we face today. While there certainly are many different social and economic problems that we can attempt to solve through architecture, if our world is destroyed in the process then there is no point. An overwhelming...

Climate Change
Natural Environment

Negative And Positive Impacts Of Electric Vehicle

Effects of EV No doubt that transportation will get new electric vehicles in the future, but there are some areas which will be affected. Electric vehicles impacts the environment, economy, and electrical systems to a agreat extent. Now adays EVs are popular as these fulfill...

Overview Of Related Works On Adaptive Traffic Control System

Complex Networks Cities have been deluged with transportation vessels ranging from metro trains, vehicles, bikes and even auto rickshaws. The continuous use of these elements of road transport has led to traffic congestion which in turn has created a domino effect thus negatively affecting a...

Traffic Congestion

The Views Of The Customers Regarding The Online Importing Of Vehicles From Japan

This research is aimed at acquiring the views of the customers regarding the online importing of vehicles from Japan and to identify the factors that supports/prevents or enhances/lessen the confidence of the customers while dealing entirely online. The purpose is to identify the factors so...

Transportation Industry'S Shift To Renewable Energy

Over the past few centuries global demand for energy sources have increased dramatically. Mass use of fossil fuels started in the industrial revolution, and because of this, places such as Britain and America gained a massive boost in economy. This was because fossil fuels gave...

Fossil Fuels
Renewable Energy

Usage Of Numerical Modelling In Studies Of Trains

Using full-scale experiments to investigate the velocity and pressure generated by high speed trains in confined spaces such as tunnels is very difficult and expensive. It is more practical and economical for researchers to carry out model-scale experiments due to the more controlled environment and...

Feasibility Report: Implementing Driverless Trucks In The Us

The following is a proposal to develop a feasibility report on the implementation of driverless trucks for use on public roads in the United States, to use as a source of information to improve public education on the benefits and challenges facing automakers in this...

Design Of Intersections For Efficient Traffic Management In A City

Transportation System has been a need all over the world and it must be easily maintainable. Initiatives have been taken over the years to achieve maintainable road transportation systems all over the world. Researches and studies are being conducted in South Africa to find ways...

Case Assignment Of Lyft Program

Lyft is a ridesharing program that provides on-demand transportation service through their mobile app. As they look to expand internationally, they hope their value propositions that have made them successful to this point will resonate with new markets. As an outside consultant, I will be...

Application Software

Ubiquitous Computing & Transportation Industries

Introduction The definition of phrase “ubiquitous computing” means a concept in software engineering and computer science where computing is made to appear anytime and everywhere. In a simple sentence, it means that everything that we used or face everyday will sort of computer system. The...

Computer Science
Engineering

Best topics on Transportation

1. Introduction to Urban Infrastructure: Transport Sector Development

2. Influence and Role of Transportation Infrastructure on Urban Scale

3. Exploring Multiple Benefits of Carpooling

4. Developed Business Value for Airline Companies

5. United States Airline Industry Today

6. Positive And Negative Impacts Of Increased Gas Prices In The U.s.

7. My Personal Opinion On Why Gas Prices Should Be Cheaper

8. Getting Rid Of Gasoline Vehicles As The Best Solution To The High Gas Prices Issue

9. Review of the Recent Five Futuristic Products in Transportation

10. Driving Towards Sustainability: Implementing Green Transportation in Public Transport Sector

11. Impact of Weather Events of Road and Traffic Safety

12. Green Corridors For Regeneration In Zona Farini, Milan

13. A Report On Electric Locomotive Protection Types And Methods

14. An Analysis of Food Security and Transport Systems in South Africa

15. City Of Manila

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Fire Safety
Affordable Care Act
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Essay on Public Transport | Long Essay on Public Transport for Students and Children in English

October 21, 2021 by Prasanna

Essay on Public Transport: Whenever you walk or drive by a road you see various other vehicles running besides you, carrying numerous passengers at a time. These vehicles constitute the public transport of a city or any locality.

As the name itself, Public Transport is easily accessible to the general public. It includes vehicles like, autos, taxis, buses, trams, metro rails, trains etc. These public transport facilities are shared by everyone without any discrimination. It can carry numerous people from one point to the other, at a time.

Public transport existed from the old time. Public transport is usually managed by the government or by private organisations. In some countries public transport is managed by private organisations and at some places it is government-owned. In countries like India public transport is owned and managed by the government and charged minimally so that it is affordable to the common people.

You can also find more Essay Writing articles on events, persons, sports, technology and many more.

Transportation has become a necessary part of life today. Living without any transportation is very difficult as the world has changed to a global village.

Today in the modern era with the advent of new technologies and newer vehicles are introduced with higher speeds which take less time to reach the destination. People are always in search of faster and easy means of travelling to their destination. They want a transportation medium consuming less time at low costs. To achieve this people own vehicles to travel on, but there is a large majority of people who can’t afford to buy their own vehicle, for such people, public transport proves to be a boon.

Encouraging people to use public transport is a good way to reduce pollution and other traffic problems. If better public transport facilities will be made available it will discourage use of individual vehicles. That will also help in saving time, energy, money and other resources.

Long Essay on Public Transport

From the olden days, transport was the necessity for human beings to travel from one place to another. Man has greatly evolved from simply walking followed by using animals as mode of transportation to the moment when vehicles were created.

But today in the modern era, people usually opt for private vehicles, which leads to more vehicles on the road that leads to heavy traffic jams and air pollution. These are the major problems especially in the cities. The only way to solve this problem is to encourage people to use public transportation instead of using private vehicles as it is the best and easiest way that people can opt for.

Public transportation has become a necessary part of today’s modernisation and growing technologies. Public transport is defined as a transport made available for common people. Public transport is the cheapest mode of transport which is affordable by the common people.One major benefit of using public transport is that it reduces the number of vehicles running on roads and gradually slows down pollution.

When use of public transport will increase , there will be fewer private vehicles on the road. Some means of public transport such as high-speed trains, metro trains, trams cause zero pollution because they run on electricity. Another advantage is that people can do anything while taking public transportation as you can finish an assignment, read a book or do any type of work.

Also using public transportation saves a lot of money. People do not have to buy their own vehicles. The fare for buses or taxis are cheaper than private vehicles when compared to the diesel prices. Also, people do not have to spend lots of money on the maintenance of their vehicles or have to worry about parking as well.

But every aspect has its down side too. Taking public transport can be an uncomfortable experience when it is overcrowded. Getting stuck in an overcrowded bus or train for hours is an unpleasant experience for anyone. Also public transport lacks hygiene. They are very annoying sometimes. Also when you are in a hurry to reach the destination, public transport cannot help you to achieve your goal as they have run on their fixed timings.

The modes of public transport play an important role in the development of the country’s economy too. The better means of transport, the faster the growth rate of the economy would be. Also there should be a proper network of means of public transport in villages, thereby increasing economic activity there, automatically.

Public transport is the easiest mode of transport. Public awareness must be increased to use public transport at a greater extent. It will in turn reduce the pollution, traffic jams and also lower the rates of accidents as public transport has to undergo many safety measures. And public transport is always cheaper than the private ones. To make use of public transport, governments and organisations must try to provide more and more facilities to the public.

FAQ’s on Public Transport Essay

Question 1. What are the benefits of using public transport?

Answer: Public transport is beneficial to your overall health and also has positive effects on the environment.

Walking to and from public transport is a great form of extra physical activity into your routine.
Public transport is cheaper than travelling in your own vehicle. It can also reduce the cost of maintaining your vehicles.
As Public transport will increase, private vehicles will reduce and thus it will control the pollution caused by the number of individual vehicles.

Question 2. Why do people nowadays opt for their own vehicle?

Answer: Public Transport offers a number of facilities and are the easiest way to travel though people usually prefer private ones because of the following reasons.

Public transport systems do not maintain proper hygiene.
Public transport can be slower than the private one because of the prescribed speed limits.
Public transportation stops at a fixed destination so the passenger has to look for additional means to reach their destination.
Public transport has fixed schedules which is inconvenient for some travellers.
Public transport is crowded and personal space may not be available.
Most vehicles are not modified to suit people with disabilities and also for senior citizens.
Long waiting hours.
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Transportation in the United States Essay

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Introduction

Historical background, future of us transportation network.

The nineteenth century saw arise of economies of various nations across the globe. Alongside this growth was the development of strong transportation networks/systems. The settlers movement to the West of America further facilitated spread of technology and hence development of better transport facilities. The growth of cities and industrial centers demanded the revolution of the transport industry to suit the emerging needs As a result of development (Caltrans 2). As the world opens up to a new dawn, one cannot help but question whether the approach taken then, at managing transportation was the best. Milestone in development of transport networks were characterized with increased road network construction; introduction of advanced equipment like steam boats, and most fundamentally, introduction of railroads. Despite America being a leading global economy for many years, it is still confronted by commuter crises, crowded airports, crowded air lanes, screeching airplanes, archaic control equipment, abuses of safety regulations, roads that falls below its perceived global glory.

The transportation network in America forms the pillar upon which the economy runs. Applauded, as one of the best networks in the world, the system provides services to businesses, markets, recreation centers, and jobs among many others. In essence, the transportation touches on the life of every American. It is comprised of road, rail, air, and water networks. While short distances are dominated by automobiles, long distance is mainly based on air transport (Luxner 15). The state and the local government own a vast majority of roads. Though the federal government funds some roads like the inter-state highways, the state still have an obligation to maintain the roads. However, there are a few private highways where tool charges are used to fund construction and maintenance. Most of the local roads are however concentrated in the remote parts of the country. The freight/passenger railway systems, bus services, and water ferry services are classified as either public owned or privately owned (Pucher, and Dijkstra 13). Private ownership is more pronounced across the civilian airlines. Most airports are however owned by the government though there are few privately owned.

The American transportation system has developed over the years to be what it is today. Horse transportation dominated in the late 18th century. However, it must be mentioned that utilities that used to serve the country well can no longer meet their obligations now. Though transportation is obviously only one of many daunting challenges that America faces today, it remains an exceptionally important one. Without investing adequately in transportation to refresh our models for funding and managing our system, America is in danger of losing its competitive edge. The ability to move people and goods flexibly, efficiently, and cost-effectively is as critical as ever. It is essential not only to maintaining U.S. global competitiveness, but to nurturing a dynamic and adaptable workforce, growing local and regional economies, supporting livable communities, and reducing the environmental and national security liabilities of our continued dependence on petroleum fuels for nearly all our transportation needs. The task is two-fold: to maintain and improve existing infrastructure and systems, which are increasingly overloaded and inadequately maintained, while also investing in the new systems and technologies that will be needed to meet the mobility needs of the future. The transport infrastructures have far too long been left at free hand. The central government concentrated resources in other areas at the expense of the nations transport sector. The first government expenditure on highways was aimed at speeding up overland mail. This includes the Boston Post Road connecting New York and Boston (Bookman 31). With the economic fortunes recorded in the 18 th century, canals were built to meet the rising demand for faster travel e.g. the Erie Canal (Pucher, and Dijkstra 16). Upstream transit remained impracticable until the introduction of stream boats which facilitated passenger and freight movement from one point to another. However, it must be acknowledged that the overall structure has remained laissez faire with negligible regulation.

Chronic underfunding, especially on maintenance of existing infrastructure, has exposed the systems to significant degradation, thus weakening the system leading breakdown of some fundamental components. Currently the cost for fixing the resources is largely incomparable to the resource requirement aimed at diverting the anticipated system failure. An urban mobility report in 2009, illustrates the magnitude at which the free-hand in transportation system costs the economy. It was estimated that in 2007 only, total fuel waste and loss in production amounted to $87.2 billion translating to $750 for every driver in the US (DeBoer, David and Kaufman Lawrence 46). The slight congestion decline in 2008 and 2009, reflected disconnect between government intervention or road maintenance and the changing economic situations (DeBoer and Lawrence 47). One may presume that, as the country’s economy enlarges, a corresponding mechanism by the government to intervene is lacking.

It is important to note that transport affects every citizen of America. Luxner mentions that of eight jobs in America, at least one is linked to the transport sector (18). Statistics also indicate that around 11% of the country’s GDP is contributed by the transport sector. This translates to approximately $950 yearly (Bureau of statistics 11). Further it is estimated that 19% of household spending by average American families is directed on transport which exceeds food and healthcare projected spending. The system generally engages over 4.7 trillion passenger travel miles and an additional 3.7 million domestic freight ton miles. These are generated by a population of 270 million persons, approximately 6.7 million business entities and a total of 88,000 units of government. Rail and maritime transport sector accounts 11% of total transported tonnage. The major road in the country constitutes around 25,000 miles, while the waterways comprise a total of 500 miles (Bureau of statistics 15).

The sector has been cited as having the potential of unblocking America’s fortunes in the future as new challenges emerge. America is in need of a stronger transportation network in the coming future to move people and goods efficiently. The highway links the infrastructural networks across the nation. They are therefore critical in interconnecting the nations transport networks across various states and its neighbors. Additionally, 600,000 bridges have been constructed across the major highways within the nation (U.S. Government Accountability Office 39). However, states and local government retain authority over highways traversing their jurisdiction. All highways however, form part of the integrated national transport system. The transit system on the other hand is a product of various multi-occupancy vehicle services which are meant for transport of clients both in regional routes and local ones.

More than 500 public transportation systems are operated off government regulation. 4% and 1% are commuter rail cars and light rail cars respectively. It is estimated that in 2007, more than 10 billion passengers used public transportation. The development of passenger rail roads has been challenged by the emergence of low cost air travel options for long distance and the widespread presence of private automobiles used for short journeys.

Amtrak also known as the National Railroad Passenger Corporation’s entry into rail passenger services saw it drive away private firms from the intercity railway services (U.S. Government Accountability Office 39). This was an indication of the government realization of the shortfalls of its laissez fair approach. Its take-over saw rebuilding of facilities and public investment attraction with regard to tracks and stations. An example is the North East Corridor. Developing air travel pervasiveness is visible by the ever increasing passenger numbers flown by commercially operated jets. For instance growth in 1975 was 50% yet recent growths have been set at 80% (Caltrans 2). The US maritime transportation system is made up of water ways, ports, and other transportation mode connections. America is one of the largest global economies and transportation sector acts as the cornerstone to the other entire sector that defines its economy. Its position as the remaining world super power, puts lots of challenge to its transportation system, more so in consideration of the large business trading taking place (Caltrans 2). Focus is on maintenance of the best intermodal connections. A sit stands, the disintegrate approach taken in management of American states with each state individually handling its network has left the system rather disintegrated and hence allowed manifestation of problems.

Perhaps the laissez faire approach to road construction and maintenance failed to capture the importance of transportation to the economy and hence the need for a more centralized coordination of transport sector. Notably, a good percentage of the country’s GDP is originating from the transport industry. The laissez faire approach failed to capture system growth within the nation. It instead shifted focus to individual states, resulting into a disjointed system. However, all is not left to the dogs, as options till exist for the federal government intervention in the future programs wit the aim of revolutionizing the transport system to suit the future prospects and ideas of America as a nation. This would pave way for establishment of strong transport structures which would provide the much need pillar to the country’s economy.

As daunting as are the problems within each major mode of transportation, some of the largest problems facing the U.S. transportation system lie at the connections between modes. The American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials have approved (Caltrans 3).

It is the right of the American population to decide how they invest in their transport sector and determine the most appropriate mix that would suite their needs. However, professionals must play a pro-active role in coming up with appropriate measures that would facilitate the sectors reasonable expansion (Bookman 17). Accountability and development of performance based program holds great potential to facilitate the sectors enlargement and improved efficiency taking into consideration the national goals. Comprehensive multimodal proposals urges that the federal program go “back to basics” and focus emphatically on national interests (DeBoer, David and Kaufman Lawrence 52). These include transports infrastructure preservation and renewal, interstate connections, safety concerns, environmental concern and congestions among other aspects. Increased federal funding alongside national performance standards should be set up pursues national goals on transportation (Bookman 18). This would compel states to adhere to standards and be accountable to the federal government on invested funds. They would be obligated to remain accountable to the federal government for the investments directed towards transport.

There is no question that there is a need for substantial funding increases. In the short-term, the economic recovery bill can make a down-payment on these needs. But in the long term, we have to look at sustaining that economic impact.

Rather than the more than 100 current programs, the following six are recommended (DeBoer, David and Kaufman Lawrence 53):

Preservation and Renewal
Highway Safety Improvement
Operations and Management
Transportation System Improvement/Congestion Reduction Program
Environment Program: Air Quality and Climate Change

As you see, it’s going to be an exciting and a critical year for transportation.

Our performance in delivering the promise of the economic recovery legislation will make the case for a robust authorization. Increase commitment to delivery of this promise is a necessity. Additionally, funding regulation need review more so with respect to the Highway Trust Fund (DeBoer, David and Kaufman Lawrence 57), the primary source of federal transportation funding, in the black. It is quite possible we may again face a shortfall late in the year unless some action is taken, and that would threaten to undo the good done by the economic recovery legislation. Finally, we must work to deliver reform legislation that relieves congestion, provides access to rural America, reduces fatalities, doubles transit ridership, streamlines program delivery—and most important, serves the American public. We are up to the challenge! Thank you and I’ll be glad to answer any questions.

The need to review the transportation systems from a wholesome point of view was first mooted in 1991. Over the years progress has been recorded. The National Highway System Intermodal Connectors has been identified for focus in solving some of the challenges threatens the transportation system. Additionally, direct dock rail services are cited as being in dire need of revamping to suit the changing demand landscape (Caltrans 3). It is evident that the quicker the response, the larger the possibility of alleviating further escalation of the already existing challenges. Clear connections need to b e designed to bring together the independently designed local/state road networks (Baltimore 29). Highway connector problems are best captured by re-examination of the existing connectors. A number of examples illustrate the some of the efforts which can be used in efficient re-evaluation of the intermodal connectors.

Firstly, collaboration between the state department and the other arms of government arms as well as stakeholders on project which could revolutionalize the freight transportation. The need for the federal government to invest more funds into transportation development cannot be overstated. Additionally, it’s high time that the federal government directly handles major road transport operations rather than leave to the hands of then

By eliminating intersections, the fly over make it possible for trains to move at high speeds and hence save a lot of time. However, initiatives in place to revamp the transport systems remain relatively few and inconsequential (Baltimore 27). The need for further efforts to eliminate freight free flow across various impediments remains largely vital and fundamental.

A survey indicated that American voters overwhelmingly agree that broader access to transport is a necessity to their well-being. A large percentage believes that they would enormously benefits form expanded transport networks more so with regard to bus and rail services. Additionally, most Americans attach importance to availing of alternative transport networks/options to choose from when moving from one place to another. Re-evaluation of federal funds allocation to transport development is therefore in dire need of review (Anonymous 1). Most specialists agree that more funds should be channeled to road network development and restructuring if America is to maintain its global competitiveness (DeBoer, David and Kaufman Lawrence 59). While liberalization is good, the government needs to critically re-evaluate its policies to ensure that liberalizations does not come at a cost to the very same persons it’s was intended to protect.

Generally, American population is in agreement in desire to for expanded transport system and options to facilitate the system maximum performance ability. American people share in their broad desire for expanded transport system and active federal participation in construction, preservation, and management of transport network if only to enhance efficiency (Anonymous 1). The government must therefore wake up to the challenge, re-evaluate the transport system, reconstruct the areas of weakness, and finally invest heavily in the sector to measure that American people remain protected and enjoy secured transport facilities.

Anonymous. “Annual Vehicle Distance Traveled in Miles and Related Data”. Federal Highway Administration . 2003. Web.

Anonymous. “The heartland fast-freight rail system.. Entrepreneur.com. Fall, 2007. Web.

Baltimore, Chris. “New U.S. Congress looks to boost transport,” The Boston Globe , 23(1), 2007, p 23-29.

Bookman, Jay “Opinion: Toll roads, taxes and why voters distrust leaders” . Atlanta, Georgia: Atlanta Journal-Constitution. 2010, p 18.

Bureau of statistics. Pocket Guide to Transportation . 2008. Web.

Bureaus of statistics. System Mileage Within the United States : National Transportation Statistics . 2007. Web.

Caltrans, Louise. The Interstate Highway System Turns 50 . 2006. Web.

DeBoer, David and Kaufman Lawrence. Well Within Reach America’s: New Transportation Agenda. Miller Center of Public Affairs: Faulkner House. 2010.

Luxner, Larry. “Shipping firm sees potential gold mine in Florida-Cuba passenger ferry service.” Cuba News, 2009.

Pucher, John, and Lewis Dijkstra. Making Walking and Cycling Safer: Lessons from Europe. Transportation Quarterly , 52(1), 2000, 11-16

U.S. Government Accountability Office. Intercity Passenger Rail: National Policy and Strategies Needed to Maximize Public Benefits from Federal Expenditures. 2006. Web.

Freight Transportation Systems
Expansion of the European Intermodal Rail-Road Freight Transport
Chinese Rail Services' Feasibility in Jamaica
Different Types of Transportation
Improving the Efficiency of Public Transportation
Renewable Energy and Transport Fuel Use Patterns
Innovative Services for Inter-Vehicle Communication
Trade-Offs That Affect Distribution Operations
Chicago (A-D)
Chicago (N-B)

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1. IvyPanda . "Transportation in the United States." March 23, 2022. https://ivypanda.com/essays/transportation-in-the-united-states/.

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transportation

Introduction

The movement of people and goods from place to place is known as transportation. Together with communication—the movement of ideas—transportation has been essential in bringing about the integration of regions and nations into a single world community. Transportation movements, combined into various systems and networks, are by way of land, water, and air and by such means as automobile, airplane, railroad, ship, and pipeline.

The Need for Transportation

Transportation is needed because few economic resources—raw materials, fuels, food, manufactured goods—are located where they are wanted. Each region or place on Earth produces more than it consumes of some goods and services and less than it consumes of others. Through transportation, goods are moved from where there are surpluses to where there are shortages. Improved transportation has extended the areas in which various goods can be profitably marketed and thus has helped make the goods widely available.

The moving of people to places of work, education, and recreation and for their other needs and wants also requires transportation. Like goods, people are moved to where they are needed. But as decision makers people also travel to where they want to be. In recreational activities, such as pleasure driving, transportation can be an end in itself.

The demand for transportation is derived from the need for people and goods to be at a particular place. In satisfying this need, transportation gives people and goods greater value and place utility. Sometimes, as in the aging of wine or the ripening of bananas while they are en route to their destinations, goods may acquire greater form utility. The in-transit storage of goods provided by a vehicle may reduce the need for warehouse space at the destination. This is an example of time utility—getting goods to a destination at the time of their greatest usefulness.

The demand for transportation—and the rate of actual traffic flow—tends to be proportional to the population of the destination area. Traffic flow between two areas also depends on their proximity—flow generally tends to be greater the closer the areas are to each other.

The concentration of transportation services in heavily urbanized and industrialized areas is a result of the great amount of traffic. However, political or military considerations or prospects for future economic growth may lead to the construction of transportation facilities even where they are not profitable. Economic development in nonindustrialized countries, for example, commonly requires extensive investment in roads, airfields, harbors, and other transport facilities long before there is much traffic.

In industrialized countries such as the United States, transportation routes traditionally have been provided for in advance of other economic development. The Cumberland Road, for example, was built early in the 1800s to open the Ohio Valley to settlement. The Erie Canal, completed in 1825, helped settle the Great Lakes region. Federal land grants to railroad companies in the 19th century helped settle the West. In Canada roads and railroads were being extended to the north in the 1960s and 1970s to facilitate settlement and the exploitation of natural resources. In the long run, transporting goods from one place to another is justified only if the goods can be produced cheaply enough at the first place so as to offset the transportation cost to the second.

Transportation Modes

The various means, or modes, of transportation consist of both the specific types of vehicles used and the facilities needed for their movement. The modes include people walking and carrying loads, human-powered machines such as bicycles, draft animals pulling wagons and coaches, and pack animals; motor-powered highway vehicles such as trucks, buses, automobiles, taxis, and motorcycles; water carriers such as ships, barges, hydrofoils, and hovercraft; railroad trains; aircraft; and devices such as chutes, conveyor belts, pipelines, and electric lines.

Transportation modes can be classified by whether they are by land, water, or air; by how they are powered; by whether they use continuous flow or not; by whether they carry passengers or freight or both; and by whether or not they use fixed routes. Such distinctions are blurred somewhat by the fact that several modes are typically used for the entire movement of persons or goods from initial origin to final destination.

For example, a woman traveling from Chicago, Ill., to New York City may take a bus and a subway train to get to Chicago-O’Hare International Airport, where she can board an airplane for New York’s La Guardia Airport. At La Guardia she may reverse the process, riding buses and subway trains until she reaches her destination. For the trips to and from the airports she might instead have used an automobile or a taxicab. She might have traveled cross-country by automobile, bus, or train instead of by airplane.

A transport vehicle such as an automobile, an airplane, or an ordinary ship has both its motive power and its facilities for carrying goods or people in the same unit. In other cases, such as a train of railroad cars pulled by a locomotive, the barges pushed or pulled by a towboat, or the highway trailer pulled by a truck tractor, the motive power and the cargo or passengers are in separate units. When power and payload units are separate the power vehicle can be utilized elsewhere while the carrier vehicles are being loaded or unloaded or are in storage. Separation of units also permits changes in the number of carrier vehicles, as with a railroad train or a barge tow, as the volume of traffic varies.

The power for moving a vehicle may be furnished by a natural process such as wind or gravity. The power may be generated in an engine by the burning of fuel such as wood, charcoal, coal, gasoline, kerosine, or fuel oil. Power may also be furnished by an electric motor operated from batteries, an overhead wire or third rail, or a diesel engine such as in a diesel-electric locomotive. Diesel engines have increasingly replaced steam engines in maritime and railroad transportation and are also used in buses and trucks. Gasoline engines are used in automobiles and also in many buses and trucks. Turbines—both jet and propjet—have replaced engines using reciprocating pistons in most airline transportation.

Freight Transportation

Heavy or bulky goods and those of low value in proportion to their weight or bulk generally tend to be moved by transportation modes that use large vehicles such as ships and barges, which travel at slow speeds. Compact, perishable, and high-value goods tend to be moved by transportation modes that use small vehicles such as trucks and especially aircraft, which travel at high speeds.

Goods being transported can be classified into general cargo, or package freight, on the one hand and bulk cargo on the other. General cargo usually consists of merchandise, including manufactured items such as machinery, that has a high value in proportion to its weight or to the space it occupies in a vehicle. Bulk cargo generally consists of goods that are of low value in proportion to their weight or bulk. They include ores, grains, coal, oil, petroleum products, and other raw materials and fuels.

General cargo may be transported in boxes, crates, bales, barrels, and other containers. Because of the great variety of shapes, sizes, and weights of general cargo, its handling is less easily mechanized and requires a larger labor force than the handling of bulk cargo. Bulk goods can be conveniently taken on and off ships, railroad cars, trucks, barges, and other carriers by means of gravity, suction, conveyor belts, pipes, or other continuous-flow devices. When being loaded, bulk goods also are able to flow around obstructions in a vehicle and thus fully occupy the available cargo space. Most of the world’s shipping is designed primarily for the movement of bulk goods.

Bulk cargoes can be classified into dry bulk and liquid bulk. Dry bulk goods can be packaged, such as in bags or bales, but more commonly they are not. Sugar, for example, formerly handled only in bags, is increasingly being transported in bulk. Dry bulk goods often are moved in specially designed vessels. They frequently are handled in ships as “bottoming cargo,” to fill any last-minute unused capacity. In some cases dry bulk goods are moved by overland pipeline. Even some solids, such as coal and ores, can be moved through pipes in a liquid suspension, or slurry. Electricity is transported by power lines, a continuous-flow device.

Liquid bulk goods are transported either by continuous flow in pipelines or by tankers, barges, trucks, or railroad cars. Tankers account for about half the tonnage capacity of all oceangoing merchant ships. Their average size is much larger than that of any other type of ship. Some supertankers have capacities of more than 300,000 tons. The principal cargo carried by tankers is crude oil, the leading commodity in international trade ( see petroleum, “Transportation and Distribution of Oil” ).

Many small tankers, uncompetitive with supertankers for moving oil on the longer voyages, are used for moving grain. Some vessels, known as oilbulk-ore vessels (OBOs), carry oil in one direction and ore on the return voyages. There also are specialized tanker ships that carry such chemicals as heated liquid sulfur or extremely cold liquefied natural gas. Specialized railroad tank cars and highway trucks also are designed to carry chemicals and other products under controlled temperatures and pressures.

Freight transportation in the United States is dominated by railroads. They carry about 40 percent of the total volume, measured in ton-miles. Railroad freight traffic, while chiefly bulk, is the most diversified of any transportation mode. Motor truck traffic between cities in the United States has been increasing rapidly since the 1920s when it first became a significant mode of transportation. Trucking accounts for about 20 percent of total freight volume. But because trucks carry general merchandise with a high average value per ton, they account for more than half the revenues from all domestic freight. Even when cargo is moved between major terminals by rail, air, or water carriers, it is usually picked up and delivered by truck.

Inland waterways in the United States, including the Great Lakes, account for about 15 percent of the total freight volume. Traffic is almost entirely of bulk goods, chiefly iron ore, coal, petroleum, lumber, steel, grain, and chemicals. Powerful diesel towboats and barge tows on the rivers can carry about 40,000 tons of cargo each. Oil pipelines in the United States account for more than 20 percent of the total freight traffic. Pipeline transportation of crude oil and petroleum products has largely replaced coastal tanker and railroad tankcar transportation. Air cargo traffic, although increasing rapidly, accounts for less than one percent of the total. The goods carried tend to be perishable, compact, and valuable.

One of the most common methods of handling freight cargoes is stacking individual crates, boxes, and bales on wood or metal platforms known as pallets. Pallets are moved onto or off vehicles by forklift trucks, cranes, or various kinds of conveyors specially designed to transport pallets.

Cargo can also be stuffed into large, uniform-size metal containers. Such containers are placed in general-cargo ships, in specially designed container ships, and on barges. They can be carried “piggyback” by railroad trains as trailer-on-flatcar (TOFC) or as container-on-flatcar (COFC) cargo. In TOFC, truck semitrailers (with their wheel assemblies) are loaded; in COFC, containers (without wheels) are loaded. Truck semitrailers and containers are also placed on flatbed trailers hauled by highway truck tractors. The semitrailers and containers can easily be loaded aboard a ship or barge, either by large cranes or, in the case of vessels known as Ro-Ro (Roll-on Roll-off), by means of ramps. Some containers are carried on wide-bodied jet aircraft.

A large container ship, because of its greater size and speed and less time spent loading and unloading in port, can often replace four to six conventional general-cargo vessels and can move the cargo at much lower cost. Container ships were first built in large numbers in the late 1960s. As a result, many conventional ocean freighters were made obsolete, as were the port facilities that had been designed and located to handle their cargoes.

Containerization is not new. Ordinary trucks and railroad boxcars are forms of containers. But unlike modern containers, each may be loaded with a variety of merchandise that must be divided at a freight station and sent to several destinations. Such less-than-carload (LCL) traffic can be handled more efficiently by truck than by railroad because a truck can be driven directly to a destination area and provide door-to-door service.

Passenger Transportation

In metropolitan areas of the United States, movements of people between home and work account for about 40 percent of the total number of passenger journeys. Recreational trips account for about 15 percent of all trips in the typical urban area. Automobile riding, for example, is not only a means of reaching a destination but is a popular form of outdoor recreation. Recreational boating also is popular. Cruise ships have made up the major proportion of ocean-going passenger vessels since jet aircraft became the favored mode of transoceanic travel. ( See also travel and tourism .)

The automobile dominates intercity passenger transportation in the United States. It accounts for more than 80 percent of the total passenger miles. No other mode of transportation approaches the flexibility and convenience of the automobile, which provides door-to-door service independent of schedules.

The railroad is no longer a major means of intercity passenger transportation in the United States, though railroad passenger service thrives in much of the rest of the world. As recently as the early 1940s there were more than 20,000 daily intercity passenger trains in the United States. By the early 1970s there were only about 200. Whereas railroads accounted for almost 70 percent of the total passenger-miles by public carrier in 1930, by 1970 they accounted for less than one percent. In 1971 the National Railroad Passenger Corporation, a federal agency that is also known as Amtrak, took over most of the intercity railroad passenger service. Most Amtrak trains operate in the Northeast corridor between Boston, Mass.; New York City; Philadelphia, Pa.; Baltimore, Md.; and Washington, D.C. A large proportion of the New York-Washington service is by high-speed electric trains called Metroliners. There is suburban railroad passenger service in the metropolitan areas of such large cities as New York, Chicago, Philadelphia, Boston, and San Francisco. Electric interurban railroads and street railways in cities have almost disappeared.

Intercity scheduled buses in the United States serve many more communities than do railroads. Using modern expressways, they provide swift service between major cities, though many communities not on expressways now have much less bus service than they formerly had. Air carriers dominate public intercity passenger transportation in the United States. The growth of air passenger traffic has been rapid, increasing from only 14 percent of the total in 1950 to more than 85 percent in the 1980s. Passenger travel by water carriers in the United States is insignificant except for some ferry services.

Carrier Organizations

There are several types of transportation carrier organizations. Common carriers offer their services to the general public at standard terms and rates. They usually operate over fixed routes and on regular schedules. In the United States all interstate common carriers are regulated by the federal government. Almost all railroads and intercity bus services are common carriers, as is much of intercity trucking, inland waterway barge traffic, and petroleum pipelines. All are regulated by the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) or by individual states. Almost all scheduled airlines in the United States are regulated by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA).

Shipping lines participate in international conferences, or cartels, which set the schedules and usually the rates charged for common carriers on most major ocean routes. They compete with nonconference lines, however, and face the possibility that large-scale users of ships might operate their own vessels if conference rates are too high. International scheduled airline services are operated by agreement with the affected countries. They are largely regulated by the International Air Transport Association (IATA).

Contract carriers carry people or goods by agreement with a limited number of shippers. They do not operate over fixed routes or on regular schedules. They include tramp ships, which operate under charter and mainly carry shiploads of bulk cargo rather than general cargo. Nonscheduled, or supplementary, airlines and the charter services of scheduled airlines also are examples of contract carriers, as are urban taxicabs and charter buses. Contract carriers carry a large share of the world’s ocean cargo.

Private carriers serve individual or corporate owners. They are not for hire to the public. Most automobiles in the United States are private carriers. Many companies operate their own truck fleets, and some of the largest shippers, especially petroleum companies, operate their own ships and barges.

Transportation Terminals

A transportation terminal is the place where goods and people are transferred from one carrier or mode to another. It is the place where vehicles are loaded and unloaded or where several vehicles are assembled into or separated from trains. Terminals are located where transportation routes intersect and where journeys or shipments begin or end. They include seaports, airports, railroad yards and depots, truck terminals, bus stations, and automobile parking lots.

Transportation terminals tend to be located within or close to a city’s downtown area. But the need for large tracts of land at relatively low cost often requires locations in outlying areas. For example, a 700-foot- (200-meter-) long berth for a container ship requires as much as 25 acres (10 hectares) of adjoining land for assembling and distributing cargoes by truck and rail. As a result, many port terminals, often located along congested downtown waterfronts, have been abandoned. Larger terminals have been established most commonly on the seaward edges of such large port cities as Rotterdam, Netherlands.

Modern commercial airports require even more space. Chicago-O’Hare International Airport, for example, covers ten square miles (25 square kilometers). Even larger are airports such as those for Dallas-Fort Worth, Tex.; Kansas City, Mo.; and Los Angeles, Calif. Airports also need unobstructed space for long distances past the ends of their runways. A modern railroad classification yard, in which trains are assembled and disassembled, may be as much as 1 / 2 by 5 miles (1 by 8 kilometers).

In many cases, the relocation of freight terminals has been due to the increased decentralization of the industrial and commercial establishments that are the sources and destinations of freight traffic. Decentralization is also a result of the improved access that modern highways have given to outlying areas. The traffic congestion, noise, and air and water pollution associated with transportation activities also make it desirable to locate terminals away from residential areas. As a side effect of decentralization, much of the land formerly needed by railroads and ports for central-city terminals has become available for nontransportation uses.

Passengers wait for the arrivals and departures of common and charter carriers at airport, railroad, and bus terminals. Amenities include ticket offices, waiting rooms, toilet facilities, and a variety of business establishments. In terminals handling international traffic, there are customs, immigration, public health, and quarantine facilities. In and near major railroad stations and airports there often are hotels.

Transportation Routes

A transportation route is the regular path that is followed by a movement of people or goods. Ideally it follows the shortest possible distance—a straight line, or what is known on the curving surface of the Earth as a great circle. But natural barriers, such as intervening landmasses on ocean routes, often block such direct paths. Inland waterways usually follow the winding courses of river valleys. Land routes bend to avoid steep slopes or to go around bodies of water. Air routes deviate from straight lines to avoid bad weather or to make use of tail winds. Transportation routes may also deviate from straight lines to tap intermediate sources of traffic or to avoid crossing specific political boundaries.

The world’s largest volume of ocean traffic is across the North Atlantic between the highly urbanized, industrialized, and densely populated regions of eastern North America and Western Europe. Branches of the North Atlantic sea route on the North American side lead to ports up the St. Lawrence River and on the Great Lakes and to ports on the East and Gulf coasts. On the European side one branch leads to and from ports in northern Europe; another passes through the Mediterranean Sea, leading to and from ports in southern and eastern Europe, the Middle East, and northern Africa. Mediterranean ports compete with those on the Atlantic and on the North and Baltic seas for the trade of the European interior, much as the Great Lakes, Gulf coast, and Atlantic ports compete for the trade of the North American interior. Through the Suez Canal the Mediterranean route connects with Indian Ocean routes to India, Japan, and other countries in southern and eastern Asia.

Another major sea route, through the Panama Canal, links the seaboards of Western Europe and eastern North America with the western coasts of North America and South America. Major routes also extend from the Panama Canal across the Pacific Ocean to Australia and New Zealand and to Japan and the eastern and southeastern coasts of Asia. Other transpacific routes directly link western North America and eastern Asia.

Another major world shipping route across the Atlantic links Western Europe with Brazil and eastern South America. A branch of this route that curves around southern Africa links Western Europe with ports in Africa and on the Indian Ocean, replacing the Suez Canal route. Another major route is that between the Persian Gulf and Japan.

The world pattern of air routes is similar to that of ocean routes, though an airplane can follow a more direct route than a ship can. The heaviest volume of international air traffic, like sea traffic, is across the North Atlantic between North America and Europe. There is also a great volume of air traffic between the various countries of Europe as well as on domestic flights within such major countries as Russia and the United States. The most heavily used airways in the United States are between Boston, New York City, and Washington, D.C.; New York City and Chicago; and Los Angeles and San Francisco.

Inland waterways are concentrated in the world’s heavily populated river basins and lowland plains. Among the busiest are the Great Lakes–St. Lawrence Seaway and the Mississippi and Ohio rivers in North America, the Rhine River and other rivers and canals in northwestern Europe, and the system centering on the Volga and Don rivers in Eastern Europe. The United States has about 25,000 miles (40,200 kilometers) of inland waterway routes, including the Atlantic and Gulf intracoastal waterways. Land transportation routes are densest where urban commercial and industrial activities are the most extensively developed. Such core regions are in the central and eastern United States and southeastern Canada, in northwestern Europe, and in Japan. Other major transportation concentrations include the Pacific coast of North America, the Rio de Janeiro–São Paulo area of southern Brazil, the Ganges plain of northern India, the eastern areas of China, and south-eastern Australia.

The nets, or webs, of transportation routes are less densely developed in regions such as the interior western United States, the southern part of western Canada, Spain and Portugal, and southern Sweden and Norway. Some regions are served by railroads and highways that connect with transportation nets only at one end. Such transportation tentacles extend to otherwise isolated localities such as mining areas, logging camps, and other resource-extracting settlements. Examples are the rail lines and highways extending into northern Canada and into Siberia. Because of geography some sparsely settled regions such as the Amazon Basin of South America have few or no railroads and are served by inland waterways, air routes, and a few roads.

In the United States and Canada the transportation web is densest in the general area bounded by the Ohio and Potomac rivers on the south, the Missouri River on the west, and the St. Lawrence Valley. Several corridors within this densely populated, highly industrialized core region of North America generate extremely heavy movements of both goods and passengers. The most noted corridor is through the megalopolis stretching between Boston, New York City, Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Washington, D.C. Others are the axis between Detroit, Mich.; Cleveland, Ohio; and Pittsburgh, Pa.; the corridor from Chicago to Milwaukee, Wis.; and the corridor connecting Detroit; Toronto, Ont.; Montreal; and Quebec, Que.

In the southeastern United States, goods traffic very often moves to and from ocean and river ports. There also are major centers of passenger and freight traffic in the interior, such as at Atlanta, Ga.

In the interior of the western United States, transportation routes are spaced much farther apart, a reflection of the low population density. But on the heavily populated Pacific coast, a north-south corridor of closely spaced rail, highway, and air routes links San Diego, Calif.; Los Angeles; the San Francisco Bay area; and the Willamette Valley–Puget Sound–Strait of Georgia cities of Portland, Ore.; Tacoma and Seattle, Wash., in the United States and Vancouver, B.C., in Canada.

There were only about 172,900 miles (278,250 kilometers) of railroad routes in the United States in the late 1980s, as compared with about 254,000 miles (408,760 kilometers) in the peak year of 1916. Railroad mileage has steadily fallen as little-used branch lines have been abandoned in favor of highways. The United States has about 3.5 million miles (5.6 million kilometers) of surfaced roads. A network of pipelines links the Gulf coast and interior oil fields to the northeastern urban areas. Other major pipelines serve the Pacific coast.

All-water transportation routes via southern Africa, the Panama Canal, and the Suez Canal (before 1967) have faced increasing competition from land-sea combination routes that cross North America or Eurasia. Traffic from Japan to Europe, for example, may be routed first by ship across the Sea of Japan to Russia and then on the Trans-Siberian Railroad across Eurasia. Traffic from Japan to the eastern United States may be routed first by ship across the Pacific and then by rail or highway across the United States. Traffic from North America’s West coast to Europe may be routed first by rail or highway across to the East coast and then by ship across the Atlantic. Speedier transfer of cargoes between ships and overland carriers at the ports has greatly facilitated this choice of routings.

The world pattern of transportation routes changes slowly. The most important recent changes are a result of the growth of air transportation; the development of routes from new sources of fuels and metals in formerly isolated regions such as Labrador, northwestern Australia, and central Africa; the closing of the Suez Canal in 1956 and 1967; the opening of the enlarged St. Lawrence Seaway in 1959; and the opening of the Arkansas River to large-scale barge navigation in 1971. Transportation routes also have changed as supertankers, OBO vessels, container ships, and railroad piggyback service have been introduced.

Transportation Costs

Transportation costs depend primarily on distance and on the amount of goods or the number of people being carried. Reduced costs are generally achieved through the use of transportation modes that permit larger volumes or numbers to be moved. Savings are also realized by using as much as possible of the capacity of a particular mode or vehicle. For many movements of passengers and goods, however, the primary aim is not low cost but greater speed, convenience, or comfort. Such convenient modes as the private automobile or the taxicab, for example, are much costlier to use than a bus or train.

The cost of transportation includes both terminal costs and line-haul costs. Terminal costs are those incurred in assembling and distributing passengers and goods and loading them onto and unloading them from the vehicle. In the case of railroads they include the costs of making and breaking trains. The transfer from one mode to another, as between land and water carriers at a port, also is a terminal cost. Linehaul costs are those incurred in the actual movement of goods or people between terminals. They are generally proportional to distance, or length of haul (and fuel costs), and to time (and labor costs).

Another distinction is between fixed costs and variable costs. Fixed costs—also known as overhead, or constant, costs—include administration, sales, financing, insurance, rents, depreciation, and taxes. They are largely independent of particular transportation movements. Variable costs—also known as marginal, or out-of-pocket, costs—such as for fuel, are those attributed to a particular transportation movement and depend on actual traffic volume.

Costs are partly related to the load factor, the proportion of the capacity of the vehicle that actually carries the payload of cargo or passengers. If, for example, a 100-seat airplane carries 60 passengers, its load factor is 60 percent. Transportation operators try to achieve as high a load factor as possible by offering less frequent service during off-peak periods than during peak periods. In this way they can meet the increased demands of peak periods but not be saddled with unused capacity at other times.

Most rates and fares charged shippers and travelers fall between what are known as the value of service and the cost of service. The value of service is the maximum rate or fare that can be charged. If the charge is higher, transfer or substitution will take place—the traveler or shipper will find another transportation mode, another carrier of the same mode, another destination, another source of supply, another market, or cancel altogether.

If the carrier is a private enterprise, as are most transportation services in the United States, the total rates and fares charged must be sufficiently above the cost of service so as to give the carrier a profit. If traffic is carried at below cost, the loss must be made up by some form of public subsidy—that is, the government and the taxpayers share the transportation costs with the operators and the users. The desirability of a public subsidy is based on estimating whether the public benefit is great enough.

Early History of Transportation

Throughout most of human history, people’s movements on land were restricted to those speeds and distances that could be attained by walking. The use of sledges, pack animals, and then draft animals pulling wheeled vehicles increased the distance that early men could traverse and the amount of goods that they could transport ( see wheel ).

Long-distance transportation was mainly by water—on rivers and lakes, along seacoasts, and from island to island, usually in sight of land. Early vessels, propelled by currents and by paddles or poles, included rafts made of reeds or branches, boats made of skins, and dugout canoes. Later vessels used sails, which harnessed the wind. Extensive water commerce was carried on by the civilizations in ancient Phoenicia, around the Aegean Sea, and along the valleys of the Nile River in Egypt, the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in Mesopotamia, the Indus River (now in Pakistan), and the Yellow River in China.

Some of the earliest long-distance overland trade routes date from around 2000 bc . These were the trails along which amber was carried from near the Baltic Sea to the Mediterranean and Aegean seas. Starting in the 6th century bc , the Persian rulers Cyrus and Darius built a road system in their empire. Around the end of the 4th century bc a road system was built in the Maurya Empire of India. Camel caravans carried silk from China to Europe on trails that perhaps predate the 4th century bc . By the 3rd century ad the road network of the Roman Empire had reached Britain, Gaul (modern France), and the eastern Mediterranean region.

During the Middle Ages, improved sailing vessels and the magnetic compass made open-sea voyages out of sight of land much safer ( see navigation ). Voyages of discovery in the 15th and 16th centuries greatly enlarged the world known to Europeans. An extensive sea trade developed, with merchant vessels carrying gold and silver from Latin America, tea and spices from Asia, and enslaved Black people captured from Africa.

Meanwhile, advances were being made in bridge and road construction, and the lock gate for canals was developed. Between the 16th and 18th centuries an extensive canal system was built in France. Transportation improvements in 18th-century Great Britain included the establishment of a turnpike (toll road) system and the use of iron for bridge construction. In 1815, John Loudon MacAdam first built a macadamized road, surfaced with compacted broken stone.

The American Indians did not have wheeled vehicles. Some tribes carried goods on an A-shaped drag called a travois. Indian trails often followed animal trails. For inland water transportation the Indians and later the European colonists used dugout, bark, or skin canoes ( see Indians, American ).

Late in the 18th century gravel roads were introduced in the United States. One of the first was a toll road, the Lancaster Turnpike in Pennsylvania. Plank roads and corduroy roads, made of lumber or logs laid side by side on the roadbed to overcome dust and mud, were built in the 1830s and 1840s. By the early 1800s transportation was being provided by animal-drawn Conestoga wagons and stagecoaches.

Flatboats were common on inland waterways. The opening of the Erie Canal in 1825 heralded a great era of canal building that linked the Atlantic seaboard with the lands west of the Appalachians. After 1818, packet ships regularly sailed across the Atlantic to Europe. In the mid-1800s, fast, efficient clipper ships were built to sail from Atlantic ports around South America to California and Asia.

Steam Power

The use of steam power to drive vehicles was applied as early as 1769 when a Frenchman, Nicolas Cugnot, demonstrated a steam carriage intended for use on common roads. It was in water transportation, however, that the early use of steam power was the most successful and enduring.

A short-lived steamboat service was begun by John Fitch on the Delaware River in 1790. In 1807 Robert Fulton established a successful steamboat line on the Hudson River ( see Fitch ; Fulton ). By the 1820s, steamboats plied the Great Lakes and the rivers of the Mississippi and Ohio valleys. Along with the development of canals, their use greatly reduced shipping costs to and from the interior and helped open vast areas of North America to settlement. During that same time, steamships were introduced onto European sea routes. The first oceangoing steamship, the Savannah, crossed the Atlantic from Savannah, Ga., to Liverpool, England, in 1819, although it used sails for most of the voyage. By the 1840s, vessels were crossing the Atlantic entirely by steam power. In 1840 Samuel Cunard established the first regularly scheduled steamship line between England and North America. These early steamships were wooden and were propelled by side paddle wheels. They were primarily passenger and mail ships, since their cargo capacity was limited by the large space needed to carry coal for fuel on long ocean voyages.

With the adoption of the speedier screw propeller, the building of stronger iron-hulled vessels, and the establishment of coaling stations along their routes, ocean steamships by the 1890s had exceeded sailing ships in tonnage carried. Sailing ships soon were eliminated from long-distance ocean trade.

New, shorter ocean routes were established. The Suez Canal, opened in 1869, enabled vessels to bypass the long voyage around Africa on routes between Europe and Asia. The Panama Canal, opened in 1914, bypassed the voyage around South America on routes between Atlantic and Pacific ports.

Growth of Railroads

Railroads were used in European mines as early as the mid-1500s. Men or animals pushed wagons loaded with ore along wooden tracks. Later, iron tracks were used and, with the advent of steam power, wagons were hauled by ropes connected to stationary engines. In Wales in 1804, Richard Trevithick demonstrated the first successful railroad steam locomotive. In 1825 the Stockton and Darlington railway near Newcastle, England, became the first common carrier to use steam locomotives.

In the United States the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad and the South Carolina Railroad began operation in 1830. Like the early roads, they were inland feeders to ports. Railroads spread rapidly in the eastern and southern United States, with short lines being merged to form through routes. By the mid-1850s, railways linked the Atlantic seaboard and the Midwest. In 1869 the first transcontinental route was completed to the Pacific coast.

Railroads became the dominent mode of overland transportation in the last half of the 19th century. Faster and more powerful locomotives and larger freight and passenger cars were built. Standardization of track gauges and the adoption of standard time zones aided efficiency. The invention of air brakes, automatic signaling, and the automatic coupler increased safety. Sleeping cars and dining cars increased passenger comfort and convenience ( see brake ; locomotive ).

In 1832 the horse-drawn tramcar on rails was adopted in New York City and in the following decades became widely accepted as an inexpensive form of public urban transportation. In the 1870s, steam-powered cable-drawn trams became popular. Beginning in 1863 in London, England, steam-powered underground railways (subways) were built ( see subway ).

Electric power was introduced to land transportation in the mid-1880s when electric street railways began operating in the United States, Canada, and Europe. By 1900 they had replaced horsecars and cable cars as the chief form of urban transportation. Electrified elevated or subway lines were built in several European cities and in Boston, Chicago, and New York City ( see street railway ) Electrification spread early in the 20th century to intercity railroad lines but later the diesel-electric locomotive became dominant in the United States ( see diesel engine ). By the 1950s, the automobile, bus, and airplane had replaced the railroad train as the principal passenger carriers in the United States. Trucks, waterways, and pipelines also competed increasingly with railroads in freight hauling.

The Automobile and the Air Age

Some of the first successful gasoline automobiles were developed in Germany by Karl Benz and Gottlieb Daimler in the 1880s and in the United States by Charles E. and J. Frank Duryea in 1893. Although some early automobiles were powered by steam and electricity, the internal-combustion gasoline engine soon became the favored form of motive power.

The early farm-to-market roads in the countryside were rarely paved. By the 1890s, however, some roads near the cities were being paved in response to the growing popularity of bicycle riding. As the automobile came into common use in the 1900s, 1916 the Federal Aid Road Act provided for massive federal aid in highway construction. Limited-access express highways originated in Europe in the 1920s and 1930s with the building of the first Italian autostrada and German autobahn. One of the first expressways in the United States was the Pennsylvania Turnpike, opened in 1940. The Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956 and later amendments provided for a network of 42,500 miles of interstate expressways to be completed by the mid-1970s.

The first successful manned, engine-powered flight in a heavier-than-air craft was achieved in 1903 at Kitty Hawk, N.C., by Orville and Wilbur Wright ( see Wright, Wilbur and Orville ). Airplanes were used in combat during World War I. Regular airmail routes began in the United States in 1918. During the 1920s and 1930s, mail planes commonly carried passengers. In the 1930s, scheduled flights were begun over the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.

The development during World War II of multiengine long-distance planes, aided by reliable electronic navigation and weather forecasting, led to the rapid advance of commercial air transportation. As a result, shipping lines rapidly declined as major passenger carriers.

With the introduction of jet power to commercial air service in the 1950s, speeds were doubled and costs were greatly reduced. Propeller planes were largely replaced on major transcontinental and trans-oceanic routes. The testing of supersonic jet transports began in Europe and the United States in the late 1960s. During that same time, jumbo jet aircraft, with capacities of nearly 500 passengers each, were brought into service.

Transportation Problems

The world’s transportation facilities are elaborate but unevenly developed. Many underindustrialized countries cannot afford the transportation services they need. At the same time, some highly industrialized countries are oversupplied. In the United States, for example, there are many miles of underused railroads, inland waterways, and rural roads.

Transportation movements are hampered by economic barriers such as tariffs and import and export quotas. Different railroad gauges on opposite sides of an international boundary often require a costly transfer of freight and passengers from one national railroad to another.

“Cargo preference” laws of some countries, restricting those vessels eligible to take particular cargoes, may impede the most economic operation of the world’s shipping fleets. The desire of many countries to have their own fleets of ships or to promote their own airlines may also divert traffic from the most efficient carriers.

Many countries regulate their transportation services so that the various modes are complementary rather than competitive. In the United States, however, government regulations vary widely from mode to mode and between those transportation movements that cross state boundaries and those that do not. A major step toward developing a unified national transportation policy was taken in 1966 with the creation of the Cabinet-level Department of Transportation.

Laws, customs, and labor agreements often require the employment of more persons than are needed for efficient transportation service, especially as technological advances such as container ships are introduced. But layoffs of unneeded workers may result in large-scale unemployment and create severe social problems. Similarly, the building of modern terminal facilities in certain ports and cities may so concentrate traffic that other, bypassed ports and cities face economic depression.

There often are costly and inconvenient delays when people and goods are transferred from one transportation mode to another. These delays include time spent by a traveler at a corner bus stop, at an airplane loading gate or baggage counter, or in the air while an airplane is waiting for clearance to land. They include the time spent by general cargo ships while in port being loaded or unloaded.

The building of expressways and tollways, with their wide rights-of-way and complex intersections, is very costly and has forced the relocation of hundreds of thousands of homes and businesses, particularly in cities. Entire neighborhoods have been destroyed. Many of the people displaced are from low-income areas in the inner cities and are those least able to find new homes.

Traffic congestion in the United States has been relieved somewhat as cities have decentralized and population and business densities have decreased. But rush-hour traffic jams and lack of parking space, especially in downtown areas, are still acute problems. Greater use of mass transit services is a likely solution. Unless mass transit is heavily subsidized, however, it can neither meet its costs from a fare structure that would be low enough nor provide service that would be frequent enough to induce people to leave their cars at home. Meanwhile, the decline of public transportation services has hit hardest at the poor, the elderly, the young, and the handicapped, who are least likely to have access to private automobiles.

Transportation facilities and operation also affect the quality of the environment. In an effort to reduce air pollution, laws in the United States set limits on automobile emissions. Such antipollution measures, however, may add to the expense of building and operating motor vehicles. Similarly, design changes required by laws limiting the noise levels and air pollution of aircraft may decrease the operating efficiency of the aircraft. The development of supersonic aircraft, in particular, has been opposed because of the loud sonic boom they create while in flight. Fear of pollution from massive oil leaks has affected plans for new pipelines and the building and operation of supertankers. Natural scenery may be marred and historical landmarks destroyed by construction for highways, railroads, and airports.

Transportation facilities also present a safety hazard. The private automobile, in particular, is one of the most dangerous modes of transportation, though accident rates are slowly being reduced. Major accidents on other transportation modes are relatively rare, though when they do occur, as in the crash of an airliner or in the collision of passenger trains, the loss of life may be great.

Advances in Transportation

Technological advances in transportation have included the development of superspeed trains, such as Japan’s “bullet train” of the 1960s and France’s TGV (Train de Grand Vitesse) of the 1970s and 1980s. These advances gave engineers the inspiration to design such experimental railroad systems as the magnetic levitation, or maglev, train, which by the early 1990s had only short test systems set up in Germany and Japan. Improvements in power generation and transmission and concern for the air and noise pollution caused by diesel engines have prompted automobile makers to develop cars that will run on alternative types of fuel. One result has been the prototype of an electric car. ( See also automobile ; railroad .)

A greater variety of ships, including submarine tankers and fast, multiple-hulled surface ships, have been developed. Other new types of vessels that are available include the hydrofoil, which travels on sea wings with its hull above water, and the surface-effect ship, or hovercraft, which rides above the water on a cushion of air.

The widespread use of atomic power for ship propulsion is a major research goal. STOL (short takeoff and landing), VTOL (vertical takeoff and landing), and supersonic aircraft have been adopted. These new technologies have made vehicles quieter. Passenger travel has improved in speed and comfort. Freight transport costs less because larger vehicles are used and operating efficiency has increased. The computer is used for record keeping, traffic control, navigation, and other routine operations.

In the more distant future, rocket transportation may become feasible, perhaps in combination with orbiting satellites, enabling all points on Earth to be connected in less than an hour’s travel time. Underground gravity vacuum tubes may permit freight and passengers to travel between stations thousands of miles apart also in less than an hour.

Improvements may be expected in transportation management techniques. Some forms of transportation now under private ownership, management, and operation will increasingly depend on public financing or control, just as urban mass transit now does. Some forms of transportation will be integrated into multimodal organizations, both public and private, in order to move people and goods with a minimum of cost, inconvenience, and delay.

The need for modes of transportation will endure. Innovative communications systems, however, have already made much travel unnecessary. Teleconferencing enables people to hold meetings and see each other without having to travel. Computer networking makes cooperative work possible, without the workers leaving home or office ( see telecommunication ).

Additional Reading

Ancona, George. Freighters: Cargo Ships and the People Who Work Them (Crowell Junior Books, 1985). Ardley, Neil. Air and Flight (Watts, 1984). Barner, Bob. Elevator Escalator Book: A Transportation Fact Book (Doubleday, 1990). Brandt, Keith. Transportation (Troll, 1985). Brown, Richard. One Hundred Words About Transportation (Harcourt, 1989). Gakken Company Limited Editors. Wheels and Wings (Time-Life, 1988). Kerrod, Robin and others. Land (Silver Burdett, 1984). Kerrod, Robin and others. Water (Silver Burdett, 1985). Little, Karen. Wings, Wheels and Water (EDC Publishers, 1988). Williams, Brenda and Williams, Brian. Wings, Wheels and Sails (Random, 1991). Arnold, James. All Drawn by Horses (David & Charles, 1985). Bulliet, Richard. The Camel and the Wheel (Columbia Univ. Press, 1990). Bushell, C.J. Jane’s Urban Transport Systems (Jane’s Information Corporation, 1990). Cain, Wilma. Story of Transportation (Gateway Press, Inc., 1988). Evans, A.N. The Automobile (Lerner, 1985). Fargo, O.J. Western Transportation (Green Valley World, 1990). Graham, Ian. Transportation (Watts, 1990). Lowe, Marcia. Alternatives to the Automobile (Worldwatch Institute, 1990). Nentl, J.A. Big Rigs (Crestwood, 1983). Norris, Ann. On the Go (Lothrop, 1990). Papageorgiou, M.N. Concise Encyclopedia of Traffic and Transportation Systems (Pergamon, 1991). Pollard, Michael. From Cycle to Spaceship: The Story of Transportation (FOF, 1987). Radford, Don. Looking at Flight (David & Charles, 1984). Schulz, Marjorie. Transport: Careers for Today (Watts, 1990). Stein, Barbara. Kids’ World Almanac of Transportation: Rockets, Planes, Trains, Cars, Boats, and Other Ways to Travel (Pharos Books, 1991). Wilkins, Frances. Transport and Travel from Nineteen Thirty to the Nineteen Eighty’s (David & Charles, 1985).

(See also bibliographies for Airplane ; Automobile .)

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What is Public Health?

A Healthier, Climate-Smart Way Forward for Transportation

Researchers say physical and mental health, as well as access to jobs, healthy food, and health care must be considered when making transportation decisions

Johns Hopkins researchers, lawmakers, and government officials met on June 17 at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health to discuss evidence-based approaches to make both climate health and human health a pivotal part of national transportation infrastructure decisions.

“Transportation is the number one producer of greenhouse gas emissions in the U.S.,” said Shima Hamidi , director of the Johns Hopkins Center for Climate-Smart Transportation. “It’s just going to get worse unless we can come up with actionable research—research that is ready to be implemented, ready to be translated into changes in policy and practice.”

Researchers also stressed that physical and mental health, as well as access to jobs, healthy food, and health care must be considered when making transportation decisions: “Clearly human health and transportation intersect,” said Ed Schlesinger, dean of the Whiting School of Engineering and moderator of the roundtable discussion.

Topics of discussion also included:

Narrowing road lanes to allow for more walking and biking, while reducing asphalt and the risk of collisions.
Fostering the adoption of electric vehicles, with equitable access to charging stations, and sustainable expansion of the power grid.
Using automated vehicles to bring fresh food to people throughout urban areas.
Investment in public transportation to improve access to jobs, health care, school, and other opportunities.
Reducing air pollution from transportation—particularly in vulnerable neighborhoods.
Conducting health impact assessments to understand the relationships between transportation and health.

Robert Hampshire, deputy assistant secretary for research and technology and chief science officer at the U.S. Department of Transportation, noted that the $1.2 trillion bipartisan infrastructure law has spurred “one of the biggest buildouts of physical infrastructure to improve communities.”

“We really are, on the research and technology side, making sure that we’re using the best evidence that we have to do that, particularly on the resilience and climate side,” Hampshire said.

He and Gretchen Goldman, climate change research and technology director in DOT’s Office of Research and Technology, noted that the Biden-Harris administration is eager for input from researchers on the best projects that will advance transportation, climate, and health goals forward in ways that are mindful of their many intersections.

Keshia Pollack Porter , chair of the Department of Health Policy and Management , said it’s important to ask questions when considering projects to ensure a health equity lens is applied.

“Whether we’re thinking about where to put charging stations for EVs or even strategies related to the Key Bridge [collapse], how do we think in advance about how those strategies ... advance health equity and not harm health?”

The discussion highlighted the importance of collaboration across fields and with affected communities.

“It’s a multi-player, multi-objective problem, and so the only way you [solve that] in a way that is equitable and robust is if you have everyone together,” said Ben Zaitchik , a professor of Earth & Planetary Sciences at Johns Hopkins University.

The Center for Climate-Smart Transportation launched in 2023 with a $10 million grant from the U.S. Department of Transportation as a consortium of six institutions including Johns Hopkins University , Massachusetts Institute of Technology, University of Texas at Austin , University of Utah , Morgan State University (MSU) , and Diné College .

Watch the roundtable on C-SPAN

First-ever Advocacy Action Lab provides Johns Hopkins faculty and staff with practical advocacy skills for public health policy change

From the Classroom to the Capitol: Gretchen Jacobson, PhD’s Journey in Public Health Policy

Michelle Ogunwole Receives Grant from the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases

Deidra Crews Receives 2024 Louis W. Sullivan, MD, Award

Nakiya Showell Reflects on Infant Patient Death in Essay

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Introduction

Intermodal transportation involves the development of diagrammatic approaches to moving freight across different channels, including air and water. Each of these constructs is important because it provides different alternatives in the transport of goods as necessary to achieve the desired objectives. The differences between transport systems have been minimized to some degree through the creation of approaches that improve efficiency across channels and support the development of new directives and exchanges in the transfer of products (Rodrigue and Slack). Therefore, the transport of products requires an effective integration of modes of transport in order to ensure that products are delivered in a timely manner (Rodrigue and Slack).

From a logistical point of view, it is important to develop a greater understanding of the different challenges that companies face in using intermodal forms of transport (Rodrigue and Slack). In some cases, it is necessary to consider the constructs associated with freight transport and whether or not it may be moved without delays or disruptions (Rodrigue and Slack). In addition, there is a necessary to explore the different types of modes that are available to companies to transport their products in a cost effective manner (Rodrigue and Slack). These efforts require organizations to recognize their strengths and limitations in moving products from one location to another, either by air or water (Rodrigue and Slack). Within this framework, it is necessary to establish an electronic means of conducting transport so that there are sufficient low-cost alternatives in place to move freight as required (Rodrigue and Slack). The exploration of new modes of intermodal transport have become increasingly relevant in recent years so that companies are able to remain competitive in their efforts to achieve desirable transport outcomes (Rodrigue and Slack).

The supply chain process for each form of intermodal transportation is instrumental in supporting the natural direction of freight movement across different channels (DeWitt and Clinger 2). In ocean transport, it is important to identify the issues related to freight movement across different bodies of water, including the ability to remain efficient in transport at all times (DeWitt and Clinger 2). Furthermore, it is important to identify the different directives that are relevant in the support of efficient and thorough logistics at every level (DeWitt and Clinger 3). For example, the ability to move freight via either land or water is largely dependent on the capabilities of these forms of transport and whether or not there are any delays that must be addressed (DeWitt and Clinger 3). The diagrams referenced below demonstrate the importance of both primary forms of intermodal transportation and their impact on organizational success (DeWitt and Clinger 3).

Different forms of intermodal transportation, such as air and water, require organizations to properly assess these areas and to take the steps that are necessary to ensure that their freight and other types of goods are fully protected from additional risks or harm during the transport process. Therefore, sufficient time and resources must be available to ensure that transportation is conducted in the appropriate manner without significant delays, along with the creation of transport environments that minimize time constraints and that also support the development of new directives to promote consistency and growth in these practices. From a logistical point of view, the time that is required to move products from point A to point B, whether by water or air, must be explored to minimize errors and to reduce delays in these modes of transportation as necessary to promote cost effectiveness and efficiency at all times.

Diagram A: Ocean Transport

Kitchener, Ontario — Carrier 1 —- Route 1 — Moscow, Russian (Delays possible)

— Carrier 2 — Route 2 — Moscow, Russia (No delays possible)

— Carrier 3 — Route 3 —- Moscow, Russia (Delays are likely)

*From port to port, there is a greater likelihood of delays or disruptions, particularly when weather is less than desirable Diagram B: Air Transport

Kitchener, Ontario Air Route 1 -? Moscow, Russia (No connections necessary)

Air Route 2 -> Moscow, Russia (Connections required)
Air Route 3 -> Moscow, Russia (Direct without planned delays)

*From the initial to the final destination, there are numerous risks and delays possible, depending on such factors as weather, air traffic control, and other limitations

Works Cited

DeWitt, William, and Clinger, Jennifer. “Intermodal flight transportation.” A1B05: Committee on Intermodal Freight Transport, 27 July 2013: http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/millennium/00061.pdf

Rodrigue, Jean-Paul, and Slack, Brian. “Intermodal transportation and containerization.” 27 July 2013: http://people.hofstra.edu/geotrans/eng/ch3en/conc3en/ch3c6en.html

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Tennessee Voices
Teachable Moments
David Plazas

Nashville is full of potential. If we don't embrace public transit, we'll fall short.

I see a bright future for Nashville if it too can make public transportation part of its identity by investing in a safe, accessible, and dignifying riding experience.

Elena Wilson is a summer intern on The Tennessean's opinion and engagement journalism team. She is a rising senior and journalism major at University of Missouri.

When I ride public transit through the streets of Nashville, I see a city filled with characteristic charm, blooming with potential, but that potential cannot be tapped unless Nashvillians embrace transit reform .

Nashville can be a green, sustainable city, with lowered emissions. It can be easily accessible with swift, clean and safe transportation that reaches all areas of the city.

It can be more community-focused with multi-purpose centers that bring neighbors together. Nashville already possesses many of these things to an extent, but it needs transit reform to take it to the next level.

Public transportation should contribute to the culture of a city

I was born and raised in Chicago, and public transportation has been an integral part of my day-to-day life. I did not have access to a car for a large part of my childhood, and even after I have still taken hundreds of train and bus rides to school, work, dinners, birthday parties, concerts and just about anything that gives life its color.

But in Chicago, public transit is not just for folks like me who may not have access to a car; it is part of the city’s identity. My childhood home is just a seven-minute walk from the Blue Line “L” train. This particular line will take you from one end of the city to the other with numerous cultural enclaves, and the bustling tourist and business hub that is downtown Chicago in between.

Many neighborhoods highlight their local train station (the city pours billions of dollars into making them state-of-the-art) and public transportation is a driver of economic activity. More than anything, it’s just plain easier to get around in areas where parking is pricey. Across race, socioeconomic status, or where you live in the city, almost no one is a stranger to the CTA.

So imagine my surprise when I arrived in Nashville and learned that a stigma surrounds riding the bus. Further, many hold the notion that you only use public transportation if you do not have the income to own a car. In fact, only 2.60% of households in Nashville do not own a car , but access or lack thereof should not hinder you from taking advantage of what public transportation has to offer – less road congestion, savings on gas and auto maintenance and reduced carbon footprint among many others.

"Choose How You Move" referendum is a step in the right direction

Mayor Freddie O’Connell’s proposed $3.1 billion “Choose How You Move” transit referendum will attempt to magnify these benefits. Here are the best parts of this plan:

86 miles of new or upgraded sidewalk

The construction of more sidewalks is a must for a more “walkable” city, or the ability to comfortably walk to all of your daily necessities. Outside of the downtown area, it can be difficult to navigate the streets without a car, which is an issue not only for my own convenience but an accessibility issue as well. Walking is the most common mode of transportation for persons with disabilities after the use of personal-owned vehicles, according to the National League of Cities. Additional sidewalks will connect those with mobility issues not only to their nearest bus stop but to the rest of their community.

"Complete Streets” makes cities cleaner, safer and less polluted

The “Complete Streets” project will add to the aforementioned plan by building “multimodal street improvements,” which will allow pedestrians, cyclists, and drivers alike to traverse the streets comfortably. Additionally, the project includes the planting of “wherever possible,” which seems especially needed as the Nashville metro area was ranked No. 79 by the American Lung Association among the most polluted cities in the nation by ozone by the American Lung Association.

Safety of bus drivers and riders must be a priority

No progress can be made toward transit reform without prioritizing the safety of bus drivers and public service workers first.

This is especially pertinent given recent incidents of violence on buses or at the bus station .

Take it from the drivers themselves. I had a conversation last week with a driver for the 14 Whites Creek bus that drives from North Nashville to the state Capitol.

She told me drivers are offered minimal protection against rowdy or violent passengers. She pointed out the nearly useless sheet of hard plastic that separates the driver’s seat from the rest of the bus. She also noted her feeling of helplessness in situations where passengers may be in danger out of her reach. This driver suggested additional Metro police officers be assigned to bus routes. Contracted security staff that will be on board buses is proposed in the Choose How You Move referendum.

Essay on Public Transportation

Students are often asked to write an essay on Public Transportation in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

Let’s take a look…

100 Words Essay on Public Transportation

Introduction.

Public transportation refers to vehicles like buses and trains, used by the public to travel. It is a shared system, meaning it carries multiple passengers at once.

Using public transportation can save money as it’s cheaper than maintaining a car. It also promotes social interaction and provides mobility to those who can’t drive.

In conclusion, public transportation is beneficial for the environment, economy, and society. Therefore, we should consider using it more frequently.

250 Words Essay on Public Transportation

Role in urban mobility.

Public transportation plays a pivotal role in facilitating urban mobility. It reduces congestion by transporting a larger number of people in a single vehicle, compared to private cars. This efficiency aids in reducing travel time, enhancing productivity, and improving the overall quality of life for citizens.

Economic Impact

Public transportation is a significant economic driver. It creates job opportunities, both directly and indirectly, and stimulates local economies by enhancing accessibility to businesses. It also plays a crucial role in reducing the economic burden of transportation for individuals, particularly those from lower-income groups.

Environmental Implications

Public transportation contributes to environmental sustainability by reducing the carbon footprint. It minimizes the number of vehicles on the road, leading to lower emissions and reduced energy consumption. It also aids in mitigating climate change by fostering a transition towards a low-carbon urban transport system.

Social Equity

Public transportation promotes social equity by providing affordable and accessible transportation options to all, irrespective of socio-economic status. It ensures that everyone can access essential services, job opportunities, and social activities, thereby reducing social exclusion.

In conclusion, public transportation is a cornerstone of sustainable urban development. It is instrumental in promoting economic growth, environmental sustainability, and social equity. Therefore, investing in public transportation is not just a matter of urban policy, but a key to achieving sustainable and inclusive cities.

500 Words Essay on Public Transportation

The role of public transportation.

Public transportation serves as the backbone of urban mobility, providing a sustainable alternative to private vehicle use. It mitigates the environmental impact of transport by reducing greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution. Public transit systems like buses, trams, and metros are designed to accommodate large passenger volumes, thereby decreasing the number of vehicles on the road and reducing traffic congestion.

Moreover, public transportation fosters social inclusion. It provides access to employment, education, healthcare, and recreational activities for all segments of the population, including low-income groups, the elderly, and people with disabilities. By offering a reliable and affordable means of travel, public transportation can bridge socio-economic disparities and facilitate social cohesion.

Challenges in Public Transportation

Despite its numerous benefits, public transportation faces several challenges. These include inadequate infrastructure, insufficient funding, and a lack of integrated planning. Many cities struggle with aging infrastructure and overcrowded transit systems, which can lead to service delays and reduced passenger comfort.

Lastly, a lack of integrated planning can lead to inefficient transit systems. To maximize efficiency and user convenience, public transportation should be coordinated with other urban services such as housing, land use, and pedestrian infrastructure.

The Future of Public Transportation

Furthermore, the integration of public transportation with other modes of travel, such as bike-sharing and ride-hailing services, can create a seamless and flexible mobility network. This concept, known as Mobility as a Service (MaaS), represents a paradigm shift in urban transport, moving from vehicle ownership to shared mobility.

Sustainability is another key aspect of the future of public transportation. As cities strive to achieve carbon neutrality, electric buses, hydrogen-powered trains, and other forms of green public transit will play a crucial role in reducing transport-related emissions.

Public transportation is more than just a means of getting from one place to another. It is a tool for urban development, social equity, and environmental sustainability. Despite the challenges it faces, with proper planning, sufficient funding, and the integration of advanced technologies, public transportation can continue to serve as a vital component of urban life, shaping our cities for the better.

If you’re looking for more, here are essays on other interesting topics:

Apart from these, you can look at all the essays by clicking here .

Moscow's 15 Biggest Problems (Photo Essay)

Moscow is a magnet, attracting people from across Russia and other parts of the former Soviet Union who see the city and its thriving economy as an opportunity to build a better life.

But not everyone is happy about this inflow, including people who have turned Russia's largest city into their adopted home, according to Levada Center, an independent pollster.

Indeed, Moscow residents consistently complain that an influx of migrants from former Soviet republics in Central Asia and Russia's own North Caucasus is their main concern, Levada found in three surveys conducted over the course of the past five years.

The way things are going, the complaints will only grow, said Natalya Zorkaya, a Levada Center sociologist.

"Physical attacks and other forms of aggression against these visitors could grow because of corruption in law enforcement agencies, an unclear immigration policy and uncontrolled employers combined with campaigns that stress the government is waging war against illegal immigration," she said.

But migrants are not the only issue that bothers Moscow residents, who number 11.5 million, according to the latest 2010 census. Other worries include growing prices for utility bills, traffic jams and high prices for basic products.

Here is a look at the top 15 problems of living in Moscow.

Note: The surveys, each of which quizzed 1,000 Muscovites aged 18 or older, were conducted in January 2009, November 2011 and July 2013. Respondents were asked to identify the five or six most significant problems facing the city today. The margin of error for each poll is 4.8 percentage points.

1. Number of migrants from Central Asia and the North Caucasus (2009-39% — 2011-44% — 2013-55%)

About 1.5 million guest workers were registered in Moscow and the Moscow region in 2013, while just 600,000 of them holding work permits, according to the Federal Migration Service. If illegal migrants are included, the number of migrants is estimated at be closer to 3 million. Muscovites worry that the influx of guest workers lead to a shortage of jobs and increase crime.

2. Growth in prices for utility bills (45% — 44% — 43%)

The government has long subsidized utility prices, a practice that has carried over from Soviet times. But people, including Muscovites, are now being asked to pay their fair share. People now spend about 10 percent of their income on utility bills, one of the highest rates in the world, while prices for electricity and gas in Russia are among the lowest.

3. Traffic jams (42% — 54% — 38%)

Some people say that the life in Moscow and traffic jams are synonyms. As a result of the complicated traffic situation in the capital, President Vladimir Putin promised last spring to use a helicopter instead of a car so as to avoid hindering other drivers with his convoy.

4. High prices for basic products (61% — 48% — 35%)

Russians spend 30.3 percent of their salaries on food, while citizens of leading European countries spend just 10 percent, putting Russia in 29th place among 40 European countries in how much of a household's personal income goes for food, according to a study by RIA Novosti late last last year. In Moscow, where 70 percent of all food is imported from abroad, the costs of food can be sky high.

5. Low wages (31% — 21% — 29%)

The average monthly salary in Moscow is 57,000 rubles ($1,620), twice as high as in the rest of the country. But around 10 percent of Muscovites still don't earn a living wage of 10,500 rubles ($297). The minimum wage in Moscow is 12,600 rubles ($358) as of Jan. 1.

6. High housing prices (27%)

The cheapest apartment — covering 34 square meters and located 20 kilometers from downtown — cost 3.7 million rubles ($105,215) in mid-2013, according to Miel real estate brokers. The average price of a square meter in the capital is $5,730, and a one-room apartment rents for $700 to $1,000 a month.

7. Growing drug and alcohol addiction (25% — 28% — 22%)

No one knows for sure how bad of a problem are posed by drugs and alcohol in Moscow. The official figures are bleak but widely thought to underestimate the problem: Alcoholics comprise at least 5 percent of the population, and alcohol caused more than 1,250 deaths in the first half of 2013, the most recent period for which figures are available. A total of 38,000 drug users are registered in the city.

8. Shortage of doctors and poor medical treatment (16% — 27% — 22%)

Despite the official statistics show a surplus in physicians in Moscow, everybody can see that outpatient clinics are understaffed, Deputy Moscow Mayor Leonid Pechatnikov said in December. He linked the shortage to the fact that many clinics are under-equipped, making them unpopular among doctors who seek prospects for further career growth.

9. Housing shortage (19% — 25% — 17%)

More than 1 million square meters of new housing was built in Moscow last year. Although this provided a sufficient number of apartments, 44 percent of the new housing is business class, 33 percent elite and 20 percent comfort. Just 3 percent of the new housing is economy class.

10. Poor roads (12% — 22% — 17%)

Nearly 100 million square meters of roads were repaired from 2010 to 2013, according to the Moscow city government. Nevertheless, the quality of Moscow roads remains poor. The cause can be manifold: adverse weather conditions, the quantity of cars, or even the interest of road-repair companies to see endless business.

11. Widening gap between the rich and the poor (37% — 19% — 17%)

According to the Federal Statistics Service, 20 percent of the richest people in Moscow earn 54 percent of all the income, while the 20 percent poorest earn less than 4 percent.

12. Homeless people and panhandlers (19% — 33% — 17%)

Officially, 20,000 homeless people lived in Moscow at the end of 2013, but City Hall's social services says the number is twice as high and growing. Native Muscovites make up 9 percent of the number, while another 8 percent are people who moved here and once were registered here.

13. Noise and exhaust fumes from cars (14% — 22% — 16%)

Cars, trucks, buses and motorcycles seem to be forever clogging the roads — and the clean air. Moreover, according to City Hall data, traffic noise levels break the norm in 70 percent of the city.

14. Poor condition of public utilities (15% — 17% — 15%)

President Vladimir Putin acknowledged that public utilities posed a serious challenge last year, saying, "Problems with public utilities have always been grave. This is how it was before October 1917, during the entire era of the Soviet Union, and how it remains until today." Moscow is luckier than many other Russian cities, but the problem still remains.

15. Lack of parking (15% — 17% — 15%)

A total of 3.5 million cars are registered in Moscow, and another 600,000 to 800,000 enter from the Moscow region alone every day. With 1.7 million parking spaces in the city, it's perhaps no wonder that drivers are forced to park on sidewalks and in busy streets.

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We, the journalists of The Moscow Times, refuse to be silenced. Our commitment to providing accurate and unbiased reporting on Russia remains unshaken. But we need your help to continue our critical mission.

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HCA Florida Orange Park Hospital starts new patient transportation service

The hospital spent nearly $1 million for staff, equipment and three ambulances for the interfacility program..

By Dan Macdonald
| 6:10 p.m. June 17, 2024
| 4 Free Articles Remaining!

One of three new ambulances that HCA Florida Orange Park Hospital debuted June 17 that are part of its new interfacility transport service.

Health Care

HCA Florida Orange Park Hospital announced June 17 that it launched its interfacility transport service.

The hospital spent nearly $1 million to buy and outfit three ambulances for the service, according to a news release.

In the past, the hospital partnered with medical transport vendors when providing patient transportation to an outside medical facility.

The hospital will continue to work with private ambulance companies. The program allows for more timely and efficient patient transportation.

“At HCA Florida Orange Park Hospital, we continue to look for ways to further improve our care delivery to the local community,” Jeff Taylor, CEO at HCA Florida Orange Park Hospital, said in the release.

“The new interfacility transport service will extend the reach of emergency services at our facilities and help our care teams provide timely, high-quality care to community members in their time of need.”

HCA Florida Orange Park Hospital hired 18 full-time employees to staff the program. They include Advanced Life Support-certified EMTs and paramedics.

In 2023, HCA Florida Orange Park’s emergency department handled more than 120,000 cases. The hospital expects the service to augment city and county first responders as well as private ambulance firms.

The hospital held a “blessing of the fleet” ceremony June 17 to commemorate the start of the service.

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Home — Essay Samples — Geography & Travel — Travel and Tourism Industry — The History of Moscow City

The History of Moscow City

Categories: Russia Travel and Tourism Industry

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Published: Feb 12, 2019

Words: 614 | Page: 1 | 4 min read

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Russia, hit by new US sanctions, halts dollar and euro trade on main bourse

Medium Text

A man walks past an information screen inside the office of the Moscow Exchange in Moscow

Sanctions end dollar and euro trade on biggest bourse
US says it's targeting financing of war economy
Some banks immediately jack up price of buying dollars

WIDE SPREADS

Nervy trading ahead.

Reporting by Alexander Marrow; Writing by Mark Trevelyan Editing by Tomasz Janowski and Mark Potter

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Chief companies correspondent for Russia, Alexander covers Russia’s economy, markets and the country's financial, retail and technology sectors, with a particular focus on the Western corporate exodus from Russia and the domestic players eyeing opportunities as the dust settles. Before joining Reuters, Alexander worked on Sky Sports News' coverage of the 2016 Olympics in Brazil and the 2018 World Cup in Russia.

Chief writer on Russia and CIS. Worked as a journalist on 7 continents and reported from 40+ countries, with postings in London, Wellington, Brussels, Warsaw, Moscow and Berlin. Covered the break-up of the Soviet Union in the 1990s. Security correspondent from 2003 to 2008. Speaks French, Russian and (rusty) German and Polish.

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A Wall St. street sign is seen near the NYSE in New York

Stocks gain, US yields decline after retail sales data

A gauge of global stocks advanced for a second straight session on Tuesday and U.S. Treasury yields fell after a softer-than-expected report on consumer spending, while investors digested comments from multiple Federal Reserve officials on interest rates.

The facade of the original Toronto Stock Exchange building is seen in Toronto

Biden’s Transportation Czar Buttigieg In Wyoming To Hype Infrastructure Act

During a visit to Cheyenne on Monday, U.S. Secretary of Transportation Pete Buttigieg hyped the Biden administration’s $1.2 trillion Infrastructure Act and Wyoming’s $3.8 billion share of it.

June 18, 2024 5 min read

Wyoming Gov Mark Gordon speaks at President Biden’s Investing in America event with Secretary of Transportation Pete Buttigieg in Cheyenne on June 17, 2024

CHEYENNE — The leading transportation czar of President Joe Biden’s administration stressed during a visit to the capital city Monday that funding infrastructure projects in America is much more than picking political favorites and projects based on what states will support the president.

“You can’t have a one-size-fits-all approach,” U.S. Secretary of Transportation Pete Buttigieg told Cowboy State Daily. “What’s going to work in Baltimore isn’t the same as what’s going to work in Cheyenne.”

Buttigieg was in Wyoming to promote a $20 million pedestrian underpass that was recently opened in Cheyenne that was paid for with $15 million in Bipartisan Infrastructure Law money. As of March, $3.8 billion has been provided to Wyoming as part of the $1.2 trillion package that was passed in 2021. Wyoming’s congressional delegation voted against it.

The former mayor of South Bend, Indiana, Buttigieg joked that it would have been helpful if the federal money was there when he was mayor.

“We have sought to make sure that our policies and our ideas match the needs of this state,” Buttigieg said about the money for Wyoming.

He also thanked Wyoming Gov. Mark Gordon for what Buttigieg saw as agreement with the governor that funding transportation projects should be nonpartisan in America. Gordon gave a short statement and then left the press conference before Buttigieg spoke.

“I want to thank the governor for reminding us the basis for that saying, ‘There’s no such thing as a Republican bridge or a Democratic pothole,’” said the secretary of transportation. “Transportation is about getting people to where they need to be.”

Red But Still Deserving

By all accounts, there is probably no state where Biden has less of a chance of finding much support than Wyoming in the upcoming presidential election. Former President Donald Trump won Wyoming by a larger margin than any other state in the 2020 election and there are few signs his support has waned since that time.

Biden, on the other hand, has been a favorite target for criticism in Wyoming for many of his environmental policies that are seen by many as harmful to the state’s energy industry.

Gordon said it’s always a positive for politicians based in Washington, D.C., come to Wyoming to see how different the Cowboy State is from other places.

“So they can see how unique it is to be in a rural area with the kinds of challenges that we have that don’t necessarily meet the same formulaic kind of scriptures that we see out of Washington, D.C.,” he said.

Visiting places in rural America like Wyoming, Buttigieg agreed is very helpful for him and his staff to understand the challenges being dealt with on the ground.

Buttigieg was supposed to come to Wyoming in March, but his visit was delayed when a bridge collapsed in Baltimore the same day.

What About Teton Pass?

The recent collapse of Highway 22 over Teton Pass in Teton County has some calling for mitigating road issues before they cause harm rather than waiting to do work after the fact. Buttigieg said this is what the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law is all about, and cited the quick turnaround underway for rebuilding the bridge in Baltimore as a key example.

“Some of the projects that WYDOT (Wyoming Department of Transportation) is going to be proposing to us in the future have to do with increasing the resilience of building infrastructure in the state,” Buttigieg told Cowboy State Daily.

One challenge he noted, however, is that there are so many transportation projects long overdue for renovation that it makes it difficult to get ahead of problems.

The Underpass

Buttigieg highlighted the increased safety provided by the underpass project, which travels under the Lincoln Highway in east Cheyenne, as an example of the benefits that the Infrastructure Law can bring to rural communities in Wyoming. The tunnel will provide pedestrians and bikers easy access to cross one of the busier roads in Cheyenne.

“It’s going to prove the capacity for housing and community development in Cheyenne while still making sure that it’s safe and connected to the rest of the city,” Buttigieg said.

Wildlife crossings have been a successful effort as well in Wyoming, passages built over and under roads to allow animals to cross without the risk of being hit by vehicles. These modes of transportation not only increase safety for the animals but also the people traveling in vehicles when hitting wildlife.

Cheyenne Mayor Patrick Collins said underpass projects are sorely needed in Cheyenne, where over-the-road structures can often result in icy and hazardous conditions due to their exposure to the elements. The city paid $2.6 million for the underpass while the Wyoming Department of Transportation chipped in $2.2 million.

The underpass is located in a part of Cheyenne that has been growing by leaps and bounds. The construction, which started in February and is mostly completed, also expanded the road from two to four and sometimes five passing lanes, light signals and general lighting.

“All this will make this area a lot more safe and effective to the people that are living in this area getting back down into the community,” WYDOT Director Darin Westby said.

The danger isn’t limited to Cheyenne, as Buttigieg said about 40,000 people die a year on American roads.

“We wouldn’t tolerate that in our aviation system, and we shouldn’t tolerate it on our roadways either,” he said. “It’s a crisis, and it’s a crisis that disproportionately impacts certain kinds of communities, among them, rural communities.”

Leo Wolfson can be reached at [email protected] .

In case you missed it

Leo wolfson, politics and government reporter, more in government & politics.

Bill Winney has run for the Legislature six times, but has never won. He's hoping his seventh run is lucky.

Bill Winney Has Lost Six Times For Wyoming Legislature; Will 7th Try Be The Charm?

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A “catastrophic failure” of Wyoming Highway 22 over Teton Pass on June 8, 2024, saw a huge section wash down the mountain. A long closure of the “lifeline” between Jackson and Victor, Idaho, is expected.

‘Catastrophic’ Teton Pass Failure Had Been Building For Decades

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US Surgeon General calls for warning labels on social media amid mental health 'emergency'

The U.S. Surgeon General called for social media companies to be required to use safety warning labels in a New York Times opinion essay published Monday.

Citing research that shows social media could be negatively impacting youth mental health , Dr. Vivek H. Murthy said a surgeon general's warning on social media platforms, similar to those on tobacco and alcohol products, could raise awareness for parents about the potential harm of the platforms.

"One of the worst things for a parent is to know your children are in danger yet be unable to do anything about it," Murthy wrote. "That is how parents tell me they feel when it comes to social media — helpless and alone in the face of toxic content and hidden harms."

NetChoice , a trade organization representing some social media companies, said in a statement shared with USA TODAY that the responsibility should be on the parents to protect their children's mental health, not the government or tech companies.

Research shows social media could come with benefit and harm

Murthy said social media is a major factor in the mental health crisis among young people, which he called "an emergency."

Social media has become nearly ubiquitous among youth. The 2023 U.S. Surgeon General's Advisory on Social Media and Youth Mental Health found that nearly 95% of youth aged 13 to 17 use a social media platform , with more than a third saying they use it "almost constantly."

The advisory concluded that more research is needed to fully understand the impacts of social media. But it showed there are some benefits and "ample indicators that social media can also have a profound risk of harm to the mental health and well-being of children and adolescents."

Potential benefits identified in the advisory were community, connection and self expression. It also stated that social media can support mental health of LGBTQ youth to help develop their identities. Additionally, seven out of 10 girls of color reported encountering identity-affirming content related to race on social media, the advisory stated.

Potential harms of using social media included greater risk of suffering from depression and anxiety. Some studies also showed greater risk of negative health outcomes for adolescents girls including disordered eating and poor sleep.

Murthy praises dairy recall, Boeing response as examples of swift action

In the NYT letter, Murthy pointed to the F.A.A.'s swift grounding of Boeing 737 MAX 9 planes after a door plug came off mid-flight earlier this year and widespread recalls of cheese products due to risk of listeria contamination .

"Why is it that we have failed to respond to the harms of social media when they are no less urgent or widespread than those posed by unsafe cars, planes or food?," Murthy wrote. "These harms are not a failure of willpower and parenting; they are the consequence of unleashing powerful technology without adequate safety measures, transparency or accountability."

Several state bills seeking to limit youth access to social media have been passed by legislatures but blocked in court. Those lawsuits were often brought by NetChoice.

NetChoice vice president and general counsel Carl Szabo said in a statement that the onus is on parents to protect their children from harm online.

"A warning label oversimplifies this issue, and it is a simplistic way to approach this that assumes that every child is the exact same. In reality, every child is different and struggles with their own challenges," Szabo said. "Parents and guardians are the most appropriately situated to handle these unique needs of their children—not the government or tech companies."

Transportation | Comptroller Brad Lander files open records…

Transportation

Subscriber only, transportation | comptroller brad lander files open records request for detail on hochul congestion pricing reversal.

NYC Comptroller Brad Lander speaks at a press conference related to Gov. Hochul’s suspension of congestion pricing Wednesday, June 12, 2024. (Barry Williams for New York Daily News)

Lander, who last week put himself at the center of a coalition of transit advocates and business leaders threatening to sue Hochul over her indefinite congestion pricing pause, has requested a trove of documents related to the governor’s surprise decision, the Daily News has learned.

In a letter sent to the Executive Chamber on Monday, obtained by The News, Lander made a request under the state’s Freedom of Information Law seeking a long list of possible records relating to the scuttled toll.

“New Yorkers should know how Gov. Hochul arrived at the decision to withdraw the plan just weeks before its implementation,” Lander said in a statement to The News.

Governor Kathy Hochul (Darren McGee/Office of Governor)

“Everyone—from New Yorkers with disabilities depending on the MTA’s commitment to make their subway stations accessible to people with respiratory conditions who deserve to breathe pollution-free air—deserve a fuller explanation for the governor’s eleventh-hour walk back,” he added.

The request seeks 92 days worth of records, from March 17 to June 17, including any communications regarding the decision between the governor’s office and the MTA, the Federal Highway Administration, or the city, state or federal departments of transportation.

Lander also said he is looking for any relevant communications with civic organizations, advocacy groups or lobbyists, and any communications regarding the so-called Value Pricing Pilot Program agreement — a federal document that the state, city and federal governments would have had to sign off on to allow tolling on some of the streets in the planned congestion zone.

The comptroller’s office is also seeking any request to pause the program sent by Hochul to officials at the state Transportation Department or its federal counterpart.

The goal of congestion pricing was to raise money for the MTA and help ease traffic issues in Manhattan. (Luiz C. Ribeiro for New York Daily News)The decision to suspend the toll — which was supposed to raise $1 billion a year toward the MTA’s capital budget as well as reduce vehicular traffic in Midtown and lower Manhattan by 17% — caught many of the congestion pricing plan’s stakeholders by surprise.

MTA Chairman Janno Lieber, who routinely touted the program alongside Hochul for the year leading up to her decision to ax it, told reporters he found out about the pause just the night before Hochul’s announcement, as rumors were swirling in the press.

Freedom of Information Law requests typically move slowly through New York’s state government, and it remained unclear Tuesday how long it might take the governor’s office to respond substantively to Lander’s letter.

A spokesman for Hochul did not immediately respond to a request for comment.

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