research paper on heart of darkness pdf

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Heart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad

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Post-Colonial Analysis of Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness

• Journal of History Culture and Art Research 2(2)

• Karabuk University

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Racism in Conrad’s Heart of Darkness: A Critical Investigation

This paper deals with the concept of racism, which is considered as a dark chapter in the history of the world.Throughout history, racist ideology widespread throughout the world especially between blacks and white. Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness which is his experience in the Congo River during the 19th century dealt with the concept of racism, which was clear in this novel because of the conflicts that were between black and whites and it explained the real aims of colonialism and expansionism in Africa, which were for wealth and power. This paper shows Marlow’s limitations as a narrator, his ethnocentricity and color consciousness and inability to comprehend inscrutable Africa that lead him to side with the colonizers against the Africans and how his approach is shared by Conrad as well. A bitter irony lies in the fact that the people who look apparently civilized in the novel are most savage in reality. In fact, power, jealousy and greed for ivory or money have metamorphosed them into corrupt, monstrous, brutal animal. My point of argument is that Conrad in Heart of Darkness has biasness for European colonialism, though the biasness is not so much conspicuous but ostensible, covertly and allusively maintained throughout.

Related Papers

Eduardo Marks de Marques

Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness (1899) is among the best works of literature of the 20th Century. The story of the journey up the Congo river in Africa, made by a sailor who was incharge of collecting the ivory from the colony can be read through several different criticalperspectives. The goal of this thesis is to apply a postcolonial reading (based, mainly, onEdward Said’s theory of Orientalism) in order to perceive how Conrad portrayed imperialismin the Belgian colony of Congo, as well as the mechanisms the author used to construct theblack African characters in his narrative. The narrative showed to be a reflection of the web of ambiguities and ambivalences that characterized the imperial ideology – theory and practice being so distant from each other.

Ayisha Aslam

Postcolonial literature consists predominantly of works written over the last few decades, there are still many discussions concerning the status of authors who wrote at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. Of these, one of the most frequently discussed is, of course, Joseph Conrad, whom most contemporary scholars see as being one of the first postcolonial writers — someone who criticized the sometimes ruthless and pointless colonial expansion of European empires and the concept of the “White Man’s Burden.” The works which attract particular attention are, of course, those which relate to Conrad’s African experience: An Outpost of Progress and the excellent, albeit over exploited novella Heart of Darkness.

Janet J Graham

Dejan Andjelkovic

Bekir Yılmaz

Mariama Muarif

Imperialism or colonialism is an aspect through which the ironic renovation of human civilization gets exposed. It is a definition of unsolicited dominance, a methodical process of exploitation that has been utilized by the superior nations to expand its territories in the name of enlightenment or progress. This system of manifesting hegemony or authority is not at all a recent phenomenon but has been going on through ages. However, it was the nineteenth century when this process of exploitative imperialism had perfectly outshined its effect with the autocratic strategies of numerous empires such as the British, the Dutch and so on. The imperialists or the colonizers of these empires discovered and raided several parts of the world. Their settlement of colonies not just fueled up the evil features of racism, slavery and corruption but it also represented the brutality or revulsion of distorted power. Their oppression has been sugarcoated in most of the literary pieces of the nineteenth century to signify colonialism or imperialism as an extremely vital occurrence for the people who do not share the similar culture or tradition with those exploitative empires. Now, on this particular aspect it is necessary to claim that the dichotomy of dominant versus subordinate is not a fixed notion and it changes over time with the exchange of powers. Therefore, the colonizers who started their journeys of victimization and manipulation with immense authority as well as boastful rationality eventually had to become the victims of their own.

Introduction Geographical discoveries and economic developments from the sixteenth to nineteenth and to the early half of twentieth centuries deeply influenced to every field of life from the politic to the literature, cultures and the lifestyles of people. The geographical discoveries and the need of imperial powers for the markets changed the balance. As the results of changes during the 16 th century, some governments such as Portugal, Russia, France and England became the great powers of the world in terms of colonialism and imperialism. Besides discovering new lands and markets they also advanced technologically that enabled them to dominate over their colonies. The aim of this study is to explain colonialism, imperialism and capitalism and their relationships. The colonization process will be discussed in terms of historical development and how it was started. In addition, colonialism process will be explained through its causes and effects. The study aims to focus on fifteenth and sixteenth century colonial period accepted as the beginning of modern colonialism and to emphasize the colonial and imperial ideologies of western nations not only among the Africans but also through the other parts of the world. The relationship between colonizer and colonized people will be discussed as a subject matter that shows different features in different periods of time. Decolonization is defined as the separation of the colonies from their colonizers. This works aims to represent changes and developments during the decolonization which cannot be associated with a certain period of time. The basic concepts related to the nineteenth century ideologies and attitudes of West toward Africans will be examined and discussed in order to clarify basic ideas that the novel reveals to the readers. Joseph Conrad's experiences of his childhood related to imperialism and colonialism, and the harsh circumstances that he witnessed will be discussed. The politic, and economic problems that change the way of his life, will be examined and also these problems he witnessed that is associated with his decisions and future are going to be explained in terms of their relations with his psychological problems which cause him to make same fatal mistakes. His life and his experiences, career and his devotion of the sea will be discussed in the sense that how this all affects his vision through his famous novella Heart of Darkness. Apparently, Joseph Conrad is very much influenced by his experiences and repressed memories which shape his literary perspective. Heart of darkness is discussed as one of the most famous literary texts written on the western imperial activities in the first half of the twentieth century. Joseph Conrad (1857-1924) is an eminent writer of postmodern literature who represents the colonial ideology of colonizer during the late of the nineteenth century. The main intention of famous writer is to draw attention to the exploitation of Africans and to illuminate what is going on through the dark center of Africa. The story is mainly based upon the experiences of Charlie Marlow, who associated with the writer. Joseph Conrad narrates Congo as a center of colonialism and imperialism upon the activities of western civilization that he witnessed. Colonizing activities of European countries in Heart of Darkness enable to perceive the brutality of colonization and imperialism. As a work of modern period Heart of Darkness not only represents the colonial and imperial facts about West in Africa and also it shows how western nations have certain attitudes against both Orient and the others who are rejected as primitive or undeveloped. The author also represents the general atmosphere of the Victorian period. The general views of Europeans towards Africans and their mistreatment will be examined through critical discussions of Hart of Darkness upon the views of the scholars and the critics in terms of colonization and imperialism. Besides, it represents the general condition of Africa in the nineteenth century and aims of Western civilizations. The book represents Africa as a common property of Europeans in the 19 th century.

Lorenzo Servitje

In Conrad's Heart of Darkness, Marlow comes to the Congo for the development of his experience and self, in the belief that a man is shaped by what he does, and that the character is formed by what happens to him. But surrounding all of man's efforts in the Congo there is a presence: Kurtz listened to it and went mad, and Marlow recognizes it but refuses to listen, neutralizes the appeal of the unknown and survives Kurtz, who succumbed to the fascinating wilderness. In 1899, eleven years earlier than «The Secret Sharer», Conrad published Heart of Darkness, the tale that «delineates the archetypal pattern he continued to refine through his career» (Andreach, 1970:44). In this obscure story Conrad wants to communicate his great conviction that, "even if man fails in his attempts at authenticity, the very struggle to attain it gives intensity to an otherwise plain and inauthentic existence." (Bohlmann, 1991:48). The long-lived popularity of this book over the last one hundred years rest on "its plot of adventure, its humor, and its plain narrative manner-each incidentally averting the audience.'s attention from racist and misogynist undertones." (Scheick, 1994:45).

Journal of Modern Literature

Charlie Wesley

The possibility of native resistance to colonial tyranny and the threat of the loss of colonial “order” is a sustained anxiety throughout Joseph Conrad’s novella Heart of Darkness. Critics have largely ignored or downplayed these inscriptions of resistance in Conrad's text. Much of the criticism that surrounds this novella, according to Patrick Brantlinger, is focused on the European subjects of the text, and therefore renders Africa and its native peoples as a kind of backdrop. Literary critiques of Heart of Darkness that do discuss the African natives tend to portray them as victims rather than having any kind of agency. This latent fear of native resistance demonstrates the fantasy of stability and superiority endemic to imperialism: a narrative that the imperial administration must continually tell itself.

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