case study from trade to territory class 8

Case Study Questions Class 8 History From Trade to Territory

Case study questions class 8 history chapter 2 from trade to territory.

In 1600, the East India Company acquired a charter from the ruler of England, Queen Elizabeth I, granting it the sole right to trade with the East. This meant that no other trading group in England could compete with the East India Company. With this charter, the Company could venture across the oceans, looking for new lands from which it could buy goods at a cheap price, and carry them back to Europe to sell at higher prices. The Company did not have to fear competition from other English trading companies. Mercantile trading companies in those days made profit primarily by excluding competition, so that they could buy cheap and sell dear. The royal charter, however, could not prevent other European powers from entering the Eastern markets. By the time the first English ships sailed down the west coast of Africa, round the Cape of Good Hope, and crossed the Indian Ocean, the Portuguese had already established their presence in the western coast of India, and had their base in Goa. In fact, it was Vasco da Gama, a Portuguese explorer, who had discovered this sea route to India in 1498. By the early seventeenth century, the Dutch too were exploring the possibilities of trade in the Indian Ocean. Soon the French traders arrived on the scene.

In 1600, the East India Company obtained a charter from Queen Elizabeth I of England, granting it exclusive trading rights in the East. This meant that no other English trading group could compete with the company. Empowered by the charter, the company embarked on voyages to discover new lands where it could acquire goods at low prices and sell them in Europe at higher prices. While the charter protected the company from domestic competition, it couldn’t prevent other European powers from entering Eastern markets. Portuguese explorers, led by Vasco da Gama, had already established their presence in western India, and the Dutch and French soon followed suit. The challenge arose when these companies began vying for the same goods, such as high-quality cotton, silk, and spices like pepper, cloves, cardamom, and cinnamon. Competition drove up prices, reducing profits for all. To thrive, the trading companies resorted to eliminating rivals through battles, blockades, and seizing trading posts. Trade became intertwined with armed conflict, leading to fortifications and clashes with local rulers. The company struggled to separate trade from politics in its pursuit of profitable markets.

3.) What were the grievances of the nawabs of Bengal against the East India Company?

When Alivardi Khan died in 1756, Sirajuddaulah became the nawab of Bengal. The Company was worried about his power and keen on a puppet ruler who would willingly give trade concessions and other privileges. So it tried, though without success, to help one of Sirajuddaulah’s rivals become the nawab. An infuriated Sirajuddaulah asked the Company to stop meddling in the political affairs of his dominion, stop fortification, and pay the revenues. After negotiations failed, the Nawab marched with 30,000 soldiers to the English factory at Kassimbazar, captured the Company officials, locked the warehouse, disarmed all Englishmen, and blockaded English ships. Then he marched to Calcutta to establish control over the Company’s fort there. On hearing the news of the fall of Calcutta, Company officials in Madras sent forces under the command of Robert Clive, reinforced by naval fleets. Prolonged negotiations with the Nawab followed. Finally, in 1757, Robert Clive led the Company’s army against Sirajuddaulah at Plassey. One of the main reasons for the defeat of the Nawab was that the forces led by Mir Jafar, one of Sirajuddaulah’s commanders, never fought the battle. Clive had managed to secure his support by promising to make him nawab after crushing Sirajuddaulah. The Battle of Plassey became famous because it was the first major victory the Company won in India.

Ans. The outflow of gold from Britain slowed after the Battle of Plassey, and entirely stopped after the assumption of Diwani. Now revenues from India could finance Company expenses,

From the late eighteenth century, the Company also sought to curb and eventually destroy Maratha power. With their defeat in the Third Battle of Panipat in 1761, the Marathas’ dream of ruling from Delhi was shattered. They were divided into many states under different chiefs (sardars) belonging to dynasties such as Sindhia, Holkar, Gaikwad and Bhonsle. These chiefs were held together in a confederacy under a Peshwa (Principal Minister) who became its effective military and administrative head based in Pune. Mahadji Sindhia and Nana Phadnis were two famous Maratha soldiers and statesmen of the late eighteenth century. The Marathas were subdued in a series of wars. In the first war that ended in 1782 with the Treaty of Salbai, there was no clear victor. The Second AngloMaratha War (1803–05) was fought on different fronts, resulting in the British gaining Orissa and the territories north of the Yamuna river including Agra and Delhi. Finally, the Third Anglo-Maratha War of 1817–19 crushed Maratha power. The Peshwa was removed and sent away to Bithur near Kanpur with a pension. The Company now had complete control over the territories south of the Vindhyas.

Ans. The Marathas were subdued in a series of wars. In the first war that ended in 1782 with the Treaty of Salbai, there was no clear victor. The Second AngloMaratha War (1803–05) was fought on different fronts, resulting in the British gaining Orissa and the territories north of the Yamuna river including Agra and Delhi. Finally, the Third Anglo-Maratha War of 1817–19 crushed Maratha power. The Peshwa was removed and sent away to Bithur near Kanpur with a pension. The Company now had complete control over the territories south of the Vindhyas.

Ans. In the late 1830s, the East India Company became worried about Russia. It imagined that Russia might expand across Asia and enter India from the north-west. Driven by this fear, the British now wanted to secure their control over the north-west.

Warren Hastings (Governor-General from 1773 to 1785) was one of the many important figures who played a significant role in the expansion of Company power. By his time the Company had acquired power not only in Bengal, but also in Bombay and Madras. British territories were broadly divided into administrative units called Presidencies. There were three Presidencies: Bengal, Madras and Bombay. Each was ruled by a Governor. The supreme head of the administration was the GovernorGeneral. Warren Hastings, the first Governor-General, introduced several administrative reforms, notably in the sphere of justice. From 1772 a new system of justice was established. Each district was to have two courts – a criminal court (faujdari adalat) and a civil court (diwani adalat). Maulvis and Hindu pandits interpreted Indian laws for the European district collectors who presided over civil courts. The criminal courts were still under a qazi and a mufti but under the supervision of the collectors.A major problem was that the Brahman pandits gave different interpretations of local laws based on different schools of the dharmashastra. To bring about uniformity, in 1775 eleven pandits were asked to compile a digest of Hindu laws. N.B. Halhed translated this digest into English. By 1778, a code of Muslim laws was also compiled for the benefit of European judges. Under the Regulating Act of 1773, a new Supreme Court was established, while a court of appeal – the Sadar Nizamat Adalat – was also set up at Calcutta. The principal figure in an Indian district was the Collector. As the title suggests, his main job was to collect revenue and taxes and maintain law and order in his district with the help of judges, police officers and darogas. His office – the Collectorate – became the new centre of power and patronage that steadily replaced previous holders of authority.

Ans. .A major problem was that the Brahman pandits gave different interpretations of local laws based on different schools of the dharmashastra. To bring about uniformity, in 1775 eleven pandits were asked to compile a digest of Hindu laws. N.B. Halhed translated this digest into English.

Colonial rule in India brought in some new ideas of administration and reform but its power rested on its military strength. The Mughal army was mainly composed of cavalry (sawars: trained soldiers on horseback) and infantry, that is, paidal (foot) soldiers. They were given training in archery (teer-andazi) and the use of the sword. The cavalry dominated the army and the Mughal state did not feel the need to have a large professionally trained infantry. The rural areas had a large number of armed peasants and the local zamindars often supplied the Mughals with paidal soldiers. A change occurred in the eighteenth century when Mughal successor states like Awadh and Benaras started recruiting peasants into their armies and training them as professional soldiers. The East India Company adopted the same method when it began recruitment for its own army, which came to be known as the sepoy army (from the Indian word sipahi, meaning soldier). As warfare technology changed from the 1820s, the cavalry requirements of the Company’s army declined. This is because the British empire was fighting in Burma, Afghanistan and Egypt where soldiers were armed with muskets and matchlocks. The soldiers of the Company’s army had to keep pace with changing military requirements and its infantry regiments now became more important. In the early nineteenth century, the British began to develop a uniform military culture. Soldiers were increasingly subjected to European-style training, drill and discipline that regulated their life far more than before. Often this created problems since caste and community feelings were ignored in building a force of professional soldiers

Ans. As warfare technology changed from the 1820s, the cavalry requirements of the Company’s army declined. This is because the British empire was fighting in Burma, Afghanistan and Egypt where soldiers were armed with muskets and matchlocks. The soldiers of the Company’s army had to keep pace with changing military requirements and its infantry regiments now became more important.

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• From Trade to Territory Class 8 Case Study Social Science History Chapter 2

Last Updated on July 8, 2024 by XAM CONTENT

Hello students, we are providing case study questions for class 8 social science. Case study questions are the new question format that is introduced in CBSE board. The resources for case study questions are very less. So, to help students we have created chapterwise case study questions for class 8 social science. In this article, you will find case study for CBSE Class 8 Social Science History Chapter 2 From Trade to Territory. It is a part of Case Study Questions for CBSE Class 8 Social Science Series.

Table of Contents

Case Study Questions on From Trade to Territory Class 8

Passage 1: The final wave of annexations occurred under Lord Dalhousie, who was the Governor-General from 1848 to 1856. He devised a policy that came to be known as the Doctrine of Lapse. The doctrine declared that if an Indian ruler died without a male heir, his kingdom would “lapse”, that is, become part of Company territory. One kingdom after another was annexed simply by applying this doctrine: Satara (1848), Sambalpur (1850), Udaipur (1852), Nagpur (1853) and Jhansi (1854).

Based on the above passage choose the correct option:

Q. 1. Who was the Governor General during the period of 1848 to 1856? (a) Hastings (b) Clive (c) Dalhousie (d) Wellesley

Difficulty Level: Easy

Ans. Option (c) is correct.

Q. 2. What was the Doctrine of Lapse? (a) A policy under which territory of Indian ruler will be annexed by company in the absence of male heir. (b) Type of a tax paid to the company by Indian Ruler. (c) It was court of law. (d) It was a trade concession.

Ans. Option (a) is correct

Q. 3. What does Lapse mean? (a) Freedom of the state (b) Annexation of the state (c) Partial annexation (d) Only army will be under the control of company

Ans. Option (b) is correct.

Difficulty Level: Medium

Q. 4. Which Kingdoms were annexed under the policy of doctrine of lapse? (a) Jhansi, Satara, Hydrabad. (b) Jhansi, Satara, Awadh. (c) Awadh, Hydrabad, Mysore. (d) Jhansi, Satara, Nagpur.

Ans. Option (d) is correct.

Q. 5. In which year Jhansi was annexed under the policy of doctrine of lapse? (a) 1848 (b) 1850 (c) 1853 (d) 1854

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How, when and where class 8 case study social science history chapter 1, topics from which case study questions may be asked.

• Understand the motives of Britishers who originally came as a small trading company and were reluctant to acquire territories. Learn about the process of annexation of Indian states adopted by the East India Company from 1757 to 1857 and how variety of political economic and diplomatic methods were used to extend their influence before annexing an Indian kingdom.
• Know about various policies that were adopted for the annexation of Indian territory like subsidiary alliance, paramountcy and doctrine of lapse.
• Understand the spread of British court and military after the defeat of last major Indian rulers like Tipu Sultan, the Marathas; and Bahadur Shah Zafar who was the last Mughal emperor.
• Know about the Internal rivalries among the local Indian rulers that helped them to win small battles.
• Learn about the various administrative reforms adopted by governor generals for smooth administration.

After the death of Aurangzeb in 1707, many Mughal governors (subadars) and big zamindars asserted their authority and established regional kingdoms. By the second half of the eighteenth-century East India Company started exploring the eastern market for huge profit as Indian fine cotton, silk and spices were in great demand in European Market. By the time the British East India company entered the Indian market;the French, Portuguese and Dutch had already marked their presence. The urge to secure the maximum profit led to a fierce battle among these trading companies. So, they started fortification along with the trade. The first factory was set up in Bengal. Fortification annoyed the local rulers. The weakness of the local rulers and the advanced warfare technique and cunning approach of some governor generals helped the company to enter into the political annexation of the country. East India Company came to India as a small trading company and later expanded its empire with support of the government of Britain.

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Q4: What are the important keywords in this chapter From Trade to Territory?

A4: Important keywords from chapter “From Trade to Territory” are given below- Mercantile: A business enterprise that makes profit primarily through trade, buying goods cheap and selling them at higher prices. Farman: A royal edict; a royal order. Puppet ruler: The term is used disapprovingly to refer to a person who is controlled by someone else. Injunction: An instruction. Subservience: Willingness to obey others unquestioningly. Confederacy: An alliance. Paramountcy: Chief in the importance of impact; supreme. Qazi: A judge. Mufti: A Muslim legal expert who is empowered to give rulings on religious matters. Impeachment: The action of calling into question the integrity or validity of something. Dharmashastras: Sanskrit texts prescribing social rules and codes of behaviour, composed from 500 BCE onwards. Sawar: Men on horses. Musket: A heavy gun used by infantry soldiers. Matchlock: An old type of gun in which the powder was ignited by a match. Steamships: Ships which are propelled by steam engine.

Q5: What are the important dates in this chapter “From Trade to Territory”?

A5: Important dates from chapter “From Trade to Territory” are given below- 1498: Vasco da Gama, a Portugese explorer, discovered the sea route to India 1600: A charter was granted by Queen Elizabeth I to East India Company which awarded the company sole trade right with the east 1651: On the banks of river Hugli in Bengal, first English factory was set up 1707: Death of Aurangzeb 1756: Death of Alivardi Khan and succession of Siraj-ud-daulah the Nawab of Bengal 1761–1782: Hyder Ali ruled upon Mysore 1757: Battle of Plassey fought between Siraj-ud-daulah and East India company 1764: Battle of Buxar fought between Mir Qasim and the East India company 1765: Death of Mir Jafar and East India Company was appointed as the Diwan of provinces of Bengal by the Mughal emperor 1767–1769: First Anglo-Mysore War 1775–1782: First Anglo-Maratha War 1780–1784: Second Anglo-Mysore War 1782–1799: Tipu Sultan ruled upon Mysore 1790–1792: Third Anglo-Mysore War 1799: Fourth Anglo-Mysore War. Tipu Sultan was killed and Mysore was placed under 1803–1805: Second Anglo-Maratha War 1817–1819: Third Anglo-Maratha War 1849: Annexation of Punjab 1848–1856: Lord Dalhousie was the Governor General of India 1848: Annexation of Satara 1850: Annexation of Sambalpur 1852: Annexation of Udaipur 1853: Annexation of Nagpur 1854: Annexation of Jhansi 1856: Annexation of Awadh 1857: First War of Indian Independence

Q6: Are there any online resources or tools available for practicing “ From Trade to Territory” case study questions?

A6: We provide case study questions for CBSE Class 8 Social Science on our  website . Students can visit the website and practice sufficient case study questions and prepare for their exams.

Related Posts

NCERT Solutions for Class 8 History Chapter 2 From Trade to Territory

NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science History Chapter 2 From Trade to Territory are given below. These solutions contain answers to all the exercise questions given in the History textbook (Our Pasts III). All our solutions are updated as per the latest CBSE Syllabus and Guidelines. These solutions will also help you to score higher marks with the help of well-illustrated answers. All the questions and answers of Class 8 History Chapter 2 are provided here in PDF format.

Class 8 History Chapter 2 From Trade to Territory NCERT Solutions

For a better understanding of this chapter, you should also read the NCERT book and other resources related to Class 8 History Chapter 2 From Trade to Territory. Here at study path we also provide you with NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Maths, Science, English for free.

Exercise Questions

Question 1: Match the following:

Question 2: Fill in the blanks:

(a) The British conquest of Bengal began with the Battle of ______

Answer: Plassey

(b) Haidar Ali and Tipu Sultan were the rulers of ________

Answer: Mysore

(c) Dalhousie implemented the Doctrine of ________

Answer: Lapse

(d) Maratha kingdoms were located mainly in the _______ part of India.

Answer: South-Western

Question 3: State whether true or false:

(a) The Mughal empire became stronger in the eighteenth century.

Answer: False

(b) The English East India Company was the only European company that traded with India.

(c) Maharaja Ranjit Singh wasthe ruler of Punjab.

Answer: True

(d) The British did not introduce administrative changes in the territories they conquered.

Question 4: What attracted European trading companies to India?

Answer: European trading companies ventured across the oceans so as to look for new lands from where they could buy goods at a cheap price, and carry them back to Europe to sell at higher prices. The fine qualities of cotton and silk produced in India had a big market in Europe. Indian spices like pepper, cloves, cardamom and cinnamon too were in great demand. Hence, European trading companies were attracted to India.

Question 5: What were the areas of conflict between theBengal Nawabs and the East India Company?

Answer: After the first British factory was set up in 1651 on the banks of the river Hooghly, East India company started allowing more of its merchants and traders to visit and settle down at the city of Bengal. The reasons that caused the conflicts between Bengal nawabs and East India Company were:

(i) Nawabs denied concessions to the East India Company on many occasions

(ii) Nawabs also demanded large tributes from the company

(iii) The company denied paying taxes

(iv) The company officials wrote insulting letters to the nawabs

Question 6: How did the assumption of Diwani benefit the East India Company?

Answer: On being appointed the Diwan of the provinces of Bengal, the East India Company acquired greater power and authority. After the assumption of the Diwani, East India Company was benefited in several ways as mentioned below:

(i) It allowed the Company to use the vast revenue resources of Bengal.

(ii) Now, trade was fully controlled by the East India Company.

(iii) Company used the revenues from India to finance its expenses like to purchase cotton and silk textiles in India, maintain Company troops, and meet the cost of building the Company fort and offices at Calcutta.

(iv) Revenue of Bengal was used to finance exports of Indian goods.

Question 7: Explain the system of “subsidiary alliance”.

Answer: From 1757 to 1857, the East India Company used a variety of political, economic and diplomatic methods to annex Indian kingdoms. The subsidiary alliance was one such method. According to the terms of this alliance, Indian rulers were not allowed to have their independent armed forces. They were to be protected by the Company, and had to pay for the “subsidiary forces” that the Company had to maintain for the purpose of protecting them. If Indian rulers failed to make the payment, then part of their territory was taken away as penalty. For example, in 1801, the nawab of Awadh was forced to give over half of his territory to the Company for failing to pay for the “subsidiary forces”.

Question 8: In what way was the administration of the Company different from that of Indian rulers?

Answer: The difference in the administration of the company and that of the Indian rulers is given below:

Question 9: Describe the changes that occurred in the composition of the Company’s army?

Answer: During the eighteenth century, when the East India Company began recruitment for its own army, it started recruiting peasants and began training them as professional soldiers. Like the Mughal army, the Company’s army was also composed of the cavalry and the infantry regiments, with the cavalry dominating the army. However, as warfare technology changed during the nineteenth century, the cavalry requirements of the Company’s army declined. As the soldiers had to be armed with muskets and matchlocks, the infantry regiments became more important.

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• Class 8 History Chapter 2 From Trade to Territory Questions and Answers

by Jatinder Kaur | Jun 24, 2023 | General | 0 comments

NCERT Solutions for Class 8 History Chapter 2 From Trade to Territory

From Trade to Territory – Given in this post is NCERT Solutions Class 8 History Chapter 2 From Trade to Territory Important Question Answers . The important questions we have compiled will help the students to brush up on their knowledge about the subject. Students can practice Class 8 History Chapter 2 important questions to understand the subject better and improve their performance in the exam. The NCERT Solutions Class 8 Social Science (History) provided here will also give students an idea about how to write the answers.

Source Based Questions 

Read the extract and answer the questions that follow-

A . Aurangzeb was the last of the powerful Mughal rulers. He established control over a very large part of the territory that is now known as India. After his death in 1707, many Mughal governors (subadars) and big zamindars began asserting their authority and establishing regional kingdoms. As powerful regional kingdoms emerged in various parts of India, Delhi could no longer function as an effective center. By the second half of the eighteenth century, however, a new power was emerging on the political horizon – the British.

1 Who was the last of the powerful Mughal rulers?

Ans . Aurangzeb was the last of the powerful Mughal rulers.

2 Aurangzeb established control over a very large part of the territory that is now known as Bhutan. True/False?

Ans. False, Aurangzeb established control over a very large part of the territory that is now known as India.

3 What occurred after the death of Aurangzeb?

Ans . After his death in 1707, many Mughal governors (subadars) and big zamindars began asserting their authority and establishing regional kingdoms.

4  By the second half of the eighteenth century, however, a new power was emerging on the political horizon – __________.

Ans. By the second half of the eighteenth century, however, a new power was emerging on the political horizon – the British.

5 What products and resources were the British primarily interested in?

Ans. Some products and resources that the British were primarily interested in were Cotton, silk, spices among other finer things in India.

B. In 1600, the East India Company acquired a charter from the ruler of England, Queen Elizabeth I, granting it the sole right to trade with the East. This meant that no other trading group in England could compete with the East India Company. With this charter, the Company could venture across the oceans, looking for new lands from which it could buy goods at a cheap price, and carry them back to Europe to sell at higher prices. The Company did not have to fear competition from other English trading companies. Mercantile trading companies in those days made profit primarily by excluding competition, so that they could buy cheap and sell dear .

1 In 1600, the _____________ acquired a charter from the ruler of England.

Ans. In 1600, the East India Company acquired a charter from the ruler of England.

2 What did the Company acquire in 1600?

Ans. In 1600, the East India Company acquired a charter from the ruler of England, Queen Elizabeth I, granting it the sole right to trade with the East. 

3 What did this charter mean?

Ans . This meant that no other trading group in England could compete with the East India Company.

4 The Company did have to fear competition from other English trading companies. True/False?

Ans . False, The Company did not have to fear competition from other English trading companies.

5 What all benefits did the charter provide to the East India Company?

Ans. With this charter, the Company could venture across the oceans, looking for new lands from which it could buy goods at a cheap price, and carry them back to Europe to sell at higher prices. The Company did not have to fear competition from other English trading companies. Mercantile trading companies in those days made profit primarily by excluding competition, so that they could buy cheap and sell dear.

C. The first English factory was set up on the banks of the river Hugli in 1651. This was the base from which the Company’s traders, known at that time as “factors”, operated. The factory had a warehouse where goods for export were stored, and it had offices where Company officials sat. As trade expanded, the Company persuaded merchants and traders to come and settle near the factory. By 1696, it began building a fort around the settlement. Two years later, it bribed Mughal officials into giving the Company zamindari rights over three villages. One of these was Kalikata, which later grew into the city of Calcutta or Kolkata as it is known today. It also persuaded the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb to issue a farman granting the Company the right to trade duty free.

1 Where was the first English factory set up?

Ans. The first English factory was set up on the banks of the river Hugli in 1651.

2 Who were ‘factors’?

Ans. The company’s traders who operated from the banks of river Higli in 1651 were referred to as ‘factors’.

3 What did the Company persuade the merchants of?

Ans . As trade expanded, the Company persuaded merchants and traders to come and settle near the factory. 

4 By _________, it began building a fort around the settlement.

Ans. By 1696 , it began building a fort around the settlement.

5 How did the company expand after 1696?

Ans. By 1696, the company began building a fort around the settlement. Two years later, it bribed Mughal officials into giving the Company zamindari rights over three villages. One of these was Kalikata, which later grew into the city of Calcutta or Kolkata as it is known today. It also persuaded the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb to issue a farman granting the Company the right to trade duty free.

D.  When Alivardi Khan died in 1756, Sirajuddaulah became the nawab of Bengal. The Company was worried about his power and keen on a puppet ruler who would willingly give trade concessions and other privileges. So it tried, though without success, to help one of Sirajuddaulah’s rivals became the nawab. An infuriated Sirajuddaulah asked the Company to stop meddling in the political affairs of his dominion, stop fortification, and pay the revenues. After negotiations failed, the Nawab marched with 30,000 soldiers to the English factory at Kasimbazar, captured the Company officials, locked the warehouse, disarmed all Englishmen, and blockaded English ships. Then he marched to Calcutta to establish control over the Company’s fort there. 

1 When did Alivardi Khan die?

Ans. Alivardi Khan died in 1756. 

2 Who became the nawab of Bengal after the death of Alvardi Khan?

Ans. Sirajuddaulah became the nawab of Bengal after the death of Alvardi Khan. 

3 Why was the company worried?

Ans. The Company was worried about his power and keen on a puppet ruler who would willingly give trade concessions and other privileges. 

4 Why was Sirajuddaulah infuriated?

Ans. The company tried, though without success, to help one of Sirajuddaulah’s rivals became the nawab. Thus, infuriating Sirajuddaulah. He then asked the Company to stop meddling in the political affairs of his dominion, stop fortification, and pay the revenues.

5 What did the nawab do when the negotiations fell through?

Ans. After negotiations failed, the Nawab marched with 30,000 soldiers to the English factory at Kasimbazar, captured the Company officials, locked the warehouse, disarmed all Englishmen, and blockaded English ships. Then he marched to Calcutta to establish control over the Company’s fort there. 

E . The final wave of annexations occurred under Lord Dalhousie who was the Governor-General from 1848 to 1856. He devised a policy that came to be known as the Doctrine of Lapse. The doctrine declared that if an Indian ruler died without a male heir his kingdom would “lapse”, that is, become a part of Company territory. One kingdom after another was annexed simply by applying this doctrine: Satara (1848), Sambalpur (1850), Udaipur (1852), Nagpur (1853) and Jhansi (1854). Finally, in 1856, the Company also took over Awadh. This time the British had an added argument – they said they were “obliged by duty” to take over Awadh in order to free the people from the “misgovernment” of the Nawab! Enraged by the humiliating way in which the Nawab was deposed, the people of Awadh joined the great revolt that broke out in 1857.

1 Under whom did the final wave of annexations occur?

Ans. The final wave of annexations occurred under Lord Dalhousie who was the Governor-General from 1848 to 1856.

2 He devised a policy that came to be known as the______________.

Ans . He devised a policy that came to be known as the Doctrine of Lapse.

3 What did the Doctrine of Lapse declare? 

Ans. The doctrine declared that if an Indian ruler died without a male heir his kingdom would “lapse”, that is, become a part of Company territory.

4 Name the kingdoms that were annexed due to the Doctrine of Lapse?

Ans . One kingdom after another was annexed simply by applying this doctrine: Satara (1848), Sambalpur (1850), Udaipur (1852), Nagpur (1853) and Jhansi (1854).

5 Explain in brief as to what occurred after the annexation of Awadh?

Ans . Finally, in 1856, the Company also took over Awadh. This time the British had an added argument – they said they were “obliged by duty” to take over Awadh in order to free the people from the “misgovernment” of the Nawab! Enraged by the humiliating way in which the Nawab was deposed, the people of Awadh joined the great revolt that broke out in 1857.

Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) (1 Mark)

Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) are a type of objective assessment in which a person is asked to choose one or more correct answers from a list of available options. An MCQ presents a question along with several possible answers.

Q1 Aurangzeb died in the year _______ A) 1707 B) 1710 C) 1705 D) 1711 Ans. A) 1707

Q2. ______ was the last ruler of the Mughal empire A) Akbar II B) Bahadur Shah Zafar C) Aurangzeb D) Shah Alam II Ans. B) Bahadur Shah Zafar

Q3 _____ granted a Charter to East India Company in early 1600s in order to trade with India A) Queen Elizabeth I B) Queen Victoria C) King George V D) Queen Elizabeth II Ans. D) Queen Elizabeth II

Q4 _____ was the first person to discover a trading route to India. A) Vasco da Gama B) James Cook C) Columbus D) Thomas Cook Ans. A) Vasco da Gama

Q5 Portuguese were first to discover sea route to India in _____ A) 1490 B) 1496 C) 1498 D) 1500 Ans. C) 1498

Q6 Fine qualities of ____ had big market in Europe when European traders started marketing in India. A) cotton B) timber C) wheat D) pepper Ans. A) cotton

Q7 The first English company came up in the year ____ A) 1666 B) 1651 C) 1652 D) 1655 Ans . B) 1651

Q8 Kalikata is the old name of A) Calicut B) Kozhikode C) Kolkata D) Madras Ans. C) Kolkata

Q9 Battle of Plassey took place in the year A) 1757 B) 1789 C) 1760 D) 1755 Ans. A) 1757

Q10 During late 1690s, _________ was the Nawab of Bengal. A) Akbar II B) Khuda Baksh C) Shuja Ud Daulah D) Murshid Quli Khan Ans. D) Murshid Quli Khan

Q11 Alivardi Khan passed away in the year A) 1756 B) 1791 C) 1780 D) 1777 Ans. A) 1756

Q12 ______ was the first major victory of Englishmen in India. A) Battle of Plassey B) Battle of Madras C) battle of Mysore D) Battle of Delhi Ans. A) Battle of Plassey

Q13 _____ led Englishmen in the Battle of Plassey against Bengal nawab in 1757 A) Warren Hasting B) Louis Mountbaitten C) Robert Clive D) Lord Canning Ans. C) Robert Clive

Q14 _____ were appointed by Company in Indian States after Battle of Buxar A) Resident B) Nawab C) Minister D) Financer Ans. A) Resident

Q15 Battle of Buxar was fought in _______ A) 1765 B) 1764 C) 1767 D) 1769 Ans. B) 1764

Q16 Richard Wellsely was Governor General of Bengal from ______ A) 1798-1805 B) 1790-95 C) 1766-1770 D) 1775-1780 Ans. A) 1798-1805

Q17 Kolkata city is on the banks of river ________ A) Yamuna B) Hugli C) Swarnaprabha D) Mahi Ans. B) Hugli

Q18 _____ was capital of Tipu Sultan A) Calicut B) Mangalore C) Seringapatam D) Masulipatnam Ans. C) Seringapatam

Q19 Sirajuddaulah was the successor of ___________ A) Murshid Quli Khan B) Shah Alam II C) Alivardi Khan D) Aslam II Ans. C) Alivardi Khan

Q20 _______ was administrative head of Marathas based in Pune. A) Holkar B) Scindia C) Peshwa D) Bhonsle Ans. C) Peshwa

Q21 _______ was Bengal’s governor in 1764. A) Lord Canning B) Shuja Ud Daulah C) Robert Clive D) Warren Hasting Ans. C) Robert Clive

Q22 Marathas were defeated by the English in the _____ Battle of Panipat. A) third B) first C) fourth D) second Ans. A) third

Q23 After Second Anglo-Maratha war, Peshwa was sent to exile near _____ A) Lucknow B) Bithur C) Delhi D) Amravati Ans. B) Bithur

Q24 In 1765, Mughal Empire appointed ____ as Diwan of Bengal Provinces. A) East India Company B) Nawab C) Nagarsheth D) Akbar II Ans. A) East India Company

Q25______ preceded Tipu Sultan A) Mir Jafar B) Haider Ali C) Aslam II D) Lord Canning Ans. B) Haider Ali

Very Short Answer Questions (1 Mark)

Q1. Who was the last of the powerful Mughal rulers?

Ans. The last of the powerful Mughal rulers was Aurangzeb. 

Q2. What was farman?  

Ans. Farman was a royal order.  

Q3. Who was called the Tiger of Mysore?

Ans. Tipu Sultan was called the Tiger of Mysore.  

Q4. When did the company take over Awadh?  

Ans. The Company took over Awadh in 1856.  

Q5. What was the prime objective of the East India Company?  

Ans. Its prime objective was the expansion of trade.  

Q6. Who was the ruler of England in 1600?

Ans . Queen Elizabeth I was the ruler of England in 1600.

Q7. Who became the Nawab of Bengal after Alivardi khan?

Ans . Sirajuddaulah became the Nawab of Bengal after Alivardi khan.  

Q8. Who was made the Nawab of Bengal after the Battle of Plassey?  

Ans . Mir Jafar was made the Nawab of Bengal after the Battle of Plassey.

Q9. Which governor general was impeached by the British Parliament?

Ans. Warren Hastings was impeached by the British Parliament.  

Q10. Who led the Company’s army against Sirajuddaulah at Plassey?

Ans. Robert Clive led the Company’s army against Sirajuddaulah at Plassey.  

Short Answer Questions (3 Marks)

Q1. State the main reason for the defeat of Sirajuddaulah at Plassey.  

Ans. The armies led by Mir Jafar, one of Sirajuddaulah’s commanders, never fought the fight, which was one of the key causes for the Nawab’s defeat. Clive had won his approval by offering to make him nawab after destroying Sirajuddaulah.

Q2. Name the Mughal emperor seen as the natural leader during the revolt of 1857.

Ans. When a massive rebellion against British rule broke out in 1857, Bahadur Shah Zafar, the Mughal emperor at the time, was seen as the natural leader.

Q3. What had caused enormous loss of revenue for Bengal?  

Ans. Only the Company had been authorized duty-free commerce by Aurangzeb’s farman. However, officials of the Company who engaged in private trade on the side were expected to pay duty. They refused to pay, resulting in a massive financial loss for Bengal.

Q4. What were the grievances of the Company regarding the Nawabs of Bengal?  

Ans. The Company, for its part, declared that the unjust demands of local officials were hurting the Company’s trade, and that trade could only grow if the duties were abolished.

Q5. Who were called ‘nabobs’?

Ans . Company leaders who returned to Britain with affluence lived showy lives and flaunted their status. They were known as “nabobs,” which was an anglicized version of the Indian word nawab.

Q6. Explain how Plassey got its name?

Ans . Plassey is an anglicized version of Palashi, and the town takes its name from the palash tree, which produces gulal, the powder used in the Holi festival.

Q7. Who led an anti-British movement in kittur?

Ans . The new “paramountcy” strategy was not without criticism. When the British attempted to capture Kitoor (now Karnataka), Rani Channamma took up guns and headed an anti-British resistance effort. She was imprisoned in 1824 and died there in 1829.

Q8. What was the result of the second Anglo-Maratha war?

Ans. The Second Anglo-Maratha War (1803-05) was fought on various fronts, with the British gaining control of Orissa and the provinces north of the Yamuna, including Agra and Delhi.

Q9. Explain the following terms: Qazi, Mufti and Impeachment

• Qazi – A magistrate or judge in the Indian court who exercised judicial functions. 
• Mufti – A Muslim community jurist who is in charge of expounding the legislation that the qazi will administer.
• Impeachment – In England, a trial by the House of Lords for charges of misbehavior presented against a member of the House of Commons.

Q10. What attracted European trading companies to India?

Ans . European trading companies were drawn to India for the following reasons:

• Fine cotton and silk made in India found a large demand in Europe.
• Pepper, cloves, cardamom, and cinnamon were also in high demand.

Long Answer Questions (5 Marks)

Q1. Give a brief description of all the three Anglo-Maratha wars.

Ans. In a series of wars, the Marathas were defeated. There was no obvious victory in the first war, which ended in 1782 with the Treaty of Salbai. The Second Anglo-Maratha War (1803-05) was fought on several fronts, with the British taking control of Orissa as well as the areas north of the Yamuna River, including Agra and Delhi.

Finally, Maratha power was defeated in the Third Anglo-Maratha War of 1817-19. The Peshwa was deposed and relocated to Bithur, near Kanpur, with a pension. The Company now possessed entire control over the territory south of the Vindhyas.

Q2. What administrative reformations were brought in the sphere of justice?

Ans. A new system of justice was formed beginning in 1772. Each district planned to have two courts: one for criminals (faujdari adalat) and one for civils (diwani adalat). Maulvis and Hindu pandits provided legal interpretation for European district collectors who presided over civil courts. The criminal courts continued to be presided over by a qazi and a mufti, but under the supervision of the collectors. In 1775, eleven pandits were tasked with compiling a compilation of Hindu laws. This digest was translated into English by Halhed. By 1778, a code of Muslim laws had also been compiled for European judges’ use. The Regulating Act of 1773 established a new Supreme Court, as well as a court of appeal – the Sadar Nizamat Adalat – in Calcutta.

Q3. Write a note on Tipu Sultan—The ‘Tiger of Mysore’.

Ans. Tipu Sultan, the son of Haidar Ali and ruler of Mysore from 1782 until 1799, was known as the “Tiger of Mysore”. Mysore dominated the lucrative Malabar coast commerce, from which the Company purchased pepper and cardamom.

Tipu Sultan prohibited local merchants from trade with the Company and prohibited the export of sandalwood, pepper, and cardamom through his kingdom’s ports in 1785. He also had a close alliance with the French in India, and with their assistance, he modernized his army.

The Company eventually triumphed in the final battle, the Battle of Seringapatam. Tipu Sultan was assassinated while defending his capital Seringapatam.

Q4 . What was the main cause of the Battle of Plassey?

Ans . Sirajuddaulah asked the Company to quit meddling in his dominion’s political affairs, discontinue fortification, and pay the revenues. Following the failure of discussions, the Nawab marched 30,000 soldiers to the English factory at Kasimbazar, seized Company executives, shut the storehouse, disarmed all Englishmen, and blockaded English ships. Then he marched to Calcutta to take control of the Company’s fort. When news of the fall of Calcutta reached Madras, Company officials dispatched armies led by Robert Clive and supported by naval fleets. Protracted negotiations with the Nawab ensued. Finally, in 1757, Robert Clive led the Company’s troops in Plassey against Sirajuddaulah. The Battle of Plassey was the Company’s first important victory in India.

Q5 . How did the assumption of Diwani benefit the East India Company?

Ans . In 1765, the Mughal emperor designated the Company as Diwan of the Bengal region. The East India Company benefited from Diwani’s assumption in various ways.

The Diwani gave the Company access to Bengal’s substantial revenue streams.

Its trade with India had grown from the early eighteenth century. However, the majority of the products in India had to be purchased using gold and silver brought from Britain. This was due to the fact that Britain had no commodities to offer in India at the time. The outflow of gold from Britain decreased after the Battle of Plassey and ceased entirely following Diwani’s capture.

Revenues from India can now be used to fund the company’s expenses. 

These revenues could be used to purchase cotton and silk textiles in India, maintain Company troops, and meet the cost of building the Company fort and offices at Calcutta.

Q6. What were the areas of conflict between the Bengal nawabs and the East India Company? 

Ans. The following were the points of contention between the Bengal nawabs and the East India Company:

• The Nawabs refused to grant the Company concessions, demanded enormous payments for its ability to trade, denied it the right to issue money, and prevented it from expanding its defenses.
• They argued that by refusing to pay taxes, writing rude letters, and attempting to humiliate the nawab and his staff, the Company was depriving the Bengal government of enormous amounts of revenue and undermining the nawab’s power.
• The Company, for its part, declared that the unjust demands of local officials were hurting the Company’s trade, and that trade could only grow if the duties were abolished.

Q7. Describe the changes that occurred in the composition of the Company’s army.

Ans. The makeup of the Company’s army changed several times. The East India Company began recruiting peasants and training them as professional warriors for their armies, which became known as the sepoy army.

As warfare technology advanced beginning in the 1820s, the Company’s army’s cavalry requirements decreased.

The Company’s army members had to keep up with increasing military requirements, and its infantry units became more vital. The British began to build a consistent military culture in the early nineteenth century. Soldiers were progressively subjected to European-style training, drill, and discipline, which significantly governed their lives.

Q8 . How did the East India Company begin trade in Bengal?

Ans . In 1651, the first English factory was established on the banks of the Hugli River. This was the base from where the Company’s traders, known as “factors” at the time, worked. The facility housed a warehouse for export items as well as offices for Company officials.

As trade grew, the Company urged merchants and traders to come to the factory and settle. By 1696, it had begun to construct a fortification around the village.

Two years later, the Company bribed Mughal officials into granting it zamindari powers over three villages. One of these was Kalikata, which evolved into Calcutta, or Kolkata as it is presently called. It also persuaded the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb to issue a farman granting the Company the right to trade duty free.

Q9. How did trade in the eighteenth century lead to battle?

Ans. The dispute between the Company and the nawabs of Bengal heated up in the early eighteenth century.

Following Aurangzeb’s demise, the Bengal nawabs reaffirmed their independence and autonomy, as did other regional authorities at the period. Murshid Quli Khan was succeeded as Nawab of Bengal by Alivardi Khan and Sirajuddaulah. Each of them was a powerful ruler. They refused to provide concessions to the Company, demanded hefty tributes for the Company’s right to trade, denied it the right to issue coins, and prevented it from expanding its defenses.

They accused the Company of deception, claiming that it was robbing the Bengal government of vast sums of money and eroding the nawab’s authority. It was refusing to pay taxes, writing derogatory letters, and attempting to embarrass the nawab and his staff.

The Company, for its part, declared that the unjust demands of local officials were hurting the Company’s trade, and that trade could only grow if the duties were abolished. It was also convinced that in order to promote trade, it needed to expand its colonies, purchase villages, and restore its forts.The conflicts led to confrontations and finally culminated in the famous Battle of Plassey.

Q10. How did the rule of the East India Company expand?

Ans. Following the Battle of Buxar (1764), the Company established Residents in Indian states. They were political or commercial agents whose job it was to serve and advance the Company’s interests. The Company executives began intervening in the internal affairs of Indian nations through the Residents. They attempted to determine who would succeed the throne and who would be nominated to administrative positions. Occasionally, the Company coerced the states into forming a “subsidiary alliance.” Indian monarchs were not permitted to have their own armed forces under the rules of this alliance. They were to be protected by the Company, but had to pay for the “subsidiary forces” that the Company was supposed to maintain for the purpose of this protection.

If the Indian kings did not pay, a portion of their country was taken away as a penalty.

For example, during Richard Wellesley’s tenure as GovernorGeneral (1798-1805), the Nawab of Awadh was compelled to cede more than half of his land to the Company in 1801, after failing to pay for the “subsidiary forces.” On similar grounds, Hyderabad was obliged to relinquish areas.

Thus, leading to the company’s expansion.   Also Read : 

• Class 8 History Chapter 1 Introduction: How, When and Where Questions and Answers
• Class 8 History Chapter 3 Ruling the Countryside Questions and Answers
• Class 8 History Chapter 4 Tribals, Dikus and the Vision of a Golden Age Questions and Answers
• Class 8 History Chapter 5 When People Rebel Questions and Answers
• Class 8 History Chapter 6 Civilizing the Native, Educating the Nation Questions and Answers
• Class 8 History Chapter 7 Women, Caste and Reform Questions and Answers
• Class 8 Social Science Lesson Explanation, Summary
• Class 8 MCQ Questions with Answers

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NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Chapter 2 From Trade to Territory The Company Establishes Power (Free PDF)

• Updated on  
• Dec 5, 2023

Chapter 2 of class 8 history is “From Trade to Territory” explains the arrival of the British in India, the expansion of trade, the implementation of business rules, and the consequent acquisition of power by the British within the Indian Territory.  In this blog, we bring the revision notes of the chapter  “From Trade to Territory” to you.

Download Social Science Class 8 History Chapter 2 Important Questions and Answers PDF

Important Short Notes for Class 8 History Chapter 2

The Beginning of From Trade to Territory

After the death of the powerful Mughal ruler, Aurangazeb, many Mughal generals and subheaders started asserting and fighting for their power. However in the second half of the 18th century, the British rose to power in India, establishing dominion over every aspect of the Indian subcontinent, from trade to governance.

East India Company Comes East

In 1600, the East India Company received a charter from the ruler of England, Queen Elizabeth I, for carrying out trade with the East. As per the statutes of the charter, the company could venture into newer places and purchase goods at a cheaper price and could sell them in Europe at higher prices. By then, the Portuguese had established a strong base on the western coast. Soon enough the Dutch arrived and started exploring the possibilities of trade in the Indian Ocean, followed by the French.

The British, Dutch, French and Portuguese were interested in cotton, silk, pepper, cloves, cardamom and cinnamon, which were high in demand. This led to fierce battles between the trading companies.

Are you liking our notes on From Trade to Territory? Let us know in the comment section below! Take a break from this topic and explore some of the most popular Indian National Movements here !

Trade-in Bengal

The first English factory was set up around 1651 from where the company’s base also known as “factors” operated. The goods for export were stored in the warehouse of the factory. The company built a fort around this settlement and constantly pressed for more concessions and privileges. 

Trade Leading to Battles 

With the increasing conflict between the Nawab of Bengal and the company, the nawab denied giving the company concessions, demanded tributes for the right to trade, and denied the right to mint coins. The nawab also claimed that the company was denying revenue and undermining the authority of the nawab. These confrontations ultimately culminated in the battle of Plassey.

The Battle of Plassey 

After the death of Alivardi Khan in 1756, Siraj ud Daula was crowned as the Nawab of Bengal. The company tried to make one of the rivals of Siraj ud daula as the nawab of Bengal. On finding out about the strategy, the nawab asked the company to stop meddling in the political affairs and pay the revenue. Leading the company in 1757, Robert Clive waged a battle against the nawab in Plassey. Known as the Battle of Plassey, this became the 1st major victory of the nawab. The prime reason for the victory was that the battle was fought by the army of Mir Jafar.

The prime motive was the expansion of trade. The territory needn’t be taken over directly if conquest could be done with the help of the local rulers. But the company found it to be increasingly difficult. In 1756, the company was appointed as the Diwan of the provinces of Bengal. With the company getting access to the vast resources of Bengal, the trade expanded.

Before you move on to the next topic in the From Trade to Territory Chapter 2, here is an amazing blog on Indian Revolutions and their aftereffects for you!

Becoming of the Nabobs 

The nawabs of Bengal were coerced to give land and vast sums of money as personal gifts after the battle of Plassey.  Robert Clive along with many other officials made huge fortunes after coming to India. Many of them hailed from humble families and desired to make a great fortune in India and return to Britain to lead a comfortable life. Those officers who returned with immense wealth were called the nabobs- the anglicised version of nawabs.

Expansion of Company Rule 

By employing a variety of political, economic and diplomatic methods the company launched a direct military attack on Indian territories. Many political or commercial agents were employed as residents in Indian states to work for the interests of the company. The company established a subsidiary alliance that meant Indian rulers were not allowed to have their independent armed forces and protected by the Company. 

Tipu Sultan: Tiger of Mysore

Under the leadership of Haider Ali and Tipu Sultan, Mysore had grown in power. Controlling the trade-in Malabar coast,  the Company purchased pepper and cardamom. In 1785, when Tipu Sultan stopped the trade of sandalwood, pepper and cardamom the company fought four wars with Mysore and achieved victory in the final battle of Seringapatam.

Claim to Paramountcy and Doctrine of Lapse

Under Lord Hasting, a new policy, of paramountcy was initiated due to which the company rose to immense power. Lord Dalhousie introduced the doctrine of Lapse wherein if an Indian ruler died without a male heir his kingdom would “lapse”, that is, become part of Company territory.

Under the guidance of Warren Hastings, the company expanded and acquired power in Bengal, Bombay and Madras and the British territories were broadly divided into administrative units called Presidencies.

The East India Company, therefore, transformed from a trading company to a territorial colonial power. By 1857, the East India Company had established control over 63 per cent of the territory and 78 per cent of the population of Indians.

NCERT Solutions for Chapter 2 From Trade to Territory The Company Establishes Power

Q.1. Match the following:

Q.2 Fill in the blanks:  

• The British conquest of Bengal began with the Battle of ___________.
• Haidar Ali and Tipu Sultan were the rulers of ___________.
• Dalhousie implemented the Doctrine of ___________.
• Maratha kingdoms were located mainly in the ___________ part of India.

Ans: a  Plassey b.  Mysore c. Lapse d. South-western

Q.3 What attracted European trading companies to India?

Ans: European trading companies came in search of new lands from which they could buy goods at a cheap price and carry them back to Europe to sell at higher prices. The fine qualities of cotton and silk produced in India had great value in Europe. Spices like Pepper, cloves, cardamom, and cinnamon were also in great demand and sold at a very high price. These were the reasons that attracted European trading companies to India.

Q.4 Describe the changes that occurred in the composition of the Company’s army.

Ans: The army of the company was known as the Sepoy Army. It mainly consisted of the peasants of India, trained by the EIC to become professional soldiers. The EIC army was dominated by infantry over cavalry with the introduction of muskets, and matchlocks to guard them. The soldiers were given European training through drills and other exercises.

Q.5 How did the assumption of Diwani benefit the East India Company?

Ans: Diwani rights are the rights by which the British collected their revenues and had the authority to decide on civil cases. This right led to East India Company benefit in many ways:

a. It allowed the Company to make use of vast revenue resources of Bengal b. The monopoly of the East India Company on the trade commenced c. Revenue of Bengal helped export Indian goods out of the country

Explore CBSE History Class 7 Notes

The army of the company was known as the Sepoy Army. It mainly consisted of the peasants of India, trained by the EIC to become professional soldiers. The EIC army was dominated by infantry over cavalry with the introduction of muskets, and matchlocks to guard them. The soldiers were given European training through drills and other exercises.

European trading companies came in search of new lands from which they could buy goods at a cheap price and carry them back to Europe to sell at higher prices. The fine qualities of cotton and silk produced in India had great value in Europe. Spices like Pepper, cloves, cardamom, and cinnamon were also in great demand and sold at a very high price. These were the reasons that attracted European trading companies to India.

Diwani rights are the rights by which the British collected their revenues and had the authority to decide on civil cases.

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NCERT Solutions for Class 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12

From Trade to Territory Class 8 Extra Questions History Chapter 2

October 5, 2019 by Sastry CBSE

From Trade to Territory Class 8 Extra Questions Social Science History Chapter 2

NCERT Extra Questions for Class 8 Social Science History Chapter 2 From Trade to Territory

Question 1 What were the reasons for the decline of the Mughal Empire? Solution: The reasons for the decline of the Mughal Empire were:- Local Subadars and zamindars began asserting their authority and establishing regional kingdoms. Powerful regional kingdoms emerged in various parts of India. There was no effective control over the entire region in the centre. The British started emerging as a political power. Question 2 How and when did the British East India Company set foot in India? Solution: In 1600, the East India Company acquired a licence to trade, from Queen Elizabeth I, of England. The company got the sole right to trade with Eastern countries. No other company in England was given the right to trade. Question 3 Which were the other trading Companies that came to the Indian shores? Solution: The Portuguese traders landed in the western coast of India, and established themselves in Goa. Later during the 17 th century the Dutch also started trading in India. Soon after the Dutch the French entered the Indian shores. Question 4 What were the commodities that these companies traded in? Solution: The Portuguese, the Dutch, the French and the British companies traded in:- Cotton Silk Pepper Cloves Cardamom Cinnamon Question 5 What was the result of the competition between the trading companies from different European countries? Solution: This competition resulted in fierce clashes between the trading companies and the sinking of each others ships. They blocked routes and prevented rival ships from moving with supplies of goods. Question 6 How did the East India Company establish trade in India and enter the political scene? Solution: East India Company started its first factory in West Bengal, on the banks of the River Hugli, in 1651. As trade developed, the Company asked local merchants, who acted as middle ‘men for them, to come and settle near the ‘factory’. By 1696, the Company built a fort around the settlement of merchants. In 1698, the company got zamindari rights for 3 villages, from the Mughal ruler. Thus they entered the political scene in India. Question 7 Give a brief note on the Battle of Plassey. Solution: The battle of Plassey took place on 23 June 1757 at Palashi, West Bengal, India, on the banks of the Bhagirathi River. The opponents were Siraj Ud Daulah, the Nawab of Bengal, and the British East India Company. The French East India Company sent a small contingent to fight against the British East India Company. The British East India Company used Siraj-ud-Daulah’s deposed army chief – Mir Jafar, to defeat Siraj-ud-Daulah. Siraj-ud-Daulah was captured and executed. The Company won the battle and took the entire province of Bengal and appointed Mir Jafar as the Nawab of Bengal. Question 8 What were the rules followed by the British East India Company while occupying the Indian States? Solution: The Company did not launch an attack on a territory or state it did not know. It appointed its Residents in the Indian states. These Residents were their agents and they had to serve in the best interest of the Company and were used to interfere in the internal affairs of the state. States were not allowed to have an independent army; they were protected by the Company’s army. The states had to pay for the maintenance of the army and if they failed to do so, a part of their territory was confiscated in lieu of the payment. Question 9 What were the powers enjoyed by the Residents appointed by the Company? Solution: Residents appointed by the Company were very powerful. The Indian Nawabs were expected to agree to every rule laid down by the Resident. The Nawabs should be submissive to the British Government and this was ensured by the Resident. If any Nawab acted against the Resident, it resulted in war. Question 10 What did Tipu Sultan do that resulted in wars against the Company? Solution: In 1785 Tipu Sultan stopped the export of sandalwood, pepper and cardamom through the ports of his kingdom and barred local merchants from trading with East India Company. Tipu Sultan then started trading with the French Merchants. He also took the help of the French to modernise his army. This enraged the British and they waged wars against Tipu Sultan. Question 11 When and between whom did the 3 rd Battle of Panipat take place? Solution: The Third Battle of Panipat took place on January 14, 1761 at Panipat between the Marathas and the Afghans led by Ahmad Shah Abdali Question 12 Give a brief note on the wars between the Marathas and the British East India Company? Solution: Three wars were fought between the British and the Marathas. First Anglo-Maratha War: – The first war ended with the Treaty of Salbai. There was no decisive victory after this war. Second Anglo-Maratha War: – The second war resulted in the British gaining Orissa, Agra and Delhi. Third Anglo-Maratha War: – The third war broke the power of the Marathas. The Company now had complete control over the territories south of the Vindhyas. Question 13 Give a brief description of Chhatrapati Shivaji. Solution: Chhatrapati Shivaji was one of the most able administrators and rulers in India. He was the founder of the Maratha Empire in India. With his flawless warrior skills and unlimited courage, he ruled the Deccan region, parts of central India and parts of modern day Pakistan with a firm hand. It was due to his efforts that the Mughals faced a decline in their empire. Using guerrilla warfare techniques, he was successful in annexing a major portion of the Mughal Empire. Question 14 Describe the policy of “paramountcy”. Solution: Lord Hasting introduced the policy of “paramountcy” in India. Under this policy the Company claimed that its authority was paramount or supreme, hence its power was greater than that of Indian states. Question 15 What was the ‘doctrine of lapse’? Solution: Lord Dalhousie devised a policy that was known as the Doctrine of Lapse. The doctrine declared that if an Indian ruler died without a male heir his kingdom would “lapse”, that is, become part of Company territory. One kingdom after another was annexed simply by applying this doctrine.

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Important Questions for CBSE Class 8 Social Science Our Past 3 Chapter 2 - From Trade To Territory

• Class 8 Important Question
• Social Science Our Past 3
• Chapter 2: From Trade To Territory

CBSE Class 8 Social Science Our Past 3 Important Questions Chapter 2 - From Trade To Territory - Free PDF Download

Free PDF download of Important Questions with solutions for CBSE Class 8 Social Science Our Past 3 Chapter 2 - From Trade To Territory prepared by expert Social Science teachers from latest edition of CBSE(NCERT) books. Every NCERT solution is provided to make the study simple and interesting on Vedantu. Subjects like Science, Maths, English ,Hindi and Social Science will become easy to study if you have access to NCERT Solution for Class 8 Science , Maths solutions and solutions of other subjects. You can also download NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Maths to help you to revise complete syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Study Important Questions for Class 8 Social Studies Our Past 3 Chapter-2 From Trade to Territory

1. Fill in the Blanks

A. The British conquered Bengal with the battle of_____.

Ans: Plassey 

B. Tipu Sultan was ruler of_____.

Ans: Mysore

C. _____ implemented by the doctrine of Lapse.

Ans: Dalhousie

D. In western part of India the _____ Kingdom was located.

Ans: Maratha

2. State True and False.

A. Mughal’s became more powerful In 18th century.

B. East India company was only one who came to India for trading.

C. British made colonies in India.

D. India ruled by British about 200 years.

3.  Match the Following:

Ans : 

A. Tiger of Mysore

C. Faujdari adalat

4. Choose the Correct Option:

A. Tiger of Mysore called_____

II.  Warriors

III. Tipu Sultan

Iv. None of the above

Ans: Tipu Sultan

B. Rights to collect taxes were granted to______

III.  Adalat

Ans: Diwani

5. Define the Following.

Ans: Royal order or edict by the ruler by the administrative was called as Farman. 

B. Mercantile

Ans: A group of businessmen who buy goods at cheapest prices and sell those at high prices.

6 Who was the ruler of England in 1600?

Ans : Queen Elizabeth was the ruler in England in 1600.

7. Discuss the reasons behind the loss in revenue of Bengal .

Ans : The cause of huge loss to the Bengal administration was when British East India company stopped taxes to the government.

8. Why British select a puppet ruler?

Ans : The British wanted the rulers to work according to them so they chose the puppet rulers.

9. What do you think of why Siraj-ud-daulah lost the battle of Plassey?

Ans : Siraj-ud-daulah lost the war because of his commander Mir Jafar cause he didn’t fight in the battlefield.

10. Battle of the Plassey is famous for ?

Ans : The victory in battle of Plassey was the turning point for British and so the reason for being famous for this battle.

11. Discuss why British were attracted to India for trading.

Ans : Following points can be use as to describe the reason-

India used to provide fine quality cotton to British which was beneficial for them. 

British used to buy Indian species at lower cost and sold them at high prices.

12. What kind of changes took place in the company's army ?

Ans : These are the following changes took place in the company’s army- 

The sepoys of the company were trained and recruited on their own. 

The cavalry recruitment declined in 1820’s these peasants were professional soldiers.

The soldiers adopted the lifestyle of Europeans in 1900 that regulated their life.

13. Discuss the three conflicts between the East India Company and the nawaabs.

Ans : The three major conflicts between the east India company and the nawabs nare following-

The Nawabs refused to grant any concession to East India company and they recognised their autonomy and power.

The large tributes demanded by the Bengal nawabs from the .

British were prohibited by the nawabs from extending the fortifications.

14. Why was the company accused by the Bengali nawabs?

Ans : The reason behind the accusing company by the nawabs was that nawabs claimed that the company was cheating the government of Bengal in terms of huge amounts of revenue and the authority of the nawabs. They also claimed that the company wasn’t paying the taxes, they were writing inappropriate letters and were trying to humiliate the nawabs officials.

15. What products were the attraction to the British to trade in India?

Ans : There were many products and the species which made British attracted to India for trading, those are fine quality cotton and the silk, cardamom, cloves and pepper.

16. How did East India company get the benefits of diwani?

Ans : The East India company was appointed as the Diwan of the Bengal provinces in the year of 1765 by the Mughal emperors. So the company was allowed to exploit the huge revenue resources which solved the major problems they had faced. By the revenues now the East India company could finance their expenses and buy goods. The revenue made British able to purchase the cotton textiles, silk textiles and maintain its troops in India. 

17. What was the subsidiary alliance system?

Ans : The East India company used the subsidiary alliance to annex the existing Indian kingdoms, it disallowed the Indian rules from having independent armed forces. They were forced to pay the protection company offered. They used to get penalized whenever the Indian rulers did not make the payment for acquisition of a portion of their territory. As a result of this the Awadh and Hyderabad States were lost to the East India company.

18. Differentiate between Indian rulings and the company rulings.

Ans : The rulings of these two administrations were different in many ways. The company administration was divided into three units called as presidencies namely Bengal, Madras and Bombay each of them ruled by the governor. The main administrative unit was the district and the King remained the head. The collector had to collect the taxes, revenue and to maintain the law order in the district. Thus the East India company administration was different from the Indian administration.

19. What happened after Bengal was conquered by the British?

Ans : The city of Calcutta became the centre of administration, during the colonial period it developed a port and had a European residential enclave. The European native lived a luxurious life. The Calcutta natives were living a poor life in congested areas. The Europeans had large bungalows, golf courses, soccer clubs and so on. They had all the basic facilities but the native people lacked water supply, proper electricity etc. 

20. What did you see after the Bengal conquest?

Ans : Calcutta was considered as a cultural city of India as it hosted dramas, theatres, music  And celebrated social and religious festivals. Rabindra Nath Tagore and Bankim Chandra were the famous poets of this time period. Calcutta was also famous for its dishes like rasgulla, curry, mishthi etc. Calcutta was also notable for its architectural marvels, national library of India, academy of fine arts etc. But the local natives were suffering for the basic facilities.

Importance of Important Questions for CBSE Class 8 Social Science Our Past 3 Chapter 2 - From Trade to Territory

Important questions for CBSE Class 8 Social Science Our Past 3 Chapter 2 - From Trade To Territory hold significant relevance in the learning process of students. These questions serve as invaluable tools for reinforcing key concepts and critical thinking skills. By focusing on essential topics and themes from the chapter, they help students develop a deeper understanding of India's colonial history, the British Empire's expansion, and their socio-economic implications. Additionally, these questions prepare students for exams by highlighting areas of importance and helping them practice answering questions effectively. They encourage students to analyze historical events, identify cause-and-effect relationships, and form well-structured arguments. In essence, these important questions play a pivotal role in enhancing comprehension, retention, and overall academic performance in the subject.

Conclusion 

The importance of the crucial questions designed for CBSE Class 8 Social Science Our Past 3 Chapter 2, "From Trade To Territory," cannot be overstated. These questions serve as a cornerstone for effective learning, enabling students to delve deeper into the historical narrative of India's transition from trade to colonial rule. They foster critical thinking, analytical skills, and a comprehensive understanding of pivotal events and concepts. Moreover, these questions aid in exam preparation by emphasizing key topics. Overall, they are an indispensable resource for students seeking academic excellence and a profound insight into the complex history of colonial India.

FAQs on Important Questions for CBSE Class 8 Social Science Our Past 3 Chapter 2 - From Trade To Territory

Q1. What was the main aim of the Company before the territorial expansion, according to Chapter 2 of Class 8 Social Science Our Pasts 3?

The Company's main aim before the territorial expansion was trading and earning profit from the trade. In 1600, the East India Company got the sole right to trade with the East from the ruler of England, Queen Elizabeth I. They aimed to buy goods at a cheaper price and take them back to Europe to sell at higher prices. At that time, pepper, cloves, cardamom and cinnamon, and fine qualities of cotton, silk had a big market in India and were in great demand in Europe.

Q2. What were the changes brought by Lord Hastings in Company's policies, according to Chapter 2 of Class 8 Social Science Our Pasts 3?

The Nawabs of Bengal were forced to give Diwani Rights to the Company after the Battle of Plassey. The Company adopted an aggressive policy of territorial expansion from the early 19th century. Lord Hastings introduced a new policy of 'paramountcy.' Through this policy, the Company claimed that its power was supreme more than that of Indian states. To protect the Company's interests, it justified annexing or threatening to annex any Indian kingdom. Under the subsidiary alliance, the resident who was appointed in the state court worked as the real king. According to the resident's wishes, the Indian ruler had to work in all matters of administration. The Company was able to execute its policies without direct interference through the resident.

Q3. What was the result of the competition between the trading companies from different European countries, according to Chapter 2 of Class 8 Social Science Our Pasts 3?

All the companies were interested in buying the same things, which led to competition among them. This competition amongst the European companies led to the rise in prices of the goods and reduced the profits. The only way for all the European companies to survive is to eliminate their rivals. To secure the market resulted in fierce clashes among them and the sinking of each other's ships. Routes were blocked to prevent the rivals from moving with supplies of goods. The effort to have a profitable market led to conflict with local rulers.

Q4. Explain the policy devised by Lord Dalhousie for annexation purposes, according to Chapter 2 of Class 8 Social Science Our Pasts 3?

The Governor-General from 1848–1856 was Lord Dalhousie, who was behind the final wave of annexations. Lord Dalhousie introduced the new policy of "Doctrine of Lapse." According to the policy, the Indian ruler's kingdom would lapse and become part of the Company's territory if he died without any male heir. Under this policy, the states which were annexed were: Satara (1848), Sambalpur (1850), Udaipur (1852), Nagpur (1853), and Jhansi (1854). The important questions of Chapter 2 of Class 8 Social Science Our Pasts 3 are available free of cost on the Vedantu website and the Vedantu app.

Q5. How was Tipu Sultan killed, according to Chapter 2 of Class 8 Social Science Our Pasts 3?

There were four wars fought between the Company and Mysore (Tipu Sultan). These wars took place in 1767-69, 1780-84, 1790-92, and finally in 1799. In the last battle in Seringapatam, also known as the Battle of Seringapatam, the Company finally won the war. While defending his capital Seringapatam, Tipu Sultan was killed. Later, Mysore came under the former ruling dynasty of the Wodeyars. The subsidiary alliance was imposed on this state. A thorough explanation of the chapter is available on Vedantu.

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Case Study Questions for Class 8 Social Science History Chapter 2 From Trade to Territory

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Here we are providing case study questions for class 8 social science History Chapter 2 From Trade to Territory.

Case Study Questions

Question 1:

The Marathas were subdued in a series of wars. In the first war that ended in 1782 with the Treaty of Salbai, there was no clear victor. The Second Anglo Maratha War (1803-05) was fought on different fronts, resulting in the British gaining Orissa and the territories north of the Yamuna River including Agra and Delhi. Finally, the Third Anglo-Maratha War of 1817-19 crushed Maratha’s power. The Peshwa was removed and sent away to Bithur near Kanpur with a pension. The Company now had complete control over the territories south of the Vindhyas.

Based on the above passage choose the correct option:

Q. 1. In which year 2nd Anglo Maratha war was fought? (a) 1780 – 1782 (b) 1803-1805 (c) 1817-1719 (d) 1819 – 1845

Ans. Option (b) is correct.

Q. 2. Treaty of Salbai was signed in year: (a) 1782 (b) 1805 (c) 1719 (d) 1762

Ans. Option (a) is correct.

Q. 3. After the 2nd Anglo Maratha war, British gained: (a) Orissa, Agra, Delhi (b) Awadh, Agra, Delhi (c) Punjab Awadh Agra (d) Punjab Awadh Delhi

Q.4. To which place Peshwa was sent after the 3rd Anglo Maratha war? (a) Kitoor (b) Bithur (c) Awadh (d) Agra

Q. 5. What was the result of the 1st Anglo Maratha war? (a) Maratha won the battle. (b) Company won the battle. (c) no clear victory. (d) treaty of Sriragpattnam was signed.

Ans. Option (c) is correct.

What is Case Study Question in Class 8 Social Science?

Case study questions typically present a specific scenario or case related to a historical event, geographical issue, or social problem. Students are expected to read and understand the details of the case and then answer a set of questions based on their understanding and knowledge of the subject matter.

Case study questions can be an effective way to assess students’ understanding and ability to apply social science concepts to practical situations. They also encourage students to think critically, analyze information, and draw informed conclusions – skills that are valuable both inside and outside the classroom.

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• CBSE Important Questions
• Important Questions For Class 8
• Class 8 Social Science Important Questions
• History (Our Pasts-III)
• Chapter 2 From Trade To Territory

CBSE Class 8 History Chapter 2 From Trade To Territory Important Questions

Did you know that the British originally came as a small trading company and were reluctant to acquire territories? How then did they come to be master of a vast empire? Chapter 2 of CBSE Class 8 History will deal with how this came about. CBSE Class 8 History Chapter 2 From Trade To Territory Important Questions will also help to revise the main concepts of the Chapter and ace the exam. It is one of the better resources to prepare for the exam, as some questions are likely to be repeated in the questions paper.

Find the PDF link given below in this article to download the CBSE Class 8 Social Science Important Questions taken from Chapter 2 of History.

• Chapter 1-How, When and Where
• Chapter 2-From Trade to Territory The Company Establishes Power
• Chapter 3-Ruling the Countryside
• Chapter 4-Tribals, Dikus and the Vision of a Golden Age
• Chapter 5-When People Rebel 1857 and After
• Chapter 6-Weavers, Iron Smelters and Factory Owners
• Chapter 7-Civilising the “Native”, Educating the Nation
• Chapter 8-Women, Caste and Reform
• Chapter 9-The Making of the National Movement: 1870s-1947
• Chapter 10-India After Independence

Download CBSE Class 8 History Chapter 2 From Trade To Territory Important Questions PDF

From Trade To Territory

1. What is a mercantile?

2. Describe the Battle of Plassey. What led to it? Explain.

3 . What did it mean to be nawabs?

4. What power did the residents appointed by the company have?

5 . Write a note about Tipu Sultan – The “Tiger of Mysore.”

6. Write a note of the Company’s War with the Marathas.

7 . What is the new policy of “paramountcy?”

8. What is the “Doctrine of Lapse?”

9. Describe the terms “mufti” and “qazi.”

10. Write a note on the Slave Trade in South Africa.

11. British came to India as Traders. Why? Justify.

12 . What attracted European trading companies to India?

13. What were the areas of conflict between the Bengal nawabs and the East India Company?

14 . How did the assumption of Diwani benefit the East India Company?

15 . Explain the system of “subsidiary alliance.” What are the disadvantages of this system for Indian Rulers?

16. In what way was the administration of the Company different from that of Indian rulers?

17. Describe the changes that occurred in the composition of the Company’s army.

18 . After the British conquest of Bengal, Calcutta grew from a small village to a big city. Describe the culture, architecture and the life of Europeans and Indians of the city during the colonial period.

19. What are the main features of the new judicial system introduced by Warren Hastings in India?

20 . What is the importance of the Office of the Collector in the Company Administration?

21. In which year was the Third Battle of Panipat fought? (a) 1752 (b) 1743 (c) 1761 (d) 1763

22.   Haidar Ali was the ruler of_____ (a) Delhi (b) Bombay (c) Bengal (d) Mysore

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Class 8 History Chapter 2 Important Question Answers - From Trade to Territory

Q1: What was the impact of the Royal Charter granted to the East India Company in 1600? Ans: The Royal Charter granted the East India Company the sole right to trade with the East, eliminating competition from other English trading companies.

Q2: How did the competition among European companies in India lead to conflicts and battles? Ans: The competition among European companies, seeking the same goods, raised prices, leading to conflicts and battles as they tried to eliminate rival competitors.

Q3: Explain the events that led to the Battle of Plassey in 1757. Ans: After the death of Alivardi Khan, the Nawab of Bengal, Sirajuddaulah, opposed the East India Company's influence. The conflict escalated, leading to the Battle of Plassey in 1757.

Q4: What role did Mir Jafar play in the Battle of Plassey, and how did it contribute to the Company's victory? Ans: Mir Jafar, one of Sirajuddaulah’s commanders, betrayed him and supported the Company, ensuring their victory in the Battle of Plassey.

Q5: How did the British justify the annexation of Indian states under the Doctrine of Lapse? Ans: The Doctrine of Lapse declared that if an Indian ruler died without a male heir, his kingdom would become a part of Company territory. This was used to justify annexations.

Q6: What factors led to the direct military confrontation between the East India Company and Mysore under Tipu Sultan? Ans: Trade restrictions, alliances with the French, and modernization of the army under Tipu Sultan led to direct military confrontation with the East India Company.

Q7: Explain the impact of the Battle of Seringapatam on Mysore and Tipu Sultan. Ans: The Battle of Seringapatam resulted in Tipu Sultan's death, Mysore being placed under the Wodeyars, and the imposition of a subsidiary alliance on the state.

Q8: How did the Company expand its influence in Indian states after the Battle of Buxar in 1764? Ans: The Company appointed Residents and used political, economic, and diplomatic methods to interfere in the internal affairs of Indian states, often imposing subsidiary alliances.

Q9: What was the significance of the Battle of Panipat in 1761 for the Marathas? Ans: The defeat in the Battle of Panipat shattered the Marathas' dream of ruling from Delhi, leading to their division into many states under different chiefs.

Q10: How did the Company's policy of "paramountcy" contribute to its territorial expansion? Ans: The policy of "paramountcy" claimed the Company's authority as supreme over Indian states, justifying annexations to protect its interests.

Q11: Discuss the impact of steam technology on the East India Company's transformation into a territorial colonial power. Ans: Steam technology reduced travel time to India, aiding the Company's transformation into a territorial colonial power by facilitating quicker communication and control.

Q12: What administrative reforms were introduced by Warren Hastings in the late 18th century? Ans: Warren Hastings introduced administrative reforms, including the establishment of two courts in each district, a new system of justice, and the creation of the Supreme Court.

Q13: How did the East India Company army change in the early 19th century, and what challenges did this transformation pose? Ans: The Company army underwent European-style training, drill, and discipline, posing challenges as it ignored caste and community feelings among soldiers.

Q14: Explain the significance of the Revolt of 1857 in understanding the sepoys' reactions to changes in their lives and identity. Ans: The Revolt of 1857 provides insights into how the sepoys reacted to changes in their lives and identity as they were subjected to European-style training and discipline.

Q15: How did the arrival of steam technology impact the East India Company's control over India by 1857? Ans: The arrival of steam technology reduced travel time to India, enabling more Britishers to come, and by 1857, the East India Company exercised direct rule over a significant portion of the Indian subcontinent.

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